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Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska – Dec. 2009
Drought Indices in South AmericaPaulo Sentelhas
University of São Paulo, Brazil
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009
Drought Indices in South America
The aim of this presentation is to give an overview about the use and
application of drought indices in South America, considering the
products provided by the National and Regional Meteorological and
Hydrological Services.
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009
National and Regional Meteorological &
Hydrological Services available in
South America
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009ArgentinaArgentinean Meteorological Service - www.smn.gov.ar
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009
Climatological Information - SPI for the humid region of Argentina
Argentina
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009ArgentinaSPI statistics for humid region of Argentina
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Argentina
10-day Climatological Water Balance
Agroclimatological Information
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Argentina
Annual rainfall & anomaly Ten-day rainfall & anomaly
Monthly number of days without rainfall & anomaly
Hydrological Information
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Bolivia
Bolivian Meteorological Service – www.senamhi.gov.bo
No information about drought indices, rainfall anomaly and water balance are available online at the SENAMHI website
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009BrazilNational Institute of Meteorology – www.inmet.gov.br
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Brazil
Monthly Rainfall Anomaly
January 2009
October 2009
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009BrazilSPI – Cressman Interpolation Method
SPI 1 Month SPI 3 Months SPI 6 Months
SPI 12 Months SPI 24 Months
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Brazil
Center for Weather Forecast and Climatic Studies National Institute for Space Research – CPTEC/INPE www.cptec.inpe.br
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Brazil
Rainfall Monitoring by Satellite Images
Accumulated for 2 days
Accumulated for 10 days
Accumulated for 30 days
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Brazil
Soil Moisture Monitoring estimated by Satellite Images
Days without rain estimated by Satellite Images
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Brazil
PROCLIMA - NERainfall, Soil Moisture and Actual ET Monitoring in the
Northeast Region(based on surface data)
May
November
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009BrazilINFOSECA - State of São Paulo Drought Monitoring System
www.infoseca.sp.gov.br/
INFOSECA operates with seven different drought indices
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Brazil
SPI 1 Month SPI 3 Months SPI 6 Months
SPI 9 Months SPI 12 Months
SPI – INFOSECA
SPI 24 Months
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009BrazilState of Ceará Meteorological Foundation
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Brazil
Soil Water Availability (%)
Nov/2009
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009BrazilCOSAN – Etanol and Sugar Company23 Mills in the States of SP, MS & GO
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3Costa Pinto 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
Santa Helena 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 2
Rafard 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 4 4 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 2
S. Francisco 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 2
Bom Retiro 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 3 1 1 2
Ipaussu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 2
Diamante 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 5 5 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 2
Barra 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 3 3 4 4 5 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 2
D. Córregos 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 4 4 3 4 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 2
Junqueira 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 1 2
Bonfim 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 1 2 3 4 4 4 1 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 2 1 3
Serra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 2
Tamoio 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 1 1 3
Univalem 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 4 5
Gasa 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 1 3 4 1 2
Mundial 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 1 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 4 4 4 5
Destivale 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 4 4 5 5 5 5 1 3 4 5 5 5 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 1 2 4 5 1 1
1 81 - 100 % ARM = Altamente favorável 2 61 - 80 % ARM = Favorável 3 51 - 60% ARM = Razoável4 31 - 50 % ARM = Desfavorável 5 < 31 % ARM = Crítico
Ano UsinaJaneiro Fevereiro Março Abril Maio Junho Julho Agosto Setembro Outubro Novembro Dezembro
2007
Legenda:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3Costa Pinto 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 1
Santa Helena 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 4 4 4 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 4 3
Rafard 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 4 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
S. Francisco 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 4 5 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1
Bom Retiro 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 4 4 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1
Ipaussu 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Diamante 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 4 4 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 2 1
Barra 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 2 2
D. Córregos 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 4 4 5 5 5 2 1 2 3 4 3 3 1 1
Junqueira 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1
Bonfim 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 1
Serra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 2
Tamoio 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4
Univalem 5 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 2 4 5 5 5 5
Gasa 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2
Mundial 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 2
Destivale 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 4 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 3 4 5 5 5 3
1 81 - 100 % ARM = Altamente favorável 2 61 - 80 % ARM = Favorável 3 51 - 60% ARM = Razoável4 31 - 50 % ARM = Desfavorável 5 < 31 % ARM = Crítico
Ano UsinaJaneiro Fevereiro Março Abril Maio Junho Julho Agosto Setembro Outubro Novembro Dezembro
2008
Legenda:
Soil Water Availability Monitoring System
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3Costa Pinto 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
Santa Helena 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
Rafard 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
S. Francisco 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
