NASA Contractor Report 4585

DOT/FAA/CT-94/02

Drop Size Distributions and Related Propertiesof Fog for Five Locations Measured FromAircraft

J. Allen Zak

ViGYAN, Inc. • Hampton, Virginia

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationLangley Research Center • Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001

Prepared for Langley Research Centerunder Contract NAS1-19341

April 1994

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940028559 2020-01-18T09:43:46+00:00Z

f _ "-11,

6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abreviations and Acronyms ...................................... iv

Summary ................................................... 1

1. Introduction ............................................... 2

2. Instrumentation ............................................. 2

a. Description ........................................... 2

b. Calibration and Quality Control ............................ 3c. Error Sources ......................................... 3

3. Procedures ................................................ 4

4. Results ................................................... 4

a. Vandenberg AFB, CA ................................... 5

b. Arcata, CA ........................................... 7

c. Santa Maria, CA ....................................... 9

d. Worcester, MA ........................................ 9

e. Huntington, WV ...................................... 11

5. Comparisons with Other Measurements .......................... 12

6. Summary and Conclusion ..................................... 13

7. References ............................................... 15

Appendix .................................................. A

iii

_GE IP_ANK NOT F__M_

AGL

CAT-I

d

DH

FAA

FLAPIR

FSSP

GMT

LWC

MMW

MVR

NA

n

Nt

OAP

PMS

R

r

RVR

_s

X

ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Above Ground _Level

Category I instrument landing system

Diameter of water drops

Decision Height

Eederal Aviation Administration

Forward _Looking Infrared and Lidar Atmospheric Propagation in the IR

experiment

Forward S_cattering S_pectrometer Probe

Greenwich Mean Time

Instrument Landing System

Liquid Water Content

Milimeter Wave

Median Volume Radius

Not available

Number concentration

Total number concentration, totaI number of particles

Optical Array Probe

Particle Measuring _vstem, Inc.

Range

Radius of water drops

Runway Visual Range

Visibility

Obscuration

iv

Drop Size Distributions and Related Properties of Fog forFive Locations Measured from Aircraft

SUMMARY

A Gulfstream II Aircraft was equipped with a wing pod-mounted Forward

Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and an Optical Array Probe (OAP 200X or

200Y) during flight tests completed as part of the FAA/DoD/Industry Synthetic Vision

Technology Demonstration Program. Flights were made to 27 airports to look at various

meterological and runway conditions. Among these flights were approaches to

Vandenberg AFB, CA. Arcata, CA, Santa Maria, CA, Worcester, MA and Huntington,

WV during August and September 1992 in fog. The aircraft made repeated descents on

a three degree glide slope from th e top of the fog to the surface or near the runway

surface. Number concentrations of particles from 1 to 300/zm or from 1 to 4500/_m

diameter were collected each second, averaged into 10 meter altitude intervals, and

shown in three dimensional plots of altitude vs. concentration vs. size. The West Coast

advection fogs had the highest concentration of large drops, with median volume radius

of 6-11/zm (outside of drizzle). There was typically a maximum number density for

drops of 4-8/zm diameter in the lower altitudes and of 12 to 20 _m drops at higher

altitudes. There were changes in the 10 to 15 minute periods between approaches of all

fogs at all altitudes, but the general properties of relative maximum concentration, liquid

water content (LWC) and median volume radius (MVR) at a given altitude changed

least. Liquid water contents were high (0.3 to 0.7 g m 3) for all the advection fogs and

increased with height. There was a shift toward larger particles at higher altitudes.

Dissipating or mature fogs contained more large drops. The frontal fog at Worcester,

MA was unique in that rain was falling into the low level stratus at first. Measurements

in the one radiation fog were limited to 20 m altitudes and higher due to operational

constraints. The largest drops and number concentrations were in the lower 50 m, and

like the advection fogs, 8-11 p_m drops had maximum concentration. These

measurements compare favorably with others in gross properties but each fog is unique

in many ways.

1. Introduction

Fog data presented in this paper were collected as part of the Synthetic Vision

Technology Demonstration Program. This program was a government-industry effort led

by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to determine the feasibility of a

combination of technologies to enable aircraft landing, takeoff, taxi and ground

operations in very low visibilities. An image available from millimeter wave and infrared

sensors was projected on a heads up display together with altitude, airspeed, velocity

vector, glide slope, heading and other information for the pilot. A more complete

description of this project is available in Burgess et al. (1992), Home et al. (1992), and

the Synthetic Vision final report to be released by the FAA shortly (Burgess et al. 1993).

Particle size data were collected to aid in understanding the performance of

candidate Synthetic Vision Sensors. The drop size distributions were used to assess

attenuation by scattering and absorption which are proportional to the cross sectional

area of the particles and liquid water content (particle volume) respectively. The slant

path drop size measurements through the stratus cloud, along the identical path as the

sensors allowed a fundamental understanding of atmospheric effects and verification of

theoretical predictions (Burgess and Hayes 1992). Preliminary results are discussed in

Horne et al. (1992).

The purpose of this report is to present and discuss the microphysical properties

of the fogs encountered and their variation in time and space from the top of the stratus

to the surface. Another objective is to compare this data with other published data and

with physical models of fog properties to determine similarities and differences. Sources

of potential errors are presented and possible impacts discussed.

2. Instrumentation

a. Description

A Gulfstream II twin engine executive jet was modified to permit all particle size

sensors to be suspended in pods from both sides of the wing (Fig. 1). This configuration

provided the location of least disturbed air. For flights in fog, a Particle Measuring

Systems, Inc. (PMS) forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP-100) leased from and

operated by JTD Environmental Services, Inc., was mounted on one side of the wing,

and an optical array probe (OAP 200X or 200Y) on the other depending on whether

that day's mission was to look for fog or rain. Characteristics of these sensors are shown

in Table 1. The theory and operation of the FSSP-100 and OAP sensors as well as a

detailed description of the probes can be found in Baumgardner (1984), Baumgardner et

al. (1984), and Knowlenberg (1970). Briefly, the FSSP measures light scattered by a thin

(0.2 mm dia.) laser in a sampling tube. A droplet crossing the beam produces a pulse in

optical diodes whose amplitude is proportional to the drop diameter, index of refraction,

laser beam wavelength, power, and solid angle over which the scattered light is collected.

2

The OAP operation is basedon shadowsproduced by precipitation-size particles (0.1 to4.5 mm) passingthrough a laser light source. In this casea linear array of photodetectorscomprise the sizemeasuringgrid.

For aircraft flights to Vandenberg AFB, CA and Arcata, CA, the OAP-200Xaccompaniedthe FSSP-100. At SantaMaria, CA, Worcester, MA, and Huntington, WV,flights were conductedwith the OAP 200Y asthe secondsensor. Fog (or haze) dropletslessthan two _m diameter, were not measured. Complementing the PMS probeswere aresistive temperature device from Rosemont, Inc., and a Johnston-Williams hot wire

LWC sensor. Liquid water content discussed in this report, however, was calculated

independently from the particle size distributions.

b. Calibration and Quality Control

The FSSP-100 was calibrated by JTD personnel prior to each mission by using

standard size glass beads: 3-9/_m, 10-15/zm, 15-25 #m, 25-35/_m and 35-45 _m. A

water spray check ensured probe function. A description of the glass bead process is

presented in Hovenac and Lock (1993). Since the index of refraction of glass beads isdifferent from water, glass beads of one diameter are used to simulate scattering of water

droplets of another diameter. This relationship is captured in a set of calibration curves

where scattered power as a function of droplet diameter is calculated for water drops

using Mie scattering theory.

The OAP sensors were calibrated using glass rods rotated by a motor and a spray

check in a similar manner to FSSP calibration. A JTD technician was a part of the

aircrew on each mission and monitored sensor performance through real-time printed

data. Post flight, the recorded data was reviewed prior to final processing.

C. Error sources

Despite calibration and quality control, there are certain errors recognized and

reported by many investigators inherent in the instrumentation, optics, sampling and

sizing. Corrections for sampling errors were made in the first few size bins according to

manufacturer's recommendation. Other errors result from fogging of the optics

(Brenguier 1993) but were not present in these data due to the low altitude of these

flights. More accurate MIE scattering calculations in the calibration curves is shown by

Hovenac (1993) to improve results for particles greater than 10/zm. These new curveswere not available, but would not alter the data reported here due to the small number

count in the large size bins. Errors can result from coincidence and dead-time losses, as

described by Baumgardner and Dye (1985). Particle concentrations are underestimated

when two or more drops are co-resident in the beam or when particles pass through

during an electronic delay following each detected particle. These errors can be 15% for

concentrations greater than 500 cm 3 which were rarely observed above the 2/_m dia.

minimum size radius in our FSSP-100 configuration. Finally, there is an error due to the

sampling rate (1 see), small optical area (0.35 mm2), and low number counts in the upperchannels of each sensor. This error, as discussed in the result section, underestimates

the number of drops per cm 3 if only one sensor is used. Concentrations of 10 .2 and

below per cm 3 can be missed in the upper 3-4 bins of the FSSP-100. All these errors

were considered when estimating the sizing accuracy of _+ one range bin for each probe.

3. Procedures

FAA approval was obtained prior to aircraft approaches in fog conditions belowCAT-I minimums. For the West Coast locations, there was considerable coordination

with airfield managers, air traffic controllers, and weather and maintenance personnel

prior to operations at their airfields. In some cases, these approaches and landings were

made in conditions below the published minimums but within the special approval

envelope for the experimental category aircraft capable of providing the runway image tothe pilot. All approaches in fog reported in this paper were made on a nominal CAT I

instrument landing system (ILS) three degree glide slope following published procedures.

This scenario and the distances applicable are shown in Fig. 2. Drop size data were

collected, monitored, and stored from the time of cloud penetration, as indicated by themeasurement of liquid water from the Johnston Williams LWC probe, until touchdown

or the beginning of a go-around. The data were reduced and processed by JTD into

particle concentrations according to PMS published procedures using airspeed and

known sensor aperture. Output was the number of particles per cubic meter in each of

30 size bins (15 for each probe). Data were available at one-second intervals as shown in

Fig. 3. One second corresponds to 70 meters in slant path distance through the cloud

and four meters vertical distance at typical approach speeds. These one-second

observations were averaged into 10 meter height intervals using barometric and radar

altitudes. Typically, 2-3 seconds worth of data were collected in a 10 meter vertical

interval. All data at and below the 10 m altitude interval were averaged and applied tothat interval. The lowest altitude achieved often contained 10 or more one-second

observations due to the touch and go, landing, and go-around occupying more time atthe lowest altitude. The number of seconds in each 10 m altitude is shown in theAppendix.

4. Results

Droplet spectra have been shown in a number of ways. One common form used

here is the function n(r) where n(r)dr is the number of droplets per unit volume in the

radius interval (r, r+dr). The function r3 n(r) is also calculated since 4/3 zrr_n(r) dr is thecontribution of drops in dr to the LWC or water volume. The summation over all size

bins is the total water volume which would have to be penetrated by any sensor on boardthe aircraft. The LWC contributes the most to millimeter-wave attenuation in the small

drops of the fogs. The median volume radius is a parameter that divides the LWC in

half for a given altitude and is calculated for all data collected. This parameter, together

with the total number of particles (Nt) (per cm 3) at that altitude represent the gross

4

properties of the fogs (stratus) as a function of height. Finally, the cross-sectional area

of particles (zrr 2 n(r)dr) integrated over all dr is sometimes shown since it primarilyaffects the scattering part of attenuation for electromagnetic waves. Scattering efficiency

is greatest when the wavelength of the sensor equals the drop size and is significant for

drops larger than the wavelength.

Because the number concentrations can span eight orders of magnitude, the

logarithm of number concentration is shown. A zero number count is converted to zero

in the plots. Unfortunately, the logarithm plots hide much of the interestingcharacteristics of the drop size distribution, so the basic number concentration in each

size bin for the larger concentrations are also shown. When data from both sensors on

board the aircraft are combined in the plots, the concentration is divided by the bin size

(3, 20 or 300/zm) for a fair comparison. All the basic data and primary parameters areshown in the appendix. Plots of combined FSSP and OAP data should show 30 bins or

28 bins. The midpoint diameter is labeled on the axis. For the OAP 200X, there is an

overlap in the first two channels. In order to preserve the time resolution of the 3/_m

bins, the first two OAP 200X bins were not used in the plots or parameter calculations.

For each location where flights were made into fog, three-dimensional plots of

number concentration vs. altitude vs. size bin are presented. The data are discussed as a

vertical profile even though 3800 m of horizontal distance was traversed on the 3 degree

glide slope from an altitude of 200 m. Also, each approach took anywhere from

approximately a minute to more than 5 minutes, depending on starting altitude

(determined by cloud top at all places except Worcester, MA). Most of the fogsencountered were mature advection fogs which were sampled from their most intense

(with respect to minimum surface visibility) phase to various stages of dissipation. TheWest Coast fogs formed over the ocean where ample large salt condensation nuclei exist.

The drop sizes measured are large but change with time and altitude. A series of chartswill show the time evolution and vertical variation of microphysical properties for each

location. A summary of flights and associated surface weather observations (in standard

airways code) are shown in Table 2. Times are rounded to the nearest minute. These

flights are discussed in the following sections.

a. Vandenberg AFB, CA

Vandenberg AFB is located 220 km northwest of Los Angeles on the north end of

Point Arguello. A surface wind from the NW will produce on-shore flow. Runway 12-30

is 112 m above sea level. The NW end is just 5 km from the Pacific Ocean. On August

27, 1992 there was a very weak surface pressure gradient NW to SE. Fog over the cold

water moved inland the previous evening and by 1455 G mT was producing a 100 ft.

ceiling (vertical visibility into the obstruction) and prevailing visibility of 1/8 statute miles.

Typical of these fogs was a strong temperature increase with height (inversion) to the top

of the stratus (Fig. 4). Surface conditions changed during the 45 minutes of the data

collection which began at 1500 G mT. Both the temperature and dew point increased at

the surface during the hour from 1455 to 1555 G mT from 54/53 F to 57/57 F. The

visibility improved slightly from 1/8 to 3/16 mile. Surface wind was 3 m s_ or less from

the NW. The top of the stratus changed from 190 m at 1500 G mT to 250 m at 1556 GroT, but the ceiling remained 100 ft obscured at the surface.

Both the FSSP-100 and OAP-200X recorded particle sizes during each approachwhich lasted about 1 minute. There were 7 approaches as shown in Table 2 but the first

approach was a high altitude go-around, and the data were not used. In all plots that

follow each mark on the altitude axis corresponds to a 10 meter interval from the top to

the bottom of the approach, even if space does not allow printing all the values. The

same is true for the drop size labels. The first bin midpoint is'always 3.5/zm

representing the 2-5 #m diameter range. The last entry on the drop size axis will eitherbe 45.5 for the FSSP-100 data alone, or 300 for OAP-200X and 4500 for OAP-200Y.

Thoughout this report, data for more than one approach are shown such as in Fig. 5

where three approaches are shown as a time sequence about 10 minutes apart.

Particle concentrations increase with altitude for most particle sizes but not

consistently (Fig. 5). During the first two approaches, there was a pronounced peak in

concentration (200 cm -3) of 5-8/zm dia. drops at 180 m altitude. By 1556 (Approach -7)concentrations increased in the middle of the cloud (100 to 160 m). In the last 3

approaches, a bimodal distribution is apparent but not as pronounced as in other fogs.

There is a peak in concentration near the surface for smaller drops and at high altitudes

for larger drops. Drops as large as 25/_m have concentrations of tens per cm 3 but dropsup to 160/zm diameter have been counted by the OAP-200X. These drops have

concentrations of a few hundred per m 3 (Fig. 6). Note that the logarithm plot shows the

complete spectrum where the characteristic log-normal shape is apparent although thedetail is obscured.

The change in concentration with time at a fixed altitude is shown in Fig. 7 for20 m and 80 m respectively. There is an increase at first then a decrease later for the

smallest particles at the 20 m level but an increase in concentrations of all sizes at 80 m.

The LWC increased with height, reaching 0.7 g m 3 in the first approach at 100 m

altitude, but the maximum varied greatly from approach to approach as different parts of

the cloud were sampled just 10 minutes apart (Fig. 8). In subsequent approaches the

maximum LWC varied between 0.3 and 0.7 g m 3 near the top 1/3 of the cloud. The

median volume radius was highest (11/zm) in the lower part of the stratus at first but

varied between 6 and 10 #m at 80 to 120 m altitude thereafter. The total number of

particles (NE) counted in all size bins increased slightly with both time and height(Fig. 9).

6

Discussion:

The Vandenbergcaserepresented a pristine marine fog with little overland

trajectory to influence drop sizes via increased condensation nuclei. Although drops less

than 2/zm in dia. could not be measured, some authors claim that it is unlikely that the

aircraft sensors would have encountered the 103 to 104 per cm 3 number concentrations of

these haze droplets of inland fogs (Hudson 1978). The bimodal nature of fogs has been

noted by others (Pinnick et al. 1978, Pilie et al. 1975 and Rogers and Yau 1988) and will

be shown repeatedly at other locations discussed later. The cause has been postulated to

be the mixing of dry air at the top causing more rapid evaporation of the smaller drops

there coupled with regeneration through condensation and advection of the smaller

drops near the surface. However, there is considerable non homogeneity as indicated by

changes in the number concentration during the 10 minutes between observations in

different parts of the cloud. Even the differences of fog characteristics in horizontaldistances of hundreds of meters can be significant as indicated by runway visual range

(RVR) measurements concurrently at different ends of a runway and for different

runways at the same airport. For this fog absorption of millimeter wave energy was

greatest due to the high LWC. Scattering by these large drops will and did influence

both the optical and 3-5/_m IR sensor carried on all flights. This fog and all fogs

encountered were opaque to the eye and IR through its entire volume. There is

significant IR attenuation due to water vapor absorption and inherent low thermal

contrast of the scene as well.

b. Arcata, CA

Arcata is a small town in Northern California about 115 km south of the Oregon

border. The airport is about 10 km north of the city adjacent to the Pacific coast. The

elevation of the field is 66 m with an increase in height of 12 m from the sea end to

inland end of the runway. Much higher terrain is east and south of the airport. There is

a 46 m embankment at the end of runway 32. Fog is a frequent summertime occurrence

owing to the proximity of the cold ocean water and frequent sea to land air movement.

On August 28, 1992 there was a weak on-shore pressure gradient. Surface winds were

less than 3 m s-1. Fog moved inland the previous evening and was at its worst (minimum

surface visibility) during the time of the first approach, 1520 G mT. At this time the

ceiling was zero with prevailing visibility 1/8 mile and RVR 600 ft. Temperature/dewpoint

was 49/49 but rose to 51/51 by the 8th approach at 1652 G mT. At 1600 the ceiling

lifted to 100 ft. and visibility improved to 3/8 mi. RVR varied between 600 and 1400 ft.

until 1650 G mT when it rose to 1200 to 5000 ft. During the last two approaches, 1817

and 1828 G mT, the ceiling lifted to 300 ft. and visibility rose to 1 1/4 miles indicating

significant dissipation. The top of the fog/stratus rose from 100 m at first to over 300 m

by the end of the approach sequences. On 8 of the 10 approaches, the aircraftdescended to the surface of the runway by special permission.

Drop size distributions are shown in Fig. 10 and in greater detail for the larger

concentrations in Fig. 11. Note that there were drops as large as 180/zm, although their

number densities were on the order of a few tens per cubic meter per/xm as in the

Vandenberg fog. Due to small collection area, short dwell time, and few particles in the

38 to 47/xm region, there are often no particles counted, yet drops are present in' these

sizes as shown by the anomalous gap in Fig. 12. The omission of particle counts in thissize region affected gross properties by 2.0% or less.

As in the Vandenberg data the multimodal nature of the number densities can be

seen in Fig. 11. As the stratus grows in vertical extent from 100 m to 200 m over 30

minutes, the number concentrations in bin 4 (11-13/zm) increase to 43 cm -3 per/zm in

the top 60 m of the cloud, whereas the concentration of smaller drops (2-5 #m) continue

to peak in the lowest 40 m. The number count falls off rapidly, changing by 2 orders of

magnitude by 17-20/zm dia. sizes. In Fig. 11b (approach 6) the number of intermediate

(bin 2, 3) drops and large drops have increased from 15 to 50/cm3//zm in an hour. The

larger drops, on the other hand, extend to lower altitudes but their number densities

change little in the top 30 m of the cloud. This trend continues through 1652 G mT

where the peak number density of 78 cm "3 per/zm is reached at 230 m, 60 m from cloud

top. The last two approaches, 1816 and 1828 G mT (Fig. 13), were conducted in a

rapidly dissipating stage when the ceiling rose to 300 ft. and tops became more irregular.

Also, the particle densities of all drops decreased in the lowest 100 m of the fog. Thechange in number concentration with time at the 20, 80 and 160 m altitudes is shown inFig. 14.

There appears to be a cycle of increase in concentrations at first then a decrease

about every 30 min for the first 7 approaches. The temperature inversion is still

pronounced (Fig. 15) for all approaches. The LWC increases with height from 0.05 to

0.25 g m 3 to within 30 m of the cloud top and increases with time reaching nearly 0.6g m 3 by 1652 G mT (Fig. 16). AS the fog begins to dissipate, the LWC decreased to a

maximum of 0.45 g m 3 at 1828 G mT (Fig. 28). The median volume radius, on the other

hand, also shown in Fig. 16, remained nearly constant at 4-6 #m. The only difference

was in the lowest 10 m of the fog where the MVR approached drizzle drop size (100

/xm) for some of the approaches. There was drizzle reported by the pilots. Finally, asindicated in the number density plots and Fig. 17, the Nt of particles in all size bins

increases with altitude in the first 40 m then begins an erratic decline.

Discussion:

The Arcata fog is similar to Vandenberg where nuclei from ground and industrial

sources have not had much influence. The LWC, while less than Vandenberg, is still

relatively high and in the top half of the cloud. That, coupled with the median volume

radius in the 4-6 #m range, will present difficulties for sensors whose wavelengths are

less than 12/zm due to scattering. Absorption of millimeter wave energy will be noticed,

especially for the higher frequencies (94 GHZ and above), when looking through the

entire cloud LWC volume. At Category I decision height, 200 ft (60 m), 2/3 of the liquid

is above the path, but the drops still remain relatively large. By the dissipation stage,

this cloud becomes more like a stratocumulus.

c. Santa Maria, CA

Santa Maria is 22 km Northeast of Vandenberg AFB, CA. It is 18 km from the

Pacific, further inland than the previous locations. Like the other advection fog

situations, the low level flow was from the NW where there is relatively flat terrain to the

coast. The airport elevation is 79 m. Although the humidity was 100%, the fog was

nearing a dissipation stage more so than the others. In the 20 minutes between

approach 1 and 3 (approach 2 data is missing), the ceiling changed from 100 ft. obscuredto 200 ft. overcast and the visibility changed from 1/4 mile to 3/8 mile. The second

sensor available for this flight was a rain probe (OAP 200Y) which did not contribute to

the knowledge of fog microphysics, since there was no rain. The discussion will be

limited to data from the FSSP-100 sensor.

The drop size spectrum (Fig. 18) is very similar to those of Vandenberg and

Arcata. The maximum number concentration reached about 170 cm -3 near the top of the

fog; but unlike the previous fogs, the intermediate drop sizes (11-14/zm) had this largenumber concentration (Fig. 19). Here there is a trimodal case; a lower peak

concentration for 2-5/zm drops, mid level peak for 8-11 and 11-14/zm drops and high

altitude peak of the biggest drops with significant (1 cm 3 or above) number counts of 14-

20/zm size drops. The temperature increase with height was about the same magnitude

as at the other locations (Fig. 20). The LWC of 0.1 to 0.4 g m 3 was also very similar

with higher values near the top of the cloud (Fig. 21). The median volume radius was

slightly more erratic but still showed an increase in the lowest 50 m of the fog whichindicates the contribution of the smaller number concentration of the large drops. Total

number of particles (350-400 em 3) is also nearly the same as the other advection fogs

(Fig. 22).

Discussion:

With addition of more varied condensation nuclei farther inland, there should be

a larger number of the smaller drops, but this was not observed. Some broadening of

the spectrum is apparent at mid levels of the cloud, but this may be due to the fog

nearing more a dissipation stage. Attenuation characteristics for visible up to radar

frequencies should be similar to those discussed previously.

d. Worcester, MA

Worcester is located 73 km west south west of Boston's Logan Airport. The

remains of tropical storm Danielle were located over Northern NJ and moving NE. This

storm, coupled with high pressure over Maine, produced a NE flow of 4-5 m s 1. There

9

was a warm front acrossNew York state to the south. There waswide spreadstratus,fog and rain north of this front with ceilings about 100-200ft. and prevailing visibilities1/4 to 3/4 miles in light rain and fog. During all the approachesto Worcester, the skycondition was 100 ft. obscured. There were layered cloudsabove the low stratus so nodefinite cloud top and no inversion existed;therefore, the beginning of data collectionwassomewhatarbitrary. Attempts were made to begin the data collection whenencountering the lowest cloud layer. During the last two approaches,the rain changedto drizzle. Rain rates of 1-3mm/hr were calculated from the drop size distribution forthe lowest 80 m of cloud in the first 5 approaches. Rain rateswere significantly less forthe last 3 approaches.

Fig. 23 showsthe broadeneddrop sizespectrumat all altitude with numberconcentrations ashigh as 103/m3even at 300/.Lmdrop size. The negativenumbers resultfrom the normalization for sizebins (dividing by 300 in this case)where number countsare less than 300 m3. From the shapeof the FSSP-100drop sizespectrum (Fig. 24) thefog part of the cloud systemextended to about 200 m. The spectrum is more sharplypeaked in the 5-8_m size region in the middle of the stratus where number countsreached280 per cm3compared to 60 for Arcata. The tri-modal nature is still evidentwith low altitude peaks of the smallest drops measured (3-5 _m) and a peak of drops 11

to 17/.tm at high altitudes in addition to the sharp peak in mid levels of 5-8/_m drops.

The approaches in the late afternoon (Fig. 25, 26) revealed a similar spectrum shape, butthere appear to be two regions of low stratus; one from 20 m to 200 m and another from

200 to 340 m. Number concentrations are similar in both regions.

Liquid water content is influenced by the rain drops (Fig. 27). At 1723 G mT the

rain influenced the areas where fog drop contributions were small (_< 0.05 g m3). At1734 and 1745 G mT rain drops contributed 80% of the LWC near 300 m altitude. At

1755 G mT the most significant contribution is at 240 and 120 m. There was also a

significant contribution for all approaches near the surface. The range of LWC, 0.1 to

0.4 g m 3, is similar to the advection fogs of the West Coast. By late afternoon the LWC

came predonimately from fog drops and drizzle (Fig. 28). The median volume radius

also shown in Fig. 27 shows the significant effect of the rain drops near the top and

bottom of the clouds. The total number of drops (Fig. 29) is equivalent to that of the

other fogs despite the increase in the number of big drops (with very low numberconcentrations).

Discussion:

This situation of rain and fog with ceilings below CAT-I minimums is not

uncommon in overrunning warm frontal fogs of mid latitudes. The most serious

consequence is the effect of the rain on millimeter wave sensor performance. Even rain

rates of a few mm/hr can attenuate tens of db/km of the radar signal (Battan 1959) suchthat the image of the runway is lost above CAT-I decision height. Backscatter becomes

an increasing problem with rain of any significant drop size since it is proportional to the

10

sixth power of the average drop diameter. The return signal from the rain could

obliterate any signal from the ground. The same adverse effects discussed earlier for IR

wavelengths would apply here as well. If the rain increases at the expense of the fog,

then optical visibility might be adequate for aircraft operation below the clouds.

e. Huntington, WV

At Huntington, data were collected on the only inland radiation-type fog,

but it was so shallow (though optically and IR dense) that the aircraft had trouble getting

into the fog due to operational constraints of airfield minimums. There were six

approaches with data for the lowest layer (10 m) only available for one. The Huntington

airport is in NW West Virginia, near the Ohio border, and adjacent to the Ohio Riverand some of its tributaries. The presence of the water undoubtedly influenced the

formation of and properties of the fog. There was a weak ridge of high pressure over

State College, PA. A cold front had passed through the area the previous day. The

surface winds were very light with clear skies, all the ingredients necessary for fog. Fog

formed in the early morning hours and by the time of the first approach (1147 G mT)

the ceiling was 100 ft. obscured with zero prevailing visibility. By 1155 9/10 of the sky

was obscured, but there was no ceiling even though the prevailing visibility was just 1/16

mile. These conditions prevailed through the last approach at 1247 G mT. Only the fog

data from the FSSP sensor will be discussed. The cloud top rose from about 100 m to

160 m before the cloud began to evaporate. Data were collected only for the first two

approaches within 20 m of the ground where the highest concentration of particles were

found. The other approaches terminated at 40 m or above.

There were significant numbers of drops with sizes up to 17-20/zm and 104

particles per m 3 as large as 45/_m (Fig. 30). It is likely that larger numbers of smaller

haze drops (< 1/xm radius) existed in this fog but could not be measured. The number

concentrations observed during the first two approaches were maximum at 5-8/zm at the

lowest altitude. The details for higher number concentrations are shown in Fig. 31 for

the first three approaches.

Liquid water content was very low until 1235 G mT when values of 0.13 g m 3

(Fig. 32) were calculated from the observed drop distribution. In later aircraft

approaches, the LWC always peaked at the lowest altitude corresponding to the highnumber concentrations; however, the lowest altitude on several of the approaches was

halfway into the shallow cloud. The median volume radius remained quite large (5-8

/_m) within 50 m of the ground (Fig. 32). Temperature was nearly constant at 12 C

through the top 3/4 of the cloud. The total number concentration (Fig. 33) reached a

maximum of 170 per cm 3 at 40 m for approach 2. Had there been a capability to

measure smaller drops, this count would most likely have been much higher.

11

Discussion:

The high numbers of relatively large drops (5-8/zm) wassurprising for this

shallow inland radiation fog. This fog, like all the others, was opaque to the optical

(visible) and IR (3-5 _m) spectrum but presented no problems for the imaging radar.

is unlikely that an IR sensor of longer wavelength would have been any more effective

due to scattering associated with the significant number counts of 10-16/zm diameterdrops close to the ground.

It

5. Comparisons with Other Measurements

Microphysical parameters reported in the literature are highly dependent on the

type of fog, the airmass in which it is embedded (supersaturation, temperature, humidity,

condensation nuclei available, turbulence), time period of measurements, measurement

technique, altitude of measurements, and stage of fog development. Prior to the 1970's,

fog drop sizes were measured by impaction techniques (Piele 1975, Prokh 1974, Garland

1971, and Goodman 1977), by collection on spiderwebs (Arnulf et al. 1957), by early light

scattering (Elridge 1961) and by Nephelometers (Dickerson et al. 1975). These

measurements had significant limitations apart from the other factors influencing the

measurements. For example, the impaction techniques required laborious, time

consuming microscopic counting of craters made by drops. The smallest drops that could

be reliably measured were on the order of 2/zm (Rhinehart, 1969). Corrections were

needed for collection efficiencies and in the conversion to droplet concentration.

Although still subject to errors and corrections for collection efficiency, the lightscattering instruments of the 70's, 80's, and 90's offer near real-time measurement and

effective calibration with known particle sizes when done carefully.

Results of previous fog data collection activity are summarized in Table 3. There

have been several concerted international and multi-agency cooperative projects to

measure fundamental properties of fogs. Some of these prior to the Synthetic Vision

Program were Forward _Looking Infrared and Lidar Atmospheric Propagation in the IR

(FLAPIR) experiment (Koenig 1991), FOG-82 (Meyer et al. 1986), Meppin-80 (Lind_erg

et al. 1984), Po Valley (Fuzzi et al. 1992) and Graffenwohr (Pinnick et al. 1978). Note

that the instrumentation used, drop size range and type of fog are shown. In several

cases many observations taken at different times and locations were grouped togetherand the average for the entire grouping is presented.

The number concentration is a function of instrumentation bin size which in some

cases was not reported (indicated as not available (NA) in the table). A reasonable

assumption is that the values given are "per micrometer" unless indicated. From Table 3,

the higher number counts in the submicron region are due most likely to haze particles.

The maximum drop concentration for the size region, 3-20/zm, for both advection and

radiation fogs range from 10's to 300 per cm 3. For radiation fogs, however, there are

concentrations in the 103 range at/zm size and below.

12

The range of LWC maxima is from 0.1 to 0.4 g m 3 for advection fogs and 0.1 to

0.7 g m 3 for radiation fogs although there is great variability due to stage of

development/dissipation and altitude of the measurements. The "typical" characteristics

of both types of fogs are shown by Kocmond et al. (1969) in Table 4. Up to five stages

of development have been identified for radiation fogs. Each has identifiable fog

characteristics (Juisto et al. 1983). The Synthetic Vision data show the variability of fog

parameters in marine advection fogs as they begin to dissipate. Also, the vertical

variation of parameters is even more pronounced than horizontal changes or time

changes in most fogs. The measurements of LWC reported in this paper were as high as

0.7 g m 3 in advection fogs with frequent values of 0.2 to 0.5 compared with the 0.17

value in Table 4.

The other drop size characteristics measured during the Synthetic Vision

Technology Demonstration program are consistent with previous measurements. These

are the only measurements made in fog showing drop size characteristics with both avertical and a time dimension along the path of a landing aircraft.

6. Summary and Conclusion

Sequential 1-2 minute penetrations of the fog repeated every 10-20 minutes for

about an hour reveal some consistency with respect to general characteristics and gross

features such as LWC and MVR. The differences due to natural variability within the

fog cloud are readily apparent as are the changes in a dissipating fog. All fogs containnumber concentrations of tens to hundreds of drops per cm 3 per micrometer in the range

of drop sizes from 2-25 pm diameter.

The advection fogs were found to contain number concentrations of 10 .2 cm "3 per

micrometer for drops above 45 pm in many cases. The rain falling through the fog at

Worcester, MA affected the fog drop spectrum; although it, too, when viewed alone

showed many of the characteristics noted in number counts vs. drop size of marine

advection fogs. There were multimodal tendencies in nearly all the fogs which tended to

spread the spectrum when viewed over many altitudes. The one radiation fogencountered exhibited drops larger than expected although there are similar

measurements of large drops in radiation fogs (Gerber 1991, Meyer et al. 1986). The

variation of general fog characteristics with altitude and time is shown in Table 5.

The text book description of marine stratus clouds and their microphysical

properties is the following: the mean droplet size increases with height, the spectrum is

narrow due to growth of particles by condensation rather than coalescence, liquid water

contents generally increase with height varying between 0.05 and 0.25 g m 3, and the

droplet concentration does not increase with height (Rogers and Yau 1989). The

observations reported in the paper show a somewhat narrow spectrum where the total

number of particles increases slightly with height and time, whereas drop sizes were

bigger near the surface but changed little with height thereafter, and the droplet

13

concentration increasedwith height when several drop size bins are grouped together.

The biggest difference is a greater range in liquid water contents from 0.05 to 0.7 g m "3for these measurements.

More measurements of radiation fogs made in different parts of the country (and

the world) are needed to confirm the changes in stage of fog development and altitude.

Also, more data are needed on the evolution of advection fogs, especially frontal fogs atinland locations.

While fog was not a limiting factor at radar frequencies with respect to the ability

to image the runway from 80 m and below, more data are needed in high LWC fogs atinherently low contrast airports (contrast refers to the relative backscatter difference

between the runway and grass or dirt border) and for more fogs with significant drizzle.

Finally, there is also a need to show the data in the context of functions such as

the gamma or log normal distribution that capture their essence with a few statistics;

then to develop limits of characteristic model parameters which impact performance of

sensor systems contemplated for all-weather imaging of the runway.

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by the National Aeronautical and SpaceAdministration under Contract No. NAS1-19341.

14

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16

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17

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18

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19

Table 1.

Sensor

FSSP

100

OAP

200X

OAP

200Y

Characteristics of Particle Measuring System, Inc. sensors

Drop dia. range

2 to 47 micrometers

10 to 310 micrometers

150 to 4650 micrometers

Bin size

3 micrometers

20mi_omemrs

300 micrometers

Accuracy

+1 bin

+i bin

+1 bin

20

Table 2. Approaches/Landings in fog for the Synthetic Vision Flight Test Program

r_

_ "_ _ _M

O O

[--

t_

I

_" u. m g. g.

5 5 °_ 5

21

¢)r_

I.N

t_

r_

J

_I _ _ _

C_c_

7_ _>

v-i

r.."

22

0

c_

#

c_

_G,-i

_D

o

z

Z

Z

V

iZ

Z _Z

Z Z

0

c_

c_

o_

o,

0

Z

N.o

Z

°i

Z

C'4

Z

o,

23

c_

c_

0

4_B

,I

J

m

CJ

c_

r_

24

Q_

_r

8

a_

Table 4. Typical fog properties (from Kocmond, et al., 1969)

Fog Parameter

d (_tm)

Range of d (I.tm)

LWC (gm "3)

n (cm "3)

Visibility (m)

Inland Radiation

10

5-35

0.11

2OO

100

Coastal Advection

2O

7-65

0.17

40

300

25

Table 5. Changes with altitude and time for fog charactertistics

Altitude Changes

Locations

Parameter Vandenbe_ AFB, Axca_ CA Santa Maria. CA Wc_eeste_, MA Htmt_x. WVCA

LWC

Nt

MVR

in¢'l'_c$

iilcI-P.asP.,_

!decreases then

increases: peak nearsurface

lnCTP.a3(_S

increasesthendecreases

constant peak near

surface

incz_a.sd_thendecreases

COOStaor _ neaz"

surface

variable

increasesthendecreases

variable d_ _cnLncl'e_ c$

LWC

Nt

MVR

Time Changes

Locations

Vandenberg AFB, Arcata, CA Santa Maria, CA Worcester, MA Huntington, WVCA

variable

decreases thcll

increases

dCcT_ascs

ilICI'_RSC$

constant

incT_a,se_

incI_a3c.s

con.stallt

increases thendecreases

[slight m_'eases

Ln_ca$¢.$

il'lcl'_asc$

constant

26

0

c_

E

o_

L_

0°_

0

o_

0

c_

oil

o_

27

i I6000 4000 2000Dlslance From Threshhold

5OO

I00

Raf 3e From Touct_lown, rl

/- 152

-122

-90

-60

-30

(h = 50 fl) (Cat I OH) R = 2.5 km)

Fig. 2. Synthetic Vision experimental aircraft instrument landing system (ILS)approach distances.

28

00

o

0

°_

o°_

#..

_0

0o

0

m i=,,

0m __ 0

L.

_o

Z_

rrt_

29

r i

OL

/' O_I

OE

Or,

OS

09

OL

30

L_<:_3

t_>0

t_

0

('C

m

t'c

_JC_

E

1. q.

r_

6u.

m

"o

q.

s.q,

w

_o

@w.

c,

0

6LI.x=

m

"0

/

//

//

/

//

/

\

\

'\

\\\

\\

OLt

\\

\

\

oi _

OL

OOt

OEL

09_.

06[

"c

,.v

,dL)

U.,

<C

>

=0°_,,,=#

o_

bl

C_

31

m

LI

_ww

.WN,-.O

,.Wf_,,NN .

w&q_b_a,Jmm_v

i(

mL4)

@

M

/\\

\

<

>

e_0

"S.m

N

=..+ .=

Vandenberg AF9, CA, August 27. 1992. AgDroach-2 [1500 GMT) Vandenberg AF9. CA. August 27. 1992. AoproacP1-2 (1500 G+'VIT_,

Vandenberg AFB. CA. August 27, 1992. Approach-4 (1524 GM13

i.+ =

_= 2-:'

c " r

,,,,,,,__-"2, .s-. ,,..... ++ _'---+_+r-+----_.5 _.:,,+

+..., +"o,,+,

Vandenberg AFB, CA. August 27. 1992. A00roacn-4. {1524. GMT

i !:| t.+ s_ :,_

+"_:- _.o_-_--_:-_.....

-':.-::::-,,- ..

= = __ -.2:---:.:--_.:-'.::_'5o.

,_ o_og

Vandenberg AFB, CA. August 27. 1992. Ap0roach 6 (1546 GMT)Vandenherg AFB, CA..August 2"7, 1992. Aoproach 6 (1546 GMT)

- - = _ _ G _-,i'_c

oo,= .i , /

:='+"::o_ i ""::-+='= _o--+_:_-"__ +++++:+ ;+++_'T+:++ ::' ,-is;,,.+- +...S,

30C

-_ + :-_:+:_ o.+35__-----30.+ ,,_m_oe _m_ ""+--_- 120 ',""0

,_" ._ _ 3oo _,"o,_ _ _ +,,,

,-,+

Fig. 6. Drop size distributio, logarithm plots for Va.de.berg AFB, CA.

33

Vandenberg AFB, CA Drop Size Distribution for 20 meter Altitude

for Sequential Approaches

Q.v

._o=No

Co

oooo00o.4ooooooo3oo00o0o._,10000000 _ _ _

o_ '_ '_ Drop Size_n = |me . Dia. (m-6)

Drop Size Dia. (m-6) _ M "13me _ _

Vandenberg AFB, CA Drop Size Distribution for 80 meter Altitude

for Sequential Approaches

e_

c.2 ENo

g_C0

100000000

80000000- _ I_. _acoooooo_, ._..---_R_,,_=,_I

oooooooo °oooooooi_h r_-_'H_,ooooooo i __/_,xO0000OO _ 3.5

- _ _ _ =_ 500Z T,me _. _. _"3-_.,__'=.,'4 39.5 U

Drop Size Dia. (m-6) _ _n,¢ Time - =. _ _,.o<_

Fig. 7. Drop size distribution for 20 and 80 m altitude for Vandenberg AT'B, CA.

34

E

v

5¢3"

"-i

8.00E-01

7,00E-Of

6.00E-O I

5.00E-O I

4.00E-01

3.00E-01

2.00E-OI

1.00E-O !

O,OOE ', O0

VBG Approach 2,3,4 (1500, 1513. 1524 GMT)

[ _ LWC --=--- MVR

-\

| t-I_1

12

8.00E-01

VBG Approach 5,6,7 (1534, 1546, 1556 GMT)

J.---:=aL',vC - .-- MvR 12

oiv

7, OOE-O I

6.00E-01

5.00E-01

4.00E-01

3.00E-01

2.00E-01

1.00E-01

O.OOE + O0

og_g_og_ggogog_°g_gg_ggg_ggg_

Sequential Approach Altitudes (m|

10

Ev

6 ""

O>

Fig. 8. Liquid water content and medium volume radius for Vandenberg AFB, CA.

35

5OO

450

4OO

E 350

300

.-(2 250

_. 200w

150

1O0

5O

VandenbergAFB August 27, 1992 ( 1500, 1513, 1524 GMT)

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O OO O O O O O O O O O O

AltitudeforSequentialApproaches (m }

VandenbergAFB August 27, 1992 (1534, 1546, 1556 GMT)

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Altitude for Sequential Approaches (m)

Fig. 9. Total number of particles for Vandenberg AFB, CA.

36

!

-g£

(4

.EU

0

0,.

o

o£

\\\

09

7'

.e

\\\\

\

05OL

06i

0

.=

0

o

0

-=

0

0

37

tD

U

oQ.Q.

0

4.e

UTin.

e-U

0b,.

co

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p 8

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Drop size dia (m-6)

Fig. t2. Drop size distribution for approach 1, Arcata, CA.

43

Arcata Approach 9 (1816 GMT)

3.00E + 08

"E 2.50E+08o:3

_' 2.00E + 08-

Q,,

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Altitude Ira)

39.530.5

21.512.5 Drop size dia

3.5 (micrometers}

ArcataApproach 10 (1828GMT)

.u

g.=m

o=u

3.50E +08

3.00E + 08

2.50E + 08-

2.00E _ 08

I. 50E + 08

100E _ 08

5.00E _ 07

O.OOE, 00 }i_ot.-. o

455

39 5335

27 5

tw _ 215

Altitude (ml 15 5 Drop size die ]micrometers)

35

Fig. 13. Drop size distribution for approach 9, 10, Arcata, CA.

44

Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 20 meter Altitude for

Sequential Approaches

60000000

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Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 80 meter Altitude for

Sequential Approaches

I.

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Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 160 meter Altitude for

Sequential Approaches

II

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Fig. 14. Drop size distribution

Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 20 meter Altitude for

Sequential Approaches

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Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 80 meter Altitude for

Sequential Approaches

200000000_sooooooo-' _ i!: !,

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Arcata, CA Drop Size Distribution for 160 meter Altitude for

Sequential Approaches

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3_:9.6 Drop Size Dia.

Time - _o-- (0

for 20, 80, 160 m altitude for Arcata, CA.

45

A

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[ 1

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\ 800

i i 2.00

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Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)

0.60 -iI

0.50 T

Arcata Approach 4, 5, 6 (1559, 1617, 1628 GMT)

[r-======_ LWC _MVR iI )

0.40 T iii ,i, '

_°'°tiln H ""'!IllII _- ri ,7_ . ;L, Nn _';-

ll! n , ' " "l_ll" J_

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Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)

20.00

_8.00

6.oo

14.00 --

12.0010.00 ""

8.00 ;

6.004.00

2.00

0.00

Fig. 16a. Liquid water content and median volume radius for A.rcata, CA.

47

Arcata Approach 7, 8 (1640, 1652 GMT)

_ _ LWC _ MVR r0.60 i _ i - 16.00

r ,l_Hr "'

'; 0.40 I, !i il!Jl ', i-i t ,l_irr- 2)LFIJII:(5¢,[ i _n <',_ 0.20+/_ I i',,_,1!1_"t7 ' , i "-_.; , , T6.00

0.102.00

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0.4-5 T

o.'i "0.3 III_I '7

]1 i _ ,," ,

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Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)

Arcata Approach 9, 10 (1816, 1828 GMT)

; _ LWC _ MVR30.00

T 25.00

E

20.00i .-:

T _5.00 =

t 10.00

T 5,00i

0.00

Fig. 16b. Liquid water content and median volume radius for Arcata, CA.

48

Arcata CA, Approach 1, 2, 3 ( 1520, 1537, 1548 GMT)

Altitude for Sequential Approaches (m)

Arcata CA, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1559, 1618, 1628 GMT)

-- 400-¢') iE 350

300

200

150

i 100

z

50

08oooooo8ooooooooooo_ooooo°°_ _ °_°

Altitude for Sequential Approaches (ml

Fig. 17a. Total number of particles for Arcata, CA.

4.9

Arcata CA, Approach 7, 8 ( 1640, 1652 GMT)

-- 500 T

450

400

d

eW e4 e4 _ _-_ " --e4 ew _ e4 N

AltitudeforSequentialApproaches {m)

Arcata Approach 9, 10 (1816, 1828 GMT)

706

606

i 506

i 406

r j]_o6 i006 ....... _-_-_

SequentialApproach Altitudes(m)

Fig. 17b. Total number of particles for Arcata, CA.

50

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22

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Altitude (m)

Fig. 20. Temperature vs. altitude for Santa Maria, CA.

53

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worcester, MA, Approach 1,2 (1723, 1734 GMT)

Worcester, MA Approach 3, 4 (1745, 1755 GMT)

6

Drop size Oia.

(micrometers)

Worcester. MA Approach 3, 4 (1745. 1755 GMT}

Fig. 23. Drop size distribution for Worcester, MA, logarithm plot.

56

/

]4: i __ O:t "_

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0.35

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SequentialApproachAItitudes(m)

- 200190

- 180" 170

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130 _,120 _110

I00 ;908070 =60 .-_504O3O20100

Worcester, MA. Approach 3, 4, 5 (1745, 1755, 1806 GMT)

Series 1

T

r

R__S_SR__SR_SR_o_SRSequential Approach Altitudes (m)

- 200- 190

180170_160_,150E140 --130

120110

100 __90 -;

_o70605040 I_3020100

Fig. 27. Liquid water content and median volume radius for Worcester, MA.

6O

0.35

0.30

E 0.25

_. 0.20

0.15

D._e-0.10,,,.]

0.05

0.00

SequentialApproachAItitudes(m)

0.00

Fig. 28. Liquid water content and median volume radius for Worcester, MA., FSSP

only.

61

Worcester,MA Approach 1, 2 (1723, 1734 GMT)

500.00

450.00 !

im, 250.00 r

,°°°°°:rll- ,5000! I.-- ,oo.oo! dll

050.00 1

ooooo_lllJ............,.,.._...............oooooooo_oo_ _ _,.,_,F. -=°°l_°°8=°_°8°8°88°8_.°88_o

Sequential Approach Attitudes (m)

500.00 T450.00

E-_ 400.00C0

•_ 350.00300.00

(,,)

= 250.000

200.00

150.00

z 100.00

o5o.oo000.00

Worcester, MA Approach 3, 4, 5 (1745, 1755, 1806 GMT)

I

Sequential Approach Attitudes (m)

Worcester,MA Approach 6, 7 (2116, 2126 GMT)

350.000 T

300.000L

25o.ooo I

o 200.000

'llllllo 150.000

E 100.000

- [050.000I.-

000,000 .......

Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)

Fig. 29. Total number of particles for Worcester, MA.

62

{,I_IaLLIOJ:)!U,J JG(J _U.J jecl} UO!IRJIUaDUOO BO'I

o_=

0

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f

Huntington, _VV, Approach 1. 2.3. (1147, 1155. 1203 GMT) Huntington. WV. Appro=ch 1. 2. 3. (1147. 1155. 1203 GMT)

600E*07 // _ _"-e 00E*07

_ 7

i IIi / llllLJ ' '3.0OE ÷ 07

i _. 3,00E * 07

le_z, entl=l i,pl_'OaClNid_udoo.4_,oacle|mf-_ F oo 0 _0 0 1'- '_'_'_OO c,D r,,. _lmu_nr;e/'2 _ iI'dtudeo Ira!

E.o

==

O

Huntington, WV, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214, 1235, 1247 GMT) Huntington, WV. Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214. 1235. 1247 GMT)

7.00E _07

6.00E +07"_ i

5'00E+071 I

4 00E÷07 i _,.L3100E + 07

_.oo_÷o7_ _, oo +o,

.5, al',_,_.,_. S _ _,OOOE_oo_._=-_-:.-_,z-;_:

Approodl - $

Sequential approach altitudes (el

;,_OOE.07

i 3'°°E÷°7 _2.00E+07

_.__a_ooo_.oo;.L-_.__-_._-_:,_>%.Io

:;_,;_ 6 _ - " "(micromelar=l

0 O_0 -- [ Sequential approach altitudes

oo (ml

Approach -5 Approach .5

Approach -6

Fig. 31. Drop size distribution for Huntington, WV.

65

Huntington, WV, Approach 1, 2, 3 (1147, 1155, 1203 GMT)

o12!

_o_oi _\oo8! \._

O.O6 U

•_ 0.04

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v

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lit '200°FI 1.oo

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Sequential Approach Altitudes (m)

Huntington, WV, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214, 1235, 1247 GMT)

\

1.00

' 0.00

Fig. 32. Liquid water contents and median volume radius for Huntington, WV.

66

Huntington, WV, Approach 1, 2, 3 (1147, 1155, 1203 GMT)

Huntington, WV, Approach 4, 5, 6 (1214, 1235, 1247 GMT)

- 250.000EU

200.000 -

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UC

100.000-

e_

E 050,000z

_" 000.0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Altitude for Sequential Approaches (m)

Fig. 33. Total number of particles for Huntington, WV.

67

APPENDIX A

Drop size concentration data and related parameters

A

J

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P_

A-8

Approach

number

Altitude

(ml

Begin time End dine

Temp

(C)

Vandenberg AFB, CA

August 27. 1992

Vapor Number

density second=

(g/m3I in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3}

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

145958 150110210 18.5 15.84 2 0.00 2.60

200 18.1 15.47 2 0.00 6.28

190 18.1 15.47 2 0.00 3.05

180 18.1 15.47 2 0.06 3.59

170 17.2 14.66 2 0,06 4.01

160 17.2 14.66 2 0,13 3.93

150 17.2 14.66 2 0.10 4.23

140 16,7 14.20 3 0.08 4.27

130 16.4 13.97 2 0.02 4.53

120 16.4 13.97 2 0.63 11.04

110 16.4 13.97 1 0.73 11.00

100 15.6 13.31 3 0.76 11.13

90 15.6 13.31 2 0.66 11.14

80 15.3 13.07 3 0.41 10.62

70 14.7 12.60 2 0.27 9.67

60 14.7 12.60 3 0.37 10.81

50 14.7 12.60 3 0.17 8.69

40 13.9 12.00 2 0.09 8.02

30 13.9 12.00 4 0.10 7.77

20 13.7 11.87 5 0.06 6.19

10 12.9 11.31 24 0.13 11.28

151247 151343

200 17.2 14.66 1 0.00 3.04

190 17.5 14.92 3 0.07 4.46

180 17.2 14.66 2 0.11 3.86

170 16.9 14.43 3 0,07 4.24

160 16.4 13.97 2 0.13 4.84

150 16.4 13.97 2 0.12 5.71

140 16 13.64 2 0.17 7.63

130 15.6 13.31 3 0.13 8.73

120 15.6 13.31 3 0.24 7.08

110 15 12.84 3 0.24 7.64

100 14.7 12.60 3 0.31 8.91

90 14.7 12.60 2 0.22 7.98

80 14.2 12.20 3 0.30 9.83

70 13.9 12.00 3 0.23 7.23

60 13.9 12.00 3 0.18 8.00

50 13.6 11.78 3 0.17 7.79

40 13 11.35 3 0.16 8.38

30 13 11.35 5 0.11 7.48

20 12.6 11.07 8 0.09 7.16

152342 152434

200 18.1 15.47 2 0.00 2.86

000.995

001.384

034.929

290.279

219.441

466.022

329.471

232.961

060.410

188.730

225.146

223.102

197.952

166.253

157.298

162.387

1 64.949

106.717

1 23.525

104.41 6

061.340

002.009

176.709

386.5O8

242.181

279.135

235.122

208.253

104.369

259.695

261.948

283.772

221.198

215.375

345.081

214.575

240.887

160.479

161.295

130.961

002.236

A-9

Approach

number

Altitude

[ml

Begin time End time

Tamp

(C)

Vandenberg AFB, CAAugu=t 27. 1992

Vapor Number

den=ity =econde

(glm3) in laver

Liquid water

content

(g/m3l

Median

vol. radiua

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)444444444444444444

55555555555555555

5555

666

1901801701601501401301201101009080706050403O2O

15342921020O190180170160150140130

1201101O090807O60504O3O2O10

154535240230220

153543

154635

17.8 1'5.19 3 0.02 4.5217,2 14,66 2 0.12 5.8017.2 14.66 2 0.19 7.5917.2 14.86 2 0.17 7.7116.4 13.97 2 0.07 8.6516.4 13,97 3 0.19 9.4516 13.64 2 0.54 9.76

15.6 13.31 3 0.36 9.2715.6 13.31 2 0.40 9.7515.3 13.07 3 0.37 9.51

14.7 12.60 2 0.31 8,8414.7 12,60 2 0.32 9.1114.7 12.60 2 0.38 10.0914.4 12,40 3 0.33 9.3313.9 12.00 2 0.21 8.4713.9 12.00 3 0.18 8.4413,7 11.89 6 0.24 9.6112.9 11.27 7 0.15 8.73

18,1 15,47 2 0.00 7.2418,1 15.47 3 0.09 9.8617.2 14.66 2 0.47 10. 1517.2 14.66 2 0.60 9.8416.8 14.31 2 0.55 9.6216,4 13.97 2 0.73 9.4416.4 13.97 2 0.59 9,1816.4 13.97 2 0.46 8.5015.6 13.31 2 0,33 7.21

15.6 13.31 3 0.36 8,1515.6 13.31 4 0.33 7.7214.7 12.60 2 0.31 7.7514.7 12.60 3 0.22 6.8214,4 12.40 3 0.24 7.4413.9 12.00 3 0.20 6.8813.9 12.00 3 0.17 6,5613.9 12,00 3 0.12 5.9713.4 11.67 2 0.10 5.6913 11.35 4 0.08 5.3413 11.35 4 0.07 5.84

12.3 10.85 22 0.07 9.52

19.3 16.65 2 0.00 3.29i8.9 16.22 2 0.03 9.9318 15.42 2 0.21 7.91

050.036180.167185.177172.921079.506133.684225.429207.200233.906280.077200.725213,900229.791183.611190,322184.193216.526146.387

002.662064.756176.129217,66621 9.405271.739297.521299.314

305.667256.024300.483247.808265.937210.706212.764217.928174.743180.116195.761121.014066.131

001.039020.723154.938

A-IO

Approach

number

6

Altitude

(ml

8_in dine

210

Vandenberg AFB, CA

Auguat 27, 1992.

Tamp Vapor Number Uquid water

{C] density seconds content

(glm31 in lever (q/m3l

18 15.42 4 0.26

Median

vol. radius

[m-6)

8.51

Tota|

number

(par cm31

1 90.307

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

2OO

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

9O

80

70

60

50

40

155623

26O

25O

240

23O

220

210

2O0

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

5O

40

30

20

10

155746

17.9 15.30 5 0.40 8.81

17.5 14.92 3 0.51 8.97

17.2 14.66 1 0.48 7.25

16.8 14.28 0 0.45 7.49

16.3 13.90 9 0.43 7.77

16 13.61 0 0.40 7.69

15.6 13.31 1 0.36 7.61

15.6 t3.31 1 0,24 7.22

15.6 13.31 2 0.28 8.03

14.9 12.78 4 0.35 7.61

14.7 12.60 2 0.36 7.18

14.4 12.40 3 0.35 7.56

13.9 12.00 3 0.35 8.21

13.9 12.00 2 0.38 8.68

13.5 11.69 4 0.28 7.22

12.9 11.27 6 0.29 7.67

13 11.35 5 0.21 6.85

19.8

19.8

18.9

18.9

18.9

18.1

18.1

17.2

17.2

16.8

16.4

16.1

15.6

15.6

15

14.7

14.7

14.2

13.9

13.9

13.9

13.3

13

13

13

12.5

17.10

17.10

16.22

16.22

16.22

15.47

15.47

14..66

14.66

14.31

13.97

13.75

13.31

13.31

12.84

12.60

12.60

12.20

12.00

12.00

12.00

11.57

11.35

11.35

11.35

11.01

2

3

2

2

3

3

2

3

2

2

3

3

2

3

3

2

4

3

2

3

3

3

3

6

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.18

0.60

0.66

0.28

0.43

0.51

0.45

0.31

0.52

0.50

0.52

0.47

0.41

0.40

0.31

0.27

0.25

0.34

0.25

0.21

0.11

0.16

0.10

0.06

0.04

1.99

7.09

7.46

8.50

7.71

8.21

8.09

8.01

7.99

8.04

7.70

7.84

7.77

7.37

7.56

7.00

6.62

6.19

7.45

6.79

6.74

5.23

6.65

5.85

7.24

6.18

220.436

270.415

381.060

362.261

343.462

328.176

312.955

227.667

204.980

318.931

413.280

361.198

259.247

274.224

339.791

261.939

237.311

000.820

129.996

389.285

377.361

208.711

280.416

346.769

314.079

216.363

359.113

357.019

376.000

339.698

332.951

322.513

291.363

286.209

331.975

289.808

246.533

216.654

240.442

183.617

188.338

086.281

050.520

A-11

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A-19

Approach

number

Altitude

(m)

Begin time End U'me

Ts mp

(cl

Arcata, CA

August 28, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3} in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3)

Median

vol, radius

(m-6)

152008 1520481 110 13.2 11.51 4 0.11 5.811 100 13.0 11.35 2 0.24 5.771 90 13.0 11.35 2 0.14 6.111 80 12.2 10.80 2 0.21 5.891 70 12.2 10.80 2 0.15 5.651 60 12.2 10.80 2 0.14 5.241 50 11.4 10.28 2 0.09 4.871 40 11.4 10.28 3 0.10 4.541 30 11.1 10.08 3 0.08 5.041 20 10.5 9.71 5 0.07 5.521 10 10.2 9.54 14 0.12 13.89

153634 1537112 110 13.9 12.00 1 0.00 8.232 100 13.4 11.67 2 0.01 5.722 90 13.0 11.35 2 0.07 5.432 80 12.7 11.17 3 0.07 5.292 70 12.2 10.80 2 0.14 5.232 60 12.2 10.80 3 0.14 5.202 50 11.4 10.28 2 0.10 4.952 40 11.4 10.28 3 0.14 5.182 30 11.4 10.28 3 0.09 5.452 20 10.5 9,71 3 0.06 6.012 10 10.5 9.71 13 0.12 12.39

154746 154826 154826.003 200 15.6 13.31 2 0.00 0.883 190 15.3 13.07 3 0.01 5.223 180 14.7 i2.60 2 0.17 5.993 i70 14.7 12.60 2 0.25 5.913 160 14.0 12.07 8 0.25 5.653 150 13.5 11.71 0 0.23 5.573 140 13.0 11.35 3 0.20 5.463 130 12.6 11.07 2 0.15 5.193 120 12.2 10.80 2 0.19 5.533 110 12.2 10.80 2 0.19 5.493 100 12.2 10.80 2 0.12 4.963 90 11.8 10.54 2 0.12 5.243 80 11.4 10.28 1 0.13 5.323 70 11.4 10.28 2 0.09 4.673 60 11.4 10.28 2 0.10 4.463 50 10.5 9.71 2 0.10 4.483 40 10.5 9.71 4 0.11 4.83

155924 1600164 200 14.7 12.60 2 0.00 0.88

A-20

Total

number

(per cm3]

116.151266.396141.181231.030193.016240.538176.017251.638189.304122.412042.366

001.298029.823104.336118.548216.924236.368186.627283.552165.519122.314044.841

000.091014.294166.110251.324303.895291.046278.136258.267268.598263.513220.460207.889213.915189.048222.369232.304230.969

000.044

Approach

number

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Altitude

(ml

Begin time End u'me

Temp

(Cl

Arcata, CA

August 28, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3) in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m31

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

3O

2O

10

161632

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

162755

161736

162907

14.7 12.60 3 0.06 6.37

14.3 12.30 2 0.36 6.42

13.9 12.00 3 0.28 6.17

13.4 11.67 2 0.31 6.00

13.0 11.35 3 0.21 5.97

13.0 11.35 2 0.19 6.21

12.5 10.98 3 0.23 5.67

12.2 10.80 3 0.18 5.46

11.4 10.28 3 0.18 5,43

11.4 10.28 3 0.19 5.47

11.1 10.08 3 0.19 5.39

10.5 9.71 3 0.15 4.97

10.5 9.71 2 0.15 5.00

10.1 9.47 2 0.10 5.27

09.7 9.23 3 0.10 4.57

09.7 9.23 2 0.08 4.25

09.7 9.23 2 0.05 4.49

09.3 9.00 6 0.05 5.31

08.9 8.77 1 0.05 26.42

16.4 13.97 2 0.00 2.38

15.6 13.31 2 0.12 6.18

15.6 13.31 2 0.19 5.78

15.1 12.95 4 0.18 6.03

14.7 12.60 3 0.25 6.77

14.2 12.20 3 0.24 6.08

13.6 11.78 3 0.23 6.04

13.0 11.35 2 0.30 6.35

13.0 11.35 2 0.27 6,06

12.6 11.07 2 0.19 5.77

12.2 10.80 3 0.25 5.92

11.7 10,45 3 0.22 5.72

11.4 10.28 5 0.24 5.70

11.1 10.08 3 0.22 5.86

10.5 9.71 3 0.20 5.64

10.5 9.71 2 0.12 5.24

10.5 9.71 2 0.17 5.01

10.1 9.47 2 0.16 5.42

10.1 9.47 2 0.13 5.62

09.7 9.23 2 0.05 4.18

09.7 9.23 2 0.05 4.71

09.7 9.23 2 0.05 5.25

09.5 9.12 9 0.02 7.66

A-21

Total

number

(par cm3)

103.084

302.052

256.227

299.693

203.060

176.468

276.743

256.586

250.247

269.763

286.281

275.890

270.803

177.685

230.462

232,438

170.417

118.455

067.676

000.183

124.645

220.424

190.896

210.720

231.959

239.253

274.061

271.084

221.827

276.365

270.289

290.771

263.331

270.912

207.128

318.270

247.114

189.899

164.009

129.057

139.398

030.759

Approach Altitude

number (m}

Begin dine End ume

Tamp

(C}

Arcata, CA

August 28. 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3) in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3|

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)

6 2606 2506 2406 2306 2206 2106 2006 1906 1806 1706 1606 1506 1406 1306 1206 1106 1006 906 806 706 606 5O6 406 306 206 10

1639407 2907 2807 2707 2607 2507 2407 230

7 2207 2107 2007 1907 1807 1707 1607 1507 1407 130

164048

16.4 13.97 1 0.00

16.7 14.20 3 0.1616.4 13.97 2 0.2516.1 13.75 3 0.5315.6 13.31 2 0.5615.3 13.07 3 0.5114.7 12.60 2 0.4414.7 12.60 2 0.4813.9 12.00 3 0.4713.6 11.78 3 0.4313.0 11.35 3 0.3912.7 11.17 3 0.4112.2 10.80 2 0.4112.2 10.80 2 0.4012.2 10.80 2 0.3011.7 10.45 3 0.3611.4 10.28 2 0.2311.4 10.28 2 0.2711.4 10.28 2 0.2510.5 9.71 3 0.1610.5 9.71 3 0.1710.5 9.71 3 0.1310.2 9.55 3 0.1109.7 9.23 3 0.1409.7 9.23 6 0.12

09.5 9.10 7 0.02

0.886.927.507.196.997.127.097.127.066.457.126.957.087.266.136.946.086.535.684.775.794.485.256.358.207.53

17.2 14.66 1 0.00 0.8817.2 14.66 2 0.00 0.8817.2 14.66 2 0.03 6.8216.4 13.97 2 0.37 7.2716.4 13.97 3 0.24 7.3915.6 13.31 2 0.53 7.1915.6 13.31 2 0.48 7.1915.0 12.84 3 0.36 7.4414.7 12.60 2 0.51 6.6714.3 12.30 2 0.51 6.3913.9 12.00 2 0.51 6.5013.9 12.00 2 0.49 6.8013.9 12.00 1 0.49 6.6013.0 tl.35 3 0.46 6.6313.0 11.35 2 0.43 5.97

12.6 11.07 2 0.39 6.4712.2 10.80 1 0.37 5.94

000.171119.013151.012347.217398.378343.696303.450319.563336.681373.583277.600322.806310.291304.993333.846301.023273.811314.570362.965319.982254.585322.414255.054264.262141.820026.348

000.088000.174024.801230.830146.502331.439317.935221.305416.439429.254426.749395.799422.616406.379447.285388.518442.373

A-22

Approach

number

Altitude

(m)

B_gin dine End t_;,ne

Temp

(Cl

Arcata,

August 28,

Vapor

density

(glm3)

CA

1992

Number

seconds

in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3)

Median

vol. radiue

(m-6)

Total

number

(per ¢m3)

777777777777

8888888888888888888888888888

8

120110100908070605040302010

16520729028027026025024023022021020019018017016015014013012011010090807060504O302O

10

165325

12.212.211.411.411.410.910.510.510.510.510.510.2

17.217.216.416.415.615.614.714.714.313.913.913.313.012.712.212.211.411.411.411.410.510.510.510.510.5IO.O09.7

09.709.9

10.8010.8010.2810.2810.289.999.719.719.719.719.719.53

14.6614.66

13.9713.9713.3113.3112.6012.6012.3012.0012.0011.5711.3511.1710.8010.8010.2810.2810.2810.289.719.719.719.719.719.399.239.239.36

232432322318

113233222223133223223333333

211

0.390.350.250.300.320.280.220.190.120.130.090.04

0.180.29

0.570.550.570.480.470.510.480.440.400.4OO.4O0.360.300.320.320.180.230.200.160.150.140.160.120.08

0.050.03O.01

6.606.505.485.636.366.085.715.735.366.776.438.35

7.036.626.586.876.5O6.415.966.296.276.326.246.216.125.915.705.755.965.385.265.654.674.534.634.504.545.354.674.9815.08

374.945378.486388.028420.657369.763391.752347.473325.983236.892228.333159.332039.594

134.366237.229460.136387.718440.316387.510437.226428.233428.429393.602357.309356.534368.740384.263366.298393.200361.711292.623373.730308.158332.818347.654318.314372.523293.446167.905188.967

120.361008.504

A-23

00000000000000000000000000_0000

+

0000000000000000000000000000000

000000000000000

00000000000_0000

+

+

+

+ ÷+

m NN

+ ++ +

NN

oo0000_m_o_0ooooo oo

++++++ ++

++++++++++

4N4_N_44

++++++++++

ooooo___++++++++++

0000000000

++++++++ ++

++++++++++

_oooo___0+ ++++++++++

+ ++++++++++

oooooooooo__

_! .oooooooooooooooooooooooooo°o°°°A-24

000000000000000

0000000000000000000000

0000000000000000000000

000000000000000000000_

g

0000000000000000000000

¢I iEu

0000_0_00000000000000_0 0

+ +

N _

_OQ_O_OOQQ_OQOOOOOQO000 0 0 0

+ + + +

o_om_om_o_oooooooooo_0 O0 000 0 0

+ ++ +++ + +

___gogoggooooo_+++++++++++ + ++

ii

0o000000000

_33÷_33_330

+(5

P,;

O0 O0 0

0000000000000000 0 O0

0

+

0

+

0

LO

0

0000000000000000000000

+++++++++++++++÷++++++

i_ oooooooooooooooooooooo,-,¢

A-25

0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000

0000_00000000000000000000000000 00000000000000

0000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000

O0000000000000N_O00000000000000 0000000000000_

00000000_0_0_0000000000000000 00000000000000

: io

Z

0000000 _ _'_ _ O_ 0 r'- 00 _' e,J _ 0000000000000

00000 __00_0_000000_00000 _000

00000_000 _ 000 O0 _ 00_ 0000000_ 0000

00000000000000000_000_000_0000

_ °

00000000_00_0_

000000000000_0

000000000000_0

00000000_0000_

00000_00000000000_0000_00_000_ 00000000000_00

0

00000000000000000000 0000000

0

+LU

0+

O0000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000

_0000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000

00_o 00000000000000000000

E

(._ _ _00000000000000000QQOQQO

OQ 00000 OQO000 O 00 OOOO0_

0000000000_00000_00000_

0_00000000000000000000_

• a3

0

li

o

2 E

g_°°g_g_ggg_°_

÷++++++÷+++++ ÷ + + + ÷

00000000000000000000000

A-27

Approach

number

9999999999999999999999999999999

1010101010101010101010

Altitude

(m}

Begin u'me End t/me

Temp

(CI

181556330320310300290280270260250240230220

2102OO1901 80

170

16O150140

130120110IO09O

8O7O6O50

4O3O

182730370360350340

330

3203103OO290280270

181716

182900

18.118.117.817.217.216.716.416.015.615.614.714.413.913.913.013,012.712.212.211.411.411.410.810.510.510.59.99.79.79.79.5

18.9

18.918.918.918.118.118.117.617.216.816.4

Arcata,

August 28,

Vapor

density

(g/m3)

CA1992

Number

seconds

in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3}

Median

vol. radius

{m-6)

15.4715.4715.1914.6614.6614.2013.9713.6413.3113.3112.6012.4012.0012.0011.3511.3511.1710.8010.8010.2810.2810.289.899.71

9.719.719.359.23

9.239.239.10

16.2216.2216.2216.2215.47

15.4715.4715.0614.66

14.3113.97

1232331222232322332332333342237

0.0000.0000.1630.4390.4110.3900.281

0.3460.4160.3920.3540.2270.3120.2350.2530.2700.2410.2360.1810.1670.1280.1080.0960.0770.0910.0630.0350.0260.0190.0030.001

0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0890.2930.3670.205

0.3620.430

2.4_

4.65.85.95.95.95.75.55.55.85.75.15.55.45.35.14.74.74.85.04.64.14.13.53.94.04.14.75.36.87.5

4.0

0.92.30.90.95.75.95.75.65.65.4

A-28

Total

number

(per cm3}

000.151000.301198.453484.463459.085427.076400.724517.227594.194502.217475.240424.681480.155384.905419.395467.078491.0t2494.062393.221334.614304.494375.3O4332.011462.654394.120267.941161.356073.229042.579005.515001.554

000.161000.080000.119000.079000.199106.767333.120471.593288.848

497.459645.451

Approach

number

Altitude

(m)

Begin time End dine

Temp

Arcata, CA

August 28, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3} in layer

Liquid water

content

(olin3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)

1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010

260250240230220210200190180

170160150140130120110100908070605040302010

16.4 13.97 2 0.428 5.615.6 13.31 2 0.390 5.315.3 13.07 3 0.362 4.914.7 12.60 3 0.382 5.314.3 12.30 2 0.347 5.413.9 12.00 2 0.260 5.213.9 12.00 2 0.289 4.513.0 11.35 2 0.281 4.713.0 11.35 3 0.261 4.913.0 11.35 1 0.222 5.012.5 10.98 3 0.234 5.412.2 10.80 2 0.123 4.912.2 10.80 2 0.171 5.012.2 10.80 3 0.118 4.511.4 10.28 3 0.065 4.111.4 10.28 2 0.004 3.011.4 10.28 3 0.008 4.011.4 10.28 2 0.000 4.011.4 10.28 2 0.001 5.110.8 9.89 3 0.003 6.410.5 9.71 2 0.000 3.710.5 9.71 2 0.000 24.910.5 9.71 3 0.000 2.910.5 9.71 2 0.001 24.010.5 9.71 3 0.001 52.410.3 9.60 9 0.003 26.1

592.101639.935693.842625.459535.608464.464643.185607.180539.048451.515404.474273.054359.071345.178239.444040.040045.973001.407003.060010.550001.076001.021

000.709001.649001.229001.360

A-29

00000000000_00_0_0_0_0

+ + + + ++++

0 00000 000000000

+ +++++ +++++++++

÷+÷÷÷ ÷÷++++++÷÷

+++ +++++++++ ++++

00000 00000000000+++++ ++++++ +++++

o +++÷++ ++++++++++++

000000000000000

++++++++++++++++++

+++++++ ++++÷++++++

ooo_ooo_____++++++++++ + ++ +++++

ul i++++++ ++ +++ + ++++++

00000000_000_00_0_00+++ ++ + ÷

0000000 000000000+ ++++ ++ +++++++++

++++++ + + ++++++

+++++ ++++++++++÷++

++++÷÷++++++++++++

++++++++++++++++++

ooooo_©©©©©©©_©©©©©©©©_000000000000000000+++++++÷++++++++++

++++++++++++++++++

+ +++++++++++++++++*

+ ÷÷+++÷++++÷+÷÷÷÷++

ooooo_o_____+ +++++++++++÷÷+++++

0 O0 000000000000000000+ ++ ++++++++++++++++++

++++++++++++ +++++++

0 000000000000000000

+ ++++++++÷++++++÷++

___0_ _

++ +++++++++++++++++++

_ gg_;g;gg_dgd_ggg

++++++++++++ ++++ + + + + +++++ ++

_ ooooooooooooooooooooooo_ _- = +++++++++++++++++++++++_ _

!i

I :_ A-30

_°°_____+ ++++++++++++++++++

000000000000000000000000 _ 00000000000000000000000

0000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000

0000000000000000000000000 O0000000000000000000000

0000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000

000 O000000000000000000000

o

"i2

00000000000000000000_000

m

_0000000000000000000000000

_ooooooooooooooooooooooooo

000000000_000000000000000

00000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000

O0000000000000000000000

0000000000000000000 O0 O0

00000000_00000000000000

0000000000000000000000000 00000000_00000000000000

000000000 _0_0_00000000000 00000000000000000000000

0000000000

I)A-31

Approach

number

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

3

3

3

33

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Altitude

(m)

Begin time End u'me

Temp

(c)

Santa Maria, CA

September 23, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(glm3} in layer

Liquidwoter

content

(olin3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

143952

250240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

9O8O

70

60

5O

4O

30

20

10

150122

230220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

144110

150224

21.5 18.88 1 0.000 3.3

21.5 18.88 1 0.000 2.4

21.5 18.88 3 0.000 3.1

21.5 18.88 3 0.000 6.7

21.5 18.88 1 0.000 2.3

21.5 18.88 3 0.000 3.2

20.9 18.23 3 0.000 2.2

20.6 17.92 3 0.309 7.8

20.6 17.92 2 0.309 7.5

19.8 17.10 4 0.322 6.918.9 16.22 1 0.255 6.1

18.6 15.96 6 0.256 6.0

18.1 15.47 2 0.257 6.2

17.2 14.66 4 0.281 5.8

16.8 14.31 2 0.297 5.9

16.4 13.97 2 0.305 6.1

15.9 13.53 3 0.273 6.6

15.6 13.31 3 0.291 7.3

15.0 12.84 3 0.253 7.9

14.7 12.60 3 0.233 8.4

14.2 12.20 3 0.127 7.1

13.9 12.00 4 0.124 8.4

13.4 11.67 6 0.097 9.8

12.6 11.07 12 0.105 10.8

12.2 10.80 1 0.090 9.9

21.5 18.88 2 0.000 8.4

21.5 18.88 4 0.000 3.6

21.5 18.88 2 0.000 3.0

20.6 17.92 2 0.000 5.5

20.6 17.92 1 0.000 6.8

20.6 17.92 3 0.074 7.0

20.6 17.92 2 0.462 7.5

20.0 17.26 5 0.467 6.4

18.9 16.24 4 0.312 6.7

18.6 15.96 3 0.414 6.9

18.1 15.47 2 0.389 6.2

17.5 14.92 3 0.301 5.9

17.2 14.66 3 0.260 5.8

16.4 13.97 2 0.223 5.2

16.4 13.97 3 0.212 6.5

15.6 13.31 1 0.233 7.2

15.6 13.31 3 0.172 6.4

15.6 13.31 2 0.164 5.8

15.0 12.84 3 0.176 7.5

14.7 12.60 3 0.149 7.9

14.2 12.20 3 0.126 9.0

13.9 12.00 5 0.088 9.5

13.4 11.67 2 0.059 7.7

A-32

Total

number

{per cm3)

000.34

000.17

000.22

000.25

000.26

000.43

000.34

182.49

196.11

245.43

259.38

266.49

250.63

318.81

352.22

366.32

286.79

283.23

285.98

237.49

252.79

255.29

134.19

113.96

107.88

000.38

000.36

000.38

OO0.04

000.42

055.39

306.17

394.53

275.96

358.11

399.74

380.76

362.81

4O8.O8

297.40

3O6.79

276.57

352.17

273.63

257.75

244.62

127.09

073.88

_ac

E

|p._t

- e.I

i'|

a.

O0_0000_000_0_0_0000_00000_00000 0 0 0 0 0 0+ + + + + ÷ +

O000000000_0_00000000_00000000_0 0

o_00_00000 0 _gOO_*gO0000_O_00_000 0 0 0

+ + ++ ++ + + + +

000__00000_0000000_0_00000_00000 0 0 O0+++++ + + ++

00000_000000_000_0_0_000_000 O0 0 0 O0 000

++÷ ++ + + ++ +÷+

O0 00000 000 O0 O0 000 O0

+÷ +++÷+ ÷++ ++ ++ +++ ++

+÷+÷÷÷÷÷÷+÷ ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷+÷÷+÷÷÷÷÷

00000_0_00_0000 0 O0

+ + ++

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++ +

+ ++ +

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+ + ++÷++++ +

°°°g_g°_ggoggog+++ +÷+ ++ +

0 000000000000

÷ +÷+++++++++÷

+ ++ ++++++++++

oooooooooooo ooooooo oooooooooo gggg_g_g_g_+++÷+++÷++++ ++++÷++ +÷++++++÷+ +÷÷+÷++÷++++++_

000000000000000000 00000000000000_

++++++++++++÷++_++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

00_00_000__0000_00000000_++++++++++++_++++÷+÷++÷++++++++

000000000000000

+++++++++÷+++++

+ +++ + + ++ + + + + + + +

÷÷+÷+÷÷+++÷++÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷÷÷+÷÷÷++÷++÷÷÷

+÷÷÷÷++÷÷+÷+++÷++÷+÷÷+÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷+÷÷÷÷÷++

++++++++++++++++++÷++++++÷++÷++ +++++++++++++++

0000000000000000000000000000000_000000000000000

A-33

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0 00 00 0 OO0 0 0 Q

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m _ 4_NN44N_ NN_ N_

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

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09. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

m + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

i.u uj LU u2 LU LU W W U_ U2 U,J LU U4 U_ UJ UJ LU LU u,2 UU _,U U2

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+++++++++++4"+ +++++++++++

L_3 L_ _ Lu L_ LLI _ LU L_I _ _ %_2 _ L_ I._ LM LLI k_J _ U-I _ _ __"_ _0 m- _ ,- _ O _" _' ',O _00 O e'_ _'J _ c_ _') u'9 _ 0_ _ e4 _

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E E

- A-34

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000000_00 0_00000 0

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- A-37

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A-38

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A--40

Approach

number

Altitude

(ml

Begin time End time

Temp

(c)

Worcester, MASeptember 26, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3) in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3|

Median

vol. radius

(m-6|

Total

number

(per cm3)

172307 172437

1 310 09.7 9.23 1 0.01 22.81 300 09.7 9.23 3 0.02 71.01 290 09.7 9.23 2 0.04 21.31 280 09.7 9.23 2 0.03 08.31 270 09.7 9.23 4 0.06 07.41 260 09.7 9.23 4 0.05 07.21 250 09.7 9.23 4 0.08 07.31 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.16 06.91 230 09.7 9.23 2 0.22 06.71 220 09.7 9.23 2 0.20 06.81 210 09.4 9.07 3 0,17 06.31 200 09.7 9.23 2 0.25 05.71 190 08.9 8.77 2 0.17 05.71 180 08.9 8.77 4 0.17 05.61 170 09.1 8.86 5 0.24 05.61 160 08.9 8.77 3 0.23 05.6

1 150 08.9 8.77 2 0.17 06.01 140 08.9 8.77 2 0.23 05.81 130 08.9 8.77 3 0.18 05.11 120 08.9 8.77 2 O. 19 04.81 110 08.9 8.77 3 0.21 04.81 100 08.9 8.77 5 0.17 05.21 90 08.9 8.77 3 0.17 05.51 80 08.9 8.77 3 0.22 05.11 70 08.9 8.77 2 0.16 13.51 60 08.4 8,52 2 0.12 142.61 50 08.4 8.52 2 0.15 30.81 40 08.9 8.77 3 0.15 75.91 30 08.9 8.77 2 0.12 161.21 20 08.9 8.77 2 0.12 137.91 10 08.9 8.77 9 0.12 179.0

173353 1735532 390 11.4 10.28 1 0.08 110.02 380 11.4 10.28 2 0.09 116.12 370 11.4 10.28 2 0.08 109.62 360 10.9 9.99 2 O.14 146.42 350 10.5 9.71 2 0.11 131.82 340 10.5 9.71 1 0.09 120.62 330 10.5 9.71 3 O.11 209.22 320 10.5 9.71 4 0.29 316.12 310 10.5 9.71 4 0.29 227.4

2 300 10.5 9.71 6 0.33 1231.82 290 09.7 9.23 2 0.12 09.5

007.40010.28019.74022.32046.10042.05061.71129.86185.91164.77167.88304.92229.08

232.78331.94317.65205.92319.02311.45371.43410.91325.30353.55484.59282.97114.61293.90352.09088.23141.09040.82

021.73014.31013.21015.72013.65018.06015.88025.55038.94049.63061.26

A-41

Approach

number

222222222222

2222222222222222

333333333333333

Altitude

(m)Begin time End u'me

Temp

(c)

Worcester, MA

September 26, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3) in layer

Liquid water

content

{g/m3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

28027026025024023022021020019018017016015014013012011010090

80706050403020

10174509

320310300

290280270260250240230220210200190180

174646

09.7 9.23 3 0.13 08.909.7 9.23 3 O. 10 11.609.7 9.23 3 0.12 08.209.7 9.23 3 0,16 09.209.7 9.23 4 O. 19 11.509.4 9.07 3 0.17 23.508.9 8.77 3 0.18 14.608.9 8.77 3 0.25 17.808.9 8.77 3 0.20 07.108.9 8.77 2 0.14 93.608.9 8.77 3 0.16 32.7

08.9 8.77 3 0.24 07.508.9 8.77 4 0.31 06.408.9 8.77 3 0.27 07.208.9 8.77 2 0.26 51.408.9 8.77 2 0.25 07.708.9 8.77 3 0.24 06.408.9 8.77 2 0.22 08.508.9 8.77 3 0.21 46.208.9 8.77 3 0.23 14,008.9 8.77 3 0.22 10.308.9 8.77 2 0.18 10.008.9 8.77 2 0.22 95.308.9 8.77 2 0.18 130.808.6 8.60 3 0.13 129.508.9 8.77 3 0.15 150.108.9 8.77 3 0.16 156.209.2 8.97 16 0.16 173.9

10.5 9.71 1 0.05 90.110.1 9.47 2 0.06 82.610.1 9.47 4 0.09 94.609.7 9.23 3 0.11 99.909.7 9,23 4 0.16 105.909.7 9.23 2 0.25 91.709.7 9.23 3 0.30 130.109.7 9.23 3 0.30 137.509,4 9.07 3 0.36 39.409.4 9.07 3 0.30 09.208.9 8.77 3 0.22 71.708.9 8.77 3 0.19 70.308.9 8.77 3 0.25 74.708.9 8.77 3 0.26 158.708.9 8.77 3 0.25 80.3

A-42

Total

number

(per cm31

067.30061.27084.01087.82104.54094.18102.52142.41170.81060.91128.58199.72305.20285.95220.83265.82320.91281.62284.59329.01404.42378.27341.93199.49075.60114.10066.88024.08

011.53011.20015.19019.89038.71108.32098.33100.71229.38206.60101.32096.53115.06082.36141.42

Approach

number

Altitude

(m)

Begin t/me End t#ne

Temp

(el

Worcester, MA

September 2.6, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(glm3) in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3l

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)

33333333333333333

44444444444444444444444444

170160150140130120110100908070605040302010

175527310300290

280270260250240230220210200

19018017016015014013012011010090807060

175705

08.9 8.77 2 0.34 39.608.9 8.77 3 0.27 38.608.9 8.77 3 0.30 06.908.9 8.77 3 0.28 06.408.9 8.77 4 0.28 05.708.9 8.77 3 0.19 06.2

08.9 8.77 3 0.26 09.208.9 8.77 2 0.18 05.708.9 8.77 2 0.17 46.408.9 8.77 2 0.16 74.608.9 8.77 2 0.12 95.608.9 8.77 3 0.14 69.708.9 8.77 3 0.14 63.508.9 8.77 3 0.13 141.308.9 8.77 3 0.11 126.608.9 8.77 2 0.10 126.009.4 9.07 12 0.11 130.7

10.5 9.71 2 0.04 96.5

10.5 9.71 3 0.06 110.210.5 9.71 2 0.07 105.410.5 9.71 2 0.10 127.110.0 9.39 3 0.15 127.709.7 9.23 5 0.23 35.209.7 9.23 4 0.25 84.209.7 9.23 2 0.34 130.309.7 9.23 3 0.31 98.209.7 9.23 3 0.34 126.509.7 9.23 4 0.25 115.309.5 9.11 4 0.13 148.108.9 8.77 2 0.20 29.308.9 8.77 4 0.25 65.408.9 8.77 2 0.30 12.108.9 8.77 3 0.27 07.208.9 8.77 2 0.24 49.108.9 8.77 2 0.24 39.808.9 8.77 2 0.26 17.708.9 8.77 2 0.45 191.508.9 8.77 2 0.38 141.408.9 8.77 2 0.35 134.508.9 8.77 4 0.28 108.708.9 8.77 5 0.33 139.208.9 8.77 2 0.22 139.308.9 8.77 3 0.20 157.8

272.65203.01310.16313.88389.90258.17355.85359.19285.75265.30135.83292.03267.73082.57012.47009.80006.45

006.19012.82010.93024.54039.45139.47101.35119.91136.00143.82109.72029.26128.89165.45257.2O279.70209.66242.92317.43352.01357.38354.07317.54404.15202.69054.32

A-43

Approach

number

Altitude

[m)

Begin drne End dine

Temp

it)

Worcester, MA

September 26, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3} in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)

44444

555555555

555555555555555555555

555

5040302010

18062233032031030029028027026025O24023022O210200190180170160150140130120110100908O70605O40

302010

180800

08.9 8.77 3 0.21 172,6 069.8308.9 8.77 3 0.22 180.2 064,3408.9 8.77 2 0.20 183.3 012.8809.3 9.00 2 0.19 168.2 014.0909.7 9.23 15 0,24 177.6 010.34

10.5 9.71 3 0.00 10.9

10.5 9.71 2 0.00 05.710.5 9.71 3 0.00 12.410.5 9.71 2 0.00 05.410.5 9.71 2 0.00 07.710.7 9.85 4 0.00 06.710.7 9.85 4 0.00 05.611.4 10.28 5 0.02 06.310.9 9.99 2 0.01 06.710.5 9.71 3 0.00 05.910.5 9.71 3 0.00 08.110.5 9.71 3 0.09 05.510.5 9.71 2 0.04 05.710.5 9.71 2 0.11 05.4

10.5 9.71 3 0.03 05.410.5 9.71 2 0.18 05.210.5 9.71 2 0.21 05.110.0 9.39 3 0.09 04.809.7 9.23 3 0.13 05.109.7 9.23 4 0.14 04.409.7 9.23 3 O. 16 04.309.7 9.23 3 O. 11 04.109.7 9.23 2 O. 12 04.109.7 9.23 2 O. 11 04.009.7 9.23 1 0.12 04.009.7 9.23 2 0.08 04.409.7 9.23 2 0.03 17.509.7 9.23 2 0.06 49.309.7 9.23 2 0.08 66.409.7 9.23 3 0.08 93.509.7 9.23 3 0.04 71.909.7 9.23 2 0.05 110.110.7 9.83 15 0.11 128.3

000.58001.60002.30002.13000.61002.09001.05025.11009,61006.07002.80147.0106O.59184.27049.72293.63355.64196.47232.55329.56393.62351.98376.41407.23452.71284.44071.38094.63072.87049.27006.47004.44006.26

A-44

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o;

00000000000000000000000_00_00000 0

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0000000_000000_000_0_0_0000000_0 0 0 0 0+ + + + +

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++++++++_ ++++ + ++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

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A-46

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A-49

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A-50

Approach

number

Altitude

(m)

Begin time End dine

Tamp

(c)

Worcester, MA

September 26, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3) in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)

211540 211718

6 310 10,5 9.71 1 0.13 5.416 300 10.5 9.71 2 0.12 5.146 290 10.5 9.71 4 0.09 4.446 280 10.5 9.71 6 0.07 4.546 270 10.5 9.71 3 0.10 4.886 260 10.0 9.39 3 0.14 4.946 250 09.7 9.23 3 0.14 5.146 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.536 230 09.7 9.23 2 0.04 4.606 220 09.7 9.23 2 0.03 6.026 210 09.7 9,23 3 0,11 5.626 200 09.7 9.23 3 0.09 5.986 190 09.7 9.23 3 0.11 5.886 180 09.7 9.23 2 0.11 5.896 170 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.836 160 09.7 9,23 5 0,13 5.576 150 09.7 9,23 4 0.07 5.386 140 09.4 9,07 3 0.14 5.236 130 08.9 8.77 3 0.10 5.076 120 08.9 8.77 2 0.13 4.906 110 08.9 8.77 3 0.11 4.416 100 08,9 8.77 3 0.06 4.366 90 08.9 8,77 2 0,08 4.096 80 08.9 8.77 3 0,04 4.386 70 08.9 8.77 3 0.04 4.12

6 60 08.9 8.77 2 0.03 3.586 50 08.9 8.77 3 0.03 5.506 40 08.9 8.77 4 0.02 4.146 30 08,9 8.77 3 0,02 5.526 20 08.9 8.77 2 0.01 61.476 10 09.6 9.19 11 0.03 281.80

212617 212806

7 340 11.4 10,28 2 0.34 8.867 330 11.4 10.28 2 0.24 6.667 320 11.4 10.28 2 0.27 7.107 310 11.4 10.28 2 0.30 6.927 300 11.4 10.28 2 0.17 6.097 290 10.5 9.71 2 0.08 6.257 280 10.5 9,71 2 0.12 6,647 270 10.5 9.71 4 0.13 6.427 260 10.5 9.71 6 0.16 6.297 250 10.3 9.57 7 0.13 7.577 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.16 8.25

161.661183.445181.500137.984186.425237.045225.467203.048112,166067.369174,556113.718153.293155,028149.332175.506111.658225,100177,464242.465260.251158.999258.615113,918155.658181.429075.447111.907075.896005,267002.738

168.643166.286187,376238.727202.474120.043116.188146.323

163.151139.679126.616

A-51

Approach

number

Altitude

(m)

Begin time End u'me

Temp

(c}

Worcester, MA

September 26, 1992

Vapor Number

density seconds

(g/m3) in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)

77777777777777777777777

888

8888888888888888

8

230220210200190180170

1601501401301201101009O8O7060

50403O2O10

21385137036035034033032031030029028O27026025024023O220210200190180

214043

09.7 9.23 3 0.17 7.5109.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.7909.7 9.23 2 0.17 7.1009.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.6809.7 9.23 3 0.19 6.4909.7 9.23 3 0.13 6.61

09.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.8109.7 9.23 4 0.15 5.7709.7 9.23 4 0.17 5.6209.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.4709.7 9.23 3 0.16 5.4509.4 9.07 3 0.12 4.8109.4 9.07 3 0.14 4.4809.3 9.00 2 0.14 4.4109.2 8.92 3 0.14 4.3809.3 9.00 2 0.14 4.3208.9 8.77 2 0.14 4.3508.9 8.77 2 0.11 4.2808.9 8.77 3 0.06 3.9509.1 8.88 4 0.02 3.9908.9 8.77 3 0.02 3,4209.7 9.23 3 0.01 3.58

09.6 9.20 14 0.01 243.38

11.4 10.28 2 0.22 10.1411.4 10.28 2 0.25 9.2911.4 10.28 3 0.21 8.8011.4 10,28 2 0.15 7.7211.4 10.28 3 0.15 11.5011.4 10.28 3 0.16 12.4211.4 10.28 3 O. 12 10.2711.4 10.28 3 0.09 11.5611.4 10.28 3 0.09 10.6911.4 10.28 3 0.07 9.3911.4 10.28 3 0.05 8.5310.5 9.71 3 0.05 8.7810.9 9.99 4 0.07 9.0810.5 9.71 3 0.07 9.2610.5 9.71 3 0.12 9.4710.5 9.71 3 0.13 9.3510.5 9.71 3 0.14 8.8710.5 9.71 4 0.15 7.5510.5 9.71 2 0.20 7.62

10.5 9.71 3 0.24 6.97

145.394162.752141.139172.307183.475122.598213.554187.580232.986263.420238.816255.356330.161326.910338.592340.836348.338307.110221.883

087.738134.182091.808004.617

183.383214.683225.121219.640140.560069.441074.645039.356042_(344040.961060,157029.004040.337035.220076.271062.229076.793120.680128.680

189.766

A-52=

Approach

number

Altitude

(m}

Begin time End u'me

Temp

(C)

Worcester, MA

September 26. 1992

Vapor Number

density eeconde

{glm3) in layer

Liquid water

content

(g/m3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)888888

88888888888

170160150140130120110100908070605040302010

10.0 9.39 3 0.19 6.2410.2 9.55 3 0.23 6.2509.7 9.23 3 0.20 6.4209,7 9,23 3 0.23 5.6909.7 9.23 3 0.20 5.4709,7 9.23 2 0.16 5.0009.7 9,23 3 0.16 4.9609.7 9.23 4 0.18 4.6909.7 9.23 3 0,30 11.2609.7 9.23 2 0.13 5.0509.7 9.23 4 0.13 4.7309.7 9.23 2 0.11 4.5309.3 9.00 2 0,12 4.5908,9 8,77 2 0,10 5.2508.9 8.77 2 0.08 8.17

09.3 9.00 2 0.11 968.2609.6 9.19 12 0.05 933.89

186.497227.092194.708298.552300.978304.842308.302366.164361.466259.574308.219298.353346,858269.912

168.346110.753019.691

A-53

Approach

number

Worcester, MA

September 26, 1992 (FSP 100 Only last three column=)

Altitude

(m}

Begin time End dine

Tamp Vapor Number Liquid water Median Total

(C) density seconds content vol. radius number

(_]/m3} in layer (g/m3) (m-6) (per cm3)

211540 211718

6 310 10.5 9.71 1 0.12 5.31

6 300 10.5 9.71 2 0.12 5.07

6 290 10.5 9.71 4 0.08 4.32

6 280 10.5 9.71 6 0.06 4.42

6 270 10.5 9.71 3 0.10 4.78

6 260 10.0 9,39 3 O. 14 4.90

6 250 09.7 9.23 3 O. 14 5.12

6 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.51

6 230 09.7 9.23 2 0.04 4.54

6 220 09.7 9.23 2 0.03 6.02

6 210 09.7 9.23 3 0.11 5.60

6 200 09.7 9.23 3 0.08 5.97

6 190 09.7 9.23 3 0.11 5.88

6 180 09.7 9.23 2 O. 11 5.88

6 170 09.7 9.23 3 0.12 5.82

6 160 09.7 9.23 5 0.13 5.56

6 150 09.7 9.23 4 0.07 5.38

6 140 09.4 9.07 3 O. 14 5.22

6 130 08.9 8.77 3 0.10 5.05

6 120 08.9 8.77 2 0.13 4.88

6 110 08.9 8.77 3 O. 11 4,40

6 100 08.9 8.77 3 0.06 4.26

6 90 08.9 8.77 2 0.08 4.07

6 80 08.9 8.77 3 0.03 4.18

6 70 08.9 8.77 3 0.04 3.97

6 60 08.9 8.77 2 0.03 3.26

6 50 08.9 8.77 3 0.02 4.23

6 40 08.9 8.77 4 0.02 3.20

6 30 08.9 8.77 3 0.01 3.65

6 20 08.9 8.77 2 0.00 5.54

6 10 09.6 9.19 11 0.00 9.20

212617 212806

7 340 11.4 10.28 2 0.34 8.86

7 330 11.4 10.28 2 0.24 6.66

7 320 11.4 10.28 2 0.27 7.10

7 310 11.4 10.28 2 0,30 6.92

7 300 11.4 10.28 2 O. 16 6.06

7 290 10.5 9.71 2 0.08 6.23

7 280 10.5 9.71 2 0.12 6.63

7 270 10.5 9.71 4 0.12 6.36

7 260 10.5 9.71 6 0.15 6.16

7 250 10.3 9.57 7 0.13 7.56

7 240 09.7 9.23 3 0.16 8.25

161.661

1 83,445

181.500

137.984

186.425

237.045

225.467

203.048

112.166

067.369

174.556

113.718

153.293

155.028

149.332

175.506

111.658

225.100

177.464

242.465

260.251

158.999

258.615

113.918

155.658

181.429

075.446

111.906

075.895

005.267

002.738

168.643

166.286

187.376

238.727

202.474

120.043

116.188

146.323

163.151

139.679

126.616

A-54

Approach

number

Altitude

(m}

Begin t/me

Worcester. MA

September 26, 1992 (FSP 100 Only last three columns)

Tamp Vapor Number Liquid water

(C} density seconds content

End time {g/m3) in layer (g/m3}

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

Total

number

(per cm3)77777777777777777777777

88888888888888888888

2302202102001901801701601501401301201101009O8O706050403O2010

21385137036O35O3403303203103OO29028O27026O25O2402302202102OO190180

214043

09.7 9.23 3 0.17 7.5109.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.7709.7 9.23 2 0.17 7.1009.7 9.23 2 0.18 6.6709.7 9.23 3 0.19 6.4909.7 9.23 3 0.13 6.5709.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.8009,7 9.23 4 0.15 5,7509.7 9.23 4 0.17 5.6109.7 9.23 3 0.18 5.4609.7 9.23 3 0.16 5.4509.4 9.07 3 0.12 4.8009.4 9.07 3 0.14 4.4809.3 9.00 2 0.14 4.39

09.2 8.92 3 0.14 4.3809.3 9.00 2 0.13 4.32

08.9 8.77 2 0.13 4.3408.9 8.77 2 0.11 4.2808.9 8.77 3 0.05 3.9409.1 8.88 4 0.02 3.9708.9 8.77 3 0.02 3.3909.7 9.23 3 0.01 3.4709.6 9.20 14 0.00 8.35

11.4 10.28 2 0.22 10.1111.4 10.28 2 0.25 9.1111.4 10.28 3 0.20 8.5311.4 10.28 2 0.14 7.5311.4 10.28 3 0.14 11.3411.4 10.28 3 0.14 11.2511.4 10.28 3 0.11 9.8711.4 10.28 3 0.09 11.2511.4 10.28 3 0.09 10.5211.4 10.28 3 0.07 9.0911.4 10.28 3 0.05 8.0410.5 9.71 3 0.04 8.0610.9 9.99 4 0.06 8.6010.5 9.71 3 0.05 8.1710.5 9.71 3 0.09 8.3810.5 9.71 3 0.11 8.8610.5 9.71 3 0.12 8.3710.5 9.71 4 0.14 7.1910.5 9.71 2 0.19 7.4710.5 9.71 3 0.21 6.44

145.394162.752141.139172.307183.475122.598213.554187.580232.986263.420238.816255.356330.161326.910338.592340.836

348.338307.110221.883087.738134.182091.808004.617

183.383214.683225.121219.640140.560069.440074.645039.356042.044040.961060.157029.004040.337035.220076.271062.229076.793120.680128.680189.766

A-55

Approach

number

8

Altitude

(m)

Begin U'me

Worcester, MA

September 26, 1992 (FSP 100 Only last three columns)

Temp Vapor Number Liquid water

(C) density seconds content

End tJ_ne (g/m3) in layer (g/m3)

Median

vol. radius

(m-6)

6.14170 10.0 9.39 3 0.18

Total

number

(per cm3)

186.497

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

160150140130120110100908070605040302010

10.2 9.55 3 0.20 6.0009.7 9.23 3 0.19 6.2109.7 9.23 3 0.22 5.5709.7 9.23 3 0.20 5.4309.7 9.23 2 0.16 4.9109.7 9.23 3 0.14 4.5909.7 9.23 4 O. 16 4.4809.7 9.23 3 0.15 4.4209.7 9,23 2 0.11 4.6509.7 9.23 4 0.10 4.3109.7 9.23 2 0.10 4.3209.3 9.00 2 0.09 4.0108.9 8.77 2 0.07 3.9208.9 8.77 2 0.05 4.4409.3 9.00 2 0.03 4.1809.6 9.19 12 0.01 7.92

227.092194.708298.552300.978304.842308.302366.164361.466259.574308.219298.353346.858269.912168.346110.753019.691

A-56

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A-57

¢

3 •..:-

0000000000 000000 000000 00000 00000000000 00000000

0000000000 000000 000000 00000 00000000000 00000000

0000000000 000000 000000 00000 00000000000 00000000

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i0000000000 000000 000000 00000

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_00000000_0_000_000000_00000_00000000000_00000000

" A-58

Approach

.umber

Altitude

(m|

S*pternb*r 28,

T_p

(C)

End_o

Huntington. VVV

lgg2 (FSSP-IO0 Only. Ilmt threecolumrm)

Vaoor Number Liquidwater Medien TotJl

den_[y Imcondm confer*! v_, rediLm numb4ir

(Otto3] in Im,er (o/m3| (m-8) (Percm3)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

114649

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

lO

115442

70

60

50

40

3O

20

120328

9O

80

70

6o

5O

40

121346

90

80

70

80

5O

123510

160

15o

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

7O

60

124636

130

120

11o

lO0

9O

80

7O

60

114713

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

11.4

11.4

115458

13.9

13.9

13.9

13.o

13.0

12,6

120347

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

11.4

121406

12.2

12.2

12.0

11.9

12.o

123538

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12,2

124658

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

12.2

10.8 2 0.00 3.65 000.205

10.8 2 0.00 2.15 000.164

10.8 4 0.oo 2.03 000.104

lO.8 2 0.00 1.75 000.082

10.8 2 0.00 3.89 000.163

10.9 3 0.00 1.91 000.162

lO.8 2 0.00 7.25 001.002

10.8 1 0.02 5.85 047.898

lO.3 4 0.03 5.o6 071.454

10.3 3 0.05 5.50 105.338

12.0 1 0.00 2.38 000.316

12.0 4 0.01 8.72 007.158

12.0 3 0.13 8.31 079.709

11.4 2 0.12 5,93 167.118

11.4 3 0.06 4,87 157.221

11.1 4 0.04 4.22 138.165

10.8 4 0.00 2.38 000.165

10.8 3 0.00 2,32 000.138

10.8 2 0.00 2.27 000.248

10.8 2 0.00 3.96 000.082

10.8 3 0.00 2.47 000.134

10.3 5 0.02 6.18 044.704

10.8 3 0.00 1.75 000.113

10.8 3 0.00 3.88 000.112

10.7 4 0.00 2.26 000.183

10.5 4 0.00 2.48 000.123

10.7 7 0.00 4.67 000.510

10.8 2 0.00 2.27 000.242

10.8 2 0.00 2.21 000.280

10.8 3 0.00 2.48 000.187

10.8 3 0.00 2.32 000.136

10.8 3 0.00 1.75 000.164

10.8 2 0.00 1.75 000.082

10.8 2 0.00 3.65 000.202

10.8 2 0.00 2.30 000.318

10.8 1 0.00 2.15 000.313

10.8 3 0.02 8.44 015.389

10.8 6 0.14 6.57 185.330

10.8 1 0.00 0.00 000.000

10.8 2 0.00 2.27 000.123

10.8 I 0.00 0.00 000.000

10.8 2 0.00 2.38 000.082

10.9 2 0.00 2.15 000.163

10.8 1 0.00 1.75 000.322

10.8 2 0.00 2.38 000.081

10.8 4 0.18 7.19 216.365

A-59

m

Form ApprovedREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMBNo. o7o4-olee

Pubic repor_ng burden fro" this -'-ilection of information is estlmaled to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruclions, searching existing data sources,.. , ..... - , , ,

collection of intocrn_ion, including suggestions lot reduong tt_t$ ouraen, to wa_nmgton MeaoqL._3ne,= o_,v_ .............. '

Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington. VA 222024302, and to the Office of Management arid Budge. paperwork Reduction Project 0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. A.GENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

April 1994 Contractor Report

4. TITLE AND SUBTITI'E 5, FUNDING NUMBERS

Drop Size Distributions and Related Properties of Fog for Five Locations C NAS1-19341Measured from Aircraft Task 10 Subtask

6. AUTHOR(S)

J. Allen Zak

7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAME(S)AN0ADDRESS(ES)

VIGYAN, INC.30 Research Drive

Hampton, VA 23666

9. SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681-0001

and Federal Aviation Administration Technical CenterAtlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405

WU 505-64-13-67

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REP_ORTNUMBER

10. SPONSORING / MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER

NASA CR-4585

DOT/FAA/CT-94/02

11.SUPPLEMENI:ARYNOTES

NASA Langley Contracting Officer's Technical Representative: James G. BattersonFAA Technical Center Task Monitor: James R. Branstetter

112a. DISTRIBUTION t AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassified/Unlimited

Subject Categories 47 and 01

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Fog drop size distributions were collected from aircraft as part of the Synthetic Vision Technology DemonstrationProgram. Three West Coast marine advection fogs, one frontal fog, and a radiation fog were sampled from thetop of the cloud to the bottom as the aircraft descended on a 3-degree glideslope. Drop size versus altitudeversus concentration are shown in 3-dimensional plots for each 10-meter altitude interval from 1-minute

samples. Also shown are median volume radius and liquid water content. Advection fogs contained the largestdrops with median volume radius of 5-8 micrometers, although the drop sizes in the radiation fog were also largejust above the runway surface. Liquid water content increased with height, and the total number of dropsgenerally increased with time. Multimodal variations in number density and particle size were noted in mostsamples where there was a peak concentration of small drops (2-5 micrometers) at low altitudes, mid-altitudepeak of drops 5-11 micrometers, and high-altitude peak of the larger drops (11-15 micrometers and above).These observations are compared with others and corroborate previous results in fog gross properties, although

there is considerable variation with time and altitude even in the same type of fog.

14.SUBJECTTERMS

Fog, drop size distributions, altitude and time variation of fog parameters

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18, SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

136

16, PRICE CODE

A07

20, UMITATION OF ABSTRACT

Standard Form 298 (Re,/, 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-t8

298-102