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Cells and SystemsBy: Abhishek, Chan, Jim, MatthewDriving
QuestionWe can make sense of the vast diversity of living things
because as we get closer to the middle of the equator the diversity
of living things grow and as we get away from the equator the
diversity of living things lessen. We can tell because Antarctica
has many extinct animals and it is possibly the furthest away from
the equator. Although there are over 20 million different species
around the world life in several forms exists everywhere around the
world. What living things have in common is that all living
organisms need energy for the reason that they all let go of energy
every day and to replenish that all living things need food,
proteins and a water source. The organisms use energy to build a
life and maintain it. For humans, we get energy from eating and for
plants they get energy by taking in direct sunlight. Another way
animals get energy is by breathing in oxygen and breathing out
carbon dioxide, and plants breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe
out air for us to breathe in. Another thing is that all living
organisms respond and adapt to their environment and adapt to the
conditions their living in, in order to survive. For example, if
the temperature increases many animals may have to respond to it if
they want to live; such as many animals may hibernate which is
adapting to it, and others might just move to a different place to
live, which is responding to it. This also refers to humans because
if its cold or really hot, some people may just stay inside in
order to respond to that. The third thing was that living organisms
reproduce in order to continue the type of specie that is
reproducing. In other words, it is like having a baby. Humans have
babies and thats how the populations are increasing. If babies were
not being born then there would be a limit to the amount of people
in the world and sooner or later there will be no one left in this
world. Same thing goes with plants and animals because plants have
seeds and animals have the different types of animals such as cubs.
Next it is that living organisms grow in order to well develop and
mature their reproductive system therefore, they can reproduce.
Lastly living organisms produce wastes because if it wasnt let go,
it can be poisonous and we can die. We produce waste so we can let
go of the stuff we dont need in our body but we dont let go of
nutrients and minerals essential for us to grow a living. All in
all, all living organisms have mostly everything in common. Driving
Question - Part 2Variation we could find is that many organisms may
not get the energy they need to live and if the animals cant get
energy they wont be able to do anything since everything requires
energy. Such as growth and reproduction because you need energy to
grow and reproduce.
Characteristics of Living ThingsResponsivenessAll living things
are able to respond to changes in the environment. For example,
living things respond to changes in light, heat, sound, etc. To
detect changes, organisms have means for receiving information,
such as eyes, ears, and taste buds. The organism responds to the
changes by means of a number of effectors, such as muscles and
glands. Energy is generally used in the process. Organisms change
their behavior in response to changes in the surrounding
environment. The behavior is active, not inactive; an animal
responding to a change is different from say a stone rolling down a
hill.
MetabolismLiving things display a fast turnover of chemical
materials, which is referred to as a metabolism. Metabolism
generally involves the release or use of chemical energy.
Characteristics of Living ThingsGrowthGrowth needs an organism
to take in material from the environment and organize and disturb
the material into its own body structures. To accomplish growth, an
organism uses some of the energy it obtains during metabolism. Each
organism has a different pattern for accomplishing the building of
their growth structures.
Evolution/ProgressionPopulations of living organisms have the
ability to adapt to their environment through the process of
evolution/progression. During evolution, changes occur in
populations, and the organisms in the population become better able
to metabolize, respond, and reproduce to their environment. They
develop abilities to cope with their environment that their
previous generation did not have.
Characteristics of Living ThingsComplex OrganizationExisting
things have a high level of complexity and organization not found
in other lifeless objects. All living thing are composed of one or
more cells otherwise the organism would not be able to survive.
These cells are generally too small to be seen with the naked eye.
These cells are then organized into tissues. A tissue is a series
of cells that accomplish a shared function. Tissues then form what
is called organs.
ReproductionA living thing has the ability to produce copies of
itself by the process known as reproduction. Asexual reproduction
involves only one parent, and the resulting cells are usually
identical to the parent cell. More complex organisms engage in a
type of reproduction called sexual reproduction, in which two
parents contribute to the formation of a new individual. During
this process, a new combination of traits can be produced.
What is the Basic Unit of all Living Things?Cells are the basic
unit of living things.
Cells - Cells are the foundation of the living world. Living
things as diverse as bacteria, algae, fungi, animals, and plants
all consist of one or more cells. They have more than one cell
because living organisms wouldnt survive with a single cell. Cells
are made up of components that help living things to eat, respire,
expel wastes, and perform all of the necessary functions of
life.
What is Cell Theory?Basic
- All living organisms are composed of cells.- They may be
unicellular or multicellular.- The cell is the basic unit of life.-
Cells arise from pre-existing cells- Energy flow occurs within
cells- Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.-
All cells have the same basic chemical composition
What is Cell Theory?In-depth
The cell theory states that all living organisms have a basic
unit of structure and function, which is the cell. This was a very
important biological statement because it suggested that all living
things have something in common and it was cells. This took nearly
200 hundred years of research by many different scientists led to
this same conclusion.
The early discovery of cells was done by Robert Hooke, an
English scientist, in 1665. Hooke designed one of the first
microscopes and used it to look at plant material/life. He also
examined a thinly sliced specimen of cork. By looking at the cork
through the microscope, he discovered that it was made up of many
small units. Hooke named these units cells and, without realizing
it, he had discovered the basis of all living substances.
What is Cell Theory? ContinuedIn-depth
Hooke and other scientists observed other samples of plant
material and discovered that they were also made up of cells. As
more and more material was examined, scientists began to
distinguish a pattern. It wasnt until 1838 that a German scientist
stated that all plant material was made up of cells. The following
year, another scientist came to the same conclusion about animals.
Their findings are what have become known as the cell theory.
Robert Hooke >MicroscopesCompound Microscope
One of the most common kinds of microscopes are compound
microscopes, which can be found often in science labs and schools
labs. These mechanical microscopes have lights in them to view the
specimen and offer changeable levels of magnification. They can
magnify specimens although the resolution of the specimen isn't the
best, it functional. Using this kind of microscope you can look at
a variety of specimens both living and dead.
MicroscopesFluorescence Microscope
Fluorescence microscopes are similar to the basic ones that use
light to display the specimen, but they use a unique wavelength of
light. This light engages with the specimen, making it emit light
to showcase its parts. This microscope identifies the smaller parts
of a specimen that you would otherwise not notice with a basic
lighted microscope that simply shines light onto the specimen.
MicroscopesDigital Microscope
A digital microscope is similar to a compound in its viewing
abilities. In a digital microscope, a camera is attached inside
that transfers images to an outside monitor for improved viewing.
Hence, instead of a traditional eyehole which many microscopes
have, the eyehole is a large screen that the can be viewed by
multiple people at once.
MicroscopesPocket Microscope
Pocket microscopes are used in a number of fields including
science. They are used in banks for inspecting money for fakes and
for jewelers the gems and stones. These small portable handheld
microscopes use a much lower level of magnification than laboratory
microscopes, but still yield a good enough amount to see details
the naked eye cannot. In this microscope you have to sacrifice
magnification for portability.
MicroscopesDissecting Microscope
A dissecting microscope uses light to take the specimen in a
three-dimensional view. These microscopes are unique in that they
can aid in the dissection of a specimen. With two separate eyeholes
to give two views, they can help see all angles of the specimen,
but have a lower magnification quality than other microscopes and
don't allow you to see specimen on a cellular level. In this
microscope your sacrificing magnification for an all-around view of
the specimen.
MicroscopesElectron Microscope
Electron microscopes are a very powerful kind of microscope that
has one of the highest magnification abilities of any microscope
without sacrificing any resolution. These microscopes use small
electrons, which reflect off of gold coating placed on the
specimen. Pictures have a three-dimensional quality that allows for
viewing small precise details of specimens. These microscopes are
quite expensive and usually used in professional research labs and
hospitals only.
Who Invented the First Microscopes?Invention of the first
microscope was invented by a person named Zaccharias Janssen a
Dutchman in the 1590ies. From 1632-1723 Anton Van Leuwenhoek was
getting better results with a more powerful single lens, which he
made himself. Anton kept his method of lens making a secret. After
his death microscopic investigation slowed down because nobody knew
how to make lenses as well as he did, 19th century lenses were
perfected by the other scientists and they were able to look
through clear microscopes again.
Zaccharias JanssenAnton Van LeuwenhoekTwo Categories of Living
Things With ExamplesProkaryote(Single-Celled) - The prokaryotes are
a group of organisms whose cells lack a cell nucleus, or any other
membrane-bound. The organisms whose cells have a nucleus are called
eukaryotes.
Example include Salmonella Bacteria, E. coli Bacteria, and
Bacillus Bacteria
Eukaryote(Multi-Celled) - A eukaryote is an organism whose cells
contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The organisms
whose cells dont have a nucleus are called Prokaryote.
Examples include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista
What are the Structures in Cells Called in General? PlantsPlant
cells are cells that are in plants. Plant cells are like animal
cells, but they have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
What are the Structures in Cells Called in General? Definitions
Cell Membrane: A thin layer that surrounds the cell. Cell Wall: A
rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell.
Chloroplast: (KLOR-o-plast) A cell structure in which
photosynthesis takes place, and it contains the chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll: (KLOR-a-fil) A green substance in plant cells that
helps to make food. Cytoplasm: (SIGH-ta-plaz-em) The jellylike
liquid in cells where activities take place. Nucleus: (NEW-kle-us)
The dark structure inside the cell that controls the cell's
activities and contains material such as DNA. Photosynthesis:
(foto-SIN-thi-sis) The process when plants use lights energy to
make food.
Main Differences Between Plants and Animal Cells Plants cells
have a cell wall over the cell membrane, whereas, animals cells
lack cell wall. Cell walls restrict movements, whereas cell
membrane that animals have allow movement because most animals are
active.
In plant cells, there is a single large vacuole present in the
middle, whereas, in animals cell, there are many small vacuoles.
Plant cells have a large vacuole due to the amount of water the
cell must hold to maintain its shape. The water in the vacuole
creates something called trigger pressure. When the vacuole has
lots of water, the pressure is high and pushes against the cell
wall so the cell is rigid. When the vacuole has little water, the
pressure is low so the cell is soft. Animal cells don't have to
worry so much since the cells are already in an moistened
environment and get water in lots of other ways.
Main Differences Between Plants and Animal Cells Plant have
chloroplasts, but, animal cells don't. Animals have legs, letting
them to search high and low for food, thus they do not need
chloroplasts. Plants are still. They can only move with the
direction of sunlight. Thus, they need chloroplast to absorb the
sunlight and convert it into chemical energy to make food for their
survival.
Plant cells have chlorophyll for Photosynthesis (make their own
food), and animal cells don't. Animals dont need to use
photosynthesis yet alone have it because we can catch our own food
whereas plants are always stationary and rely on the sun and
chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Do Cells Grow When an Organism
Grows Explain?Cells in a multi-cellular organism are usually not
dramatically effected by that organism's growth. The cells will
continue to grow until they are large enough. This is when the cell
will divide and multiply. In humans, when we have growth-spurts as
children and young adults, are bodies release chemicals that tell
our cells to reproduce faster. So basically our cell will not get
bigger when we grow they will simply just multiply.
Explain Fluids and Nutrients Moving In and Out of a CellFluid
and nutrients move in and out of a cell by the process called
osmosis. The semipermeable membrane only allows certain materials
to past through it. In these cells, the fluid and nutrients always
move from areas of high concentration to area of low concentration
until equilibrium is reached. This is done by the process of
diffusion.
Wastes then move from an area of higher concentration inside the
cell to an area of lower concentration outside the cell. This again
is done by diffusion.
Diffusion is when a substance moves from an area of higher
concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion is like
osmosis but with diffusion there is no need for a semipermeable
membrane.
Describe Specialized Cells that are Found in HumansNeurons
Neurons are specialized cells that carry messages within the
human brain. These cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
While these cells do share some similarities with other cells, they
also have specialized features that enable them to complete the
necessary communicative functions. These cells have extensions
called dendrites and axons that bring information into and, release
information from, the cell itself. This is what allows us to make
basic thoughts and for our body to function efficiently.
Describe Specialized Cells that are Found in HumansMuscle
Cells
Muscle cells make movement possible. These cylindrical cells are
made up of lined fibers that allow for shrinkage. Through the
functioning of these specialized cells the human body can complete
an range of movement-based tasks. These cells, like many in the
human body, join together to create larger body structures.
Describe Specialized Cells that are Found in HumansSperm
Cells
Specialized sperm cells are necessary for human reproduction.
These cells are made up mainly of a nucleus. Unlike some stationary
cells, these cells are highly mobile as they must move to locate an
egg for fertilization to occur. Sperm cells have the energy that
they need to move at such high rates of speed.
Describe Specialized Cells that are Found in HumansRed Blood
Cells
Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body, delivering it to
organs that require this life-giving gas. These cells lack an
assortment of pieces commonly associated with cells, including a
nucleus. The absence of the nucleus allows the cell to carry more
oxygen around the body. Cells of this type are mostly composed of
hemoglobin, a chemical that allows for the uptake and carrying of
oxygen.
Describe Specialized Cells that are Found in HumansLeukocyte
Leukocyte cells work to keep the human body free of infection.
These cells find and destroy microbes within the human body,
reacting to and treating infection. Because these cells must move
to the site of infection, they are very mobile and even capable of
pushing through tube walls when necessary to reach sites of
infection. Leukocytes are highly flexible, capable of shifting
shape as necessary as they move throughout the body. Leukocyte will
do almost anything to reach the sight of the infection.
Cells and Systems Video
Bibliography
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Characteristics-of-Living-Things.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8578.htmlhttp://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-203973/living-thingshttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-cell-theory.htmhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7594528_six-types-microscopes.htmlhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_name_of_the_person_who_discovered_the_first_microscopehttp://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/5420/cellsplt.htmlhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_main_difference_between_plant_and_animal_cellshttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_to_the_cell_when_a_organism_grows_largerhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7245490_specialized-cells-body.html
Credits Abhishek Castelino
Chan Patel
Jim McCormick
Matthew Morgan