Bom Retiro 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
Ipaussu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Diamante 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
Barra 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
D. Córregos 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
Junqueira 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 4 2 3 1 1 1 1 1
Bonfim 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 1
Serra 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tamoio 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Univalem 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
Gasa 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 1
Mundial 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 3 2 4 4 4 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
Destivale 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
Benálcool 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
Jataí 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Paraúna 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 2 3 1 1 2
Tarumã 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
Maracaí 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
Parálcool 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
1 81 - 100 % ARM = Altamente favorável 2 61 - 80 % ARM = Favorável 3 51 - 60% ARM = Razoável4 31 - 50 % ARM = Desfavorável 5 < 31 % ARM = Crítico
Ano UsinaJaneiro Fevereiro Março Abril Novembro Dezembro
2009
Legenda:
Maio Junho Julho Agosto Setembro Outubro
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Chile
Chilean Meteorological Service – www.meteochile.cl
No specific information about drought indices or water balance are available online at the MeteoChile website
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009ChileRainfall amount and anomaly are only available in a table,
comparing different time scales with normal data
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009ColombiaColombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental
Studies – www.ideam.gov.co
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Colombia
Agroclimatological Information at www.ideam.gov.co
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Colombia
Monthly Rainfall and its relation to the Normal
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Colombia
Humidity Index for the latest months
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Colombia
Soil water availability: 2009 x Normal
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Colombia
Drought Index SPI
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009EcuadorEcuador Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology – www.inamhi.gov.ec
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Ecuador
10-day Rainfall Anomaly
2009
2009
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Ecuador10-day Climatological Water Balance - November 2009
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009French Guiana
Meteo France – Antilles & French Guianahttp://www.meteo.gp/
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009French Guiana
Monthly Rainfall Map
10-day & monthly rainfall and the relation to the normal
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009GuyanaHydrometeorology Service of Guyana – www.hydromet.gov.gy
No information about drought indices, rainfall anomaly and water balance are available online at the Hydromet website
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009ParaguayMeteorological and Hydrological Service of Paraguay www.meteorologia.gov.py
Monthly Meteorological Reports available in PDF at DMH - DINAC
website
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009ParaguayMonthly Climatological
Report (Sep 2009) – Rainfall & Anomaly and Days with
Rainfall & Anomaly
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Peru
National Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Peru www.senamhi.gob.pe
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009PeruMonthly Agroclimatic Report
Rainfall Humidity Index
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009PeruDrought Monitoring in Chancay Watershed – Lambayeque & Jequetepeque
PETRainfall
Humidity Index
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009PeruDrought Monitoring in Chancay Watershed – Lambayeque & Jequetepeque
SPI
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Suriname
Meteorological Service Surinamehttp://www.meteosur.sr
Daily Rainfall Map
No information about drought indices, rainfall anomaly and water balance are available online at the METEOSUR website
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Uruguay
National Institute for Agricultural Research - www.inia.org.uy GRAS Website –Agroclimatic Information System
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Uruguay
Monthly Rainfall Reports – Accumulated & Anomaly
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Uruguay
Monthly RainfallClimatology & Variability
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Uruguay
% of Soil Available Water January 2009
% of Soil Available Water October 2009
Climatological Water Balance Monitoring
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Venezuela
National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Venezuela www.inameh.gob.ve
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009VenezuelaMonthly Rainfall Variation in Relation to Normal
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Summary - Drought Monitoring in South America
VenUruSur
Per
ChiBra
BolArg
ColEcu
GuyPar
RainfallRainfall Anomaly
Water Balance
Drought Index
Drought Index Type
√-√√√
√√
√
-
-
-
-
√-√
√√
√-
√
√
-
-
√
√-√
-√
--
√
√
-
-
-
√-√
-√
-√
-
-
-
-
-
SPI
-SPI
-HI & SPI
-
-
-
-
-
-
HI & SPI
FGu √ √ - - -
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Final Remarks
Rainfall amount and anomaly are the most common variables used to
identify droughts in South America;
Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname do not have any kind of drought monitoring
provided by their Met Services;
Just three countries (Argentina, Brazil and Colombia) present a complete
set of data analysis (rainfall, water balance and drought index) for drought
monitoring in their territory;
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Final Remarks
Four countries are currently using drought indices (Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia and Peru) – SPI and HI are the most used;
When drought indices are available, their principles and calculation are not
well explained in the majority of the cases, which make their use and
understanding limited by the users;
Even when available, the drought indices are not followed by a text to
explain how to use or interpret them or how they are related to the impacts
on different areas;
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009Final Remarks
None of the Met. & Hydrol. Services of South
America is providing drought early warnings,
based on drought indices. The only service in
this way is based on El Niño/La Niña
climatology, showing the probability of rain
above or below normal in the next three
months, as can be seen aside:
Danke Spasivo Gracias Obrigado
Inter-Regional Workshop on Indices and Early Warning Systems for Drought
Lincoln, Nebraska - 2009
Thank you Arigatou Merci Grazie
University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil