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Salam Al Rbeawi

September 2011

Drilling Rigs

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General information.

Drilling rig classification.

Land Rig.

*Cable tool drilling rig.

*Rotary drilling rig.

Rig equipment.

Offshore rig.

ontent C

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*Colonel Drake is the name of the first oil well drilled in

Pennsylvania in 1859.

*In 1896, the Summerland oil field on the California coast has

been used to drill the first offshore oil well.

*Drilling techniques of the early drilling rigs was the hammering

cable tools.

*The Rotary drilling rig was used for the first time in 1901

(Texas).

*1940, Halliburton started the first directional drilling process.

*1944 the first record of 500 ft depth of true horizontal well

drilled in Venango county, Pennsylvania.

* 1980 the commercial application of the horizontal wells.

G eneral information

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rilling rig classification D By power used: Mechanical — the rig uses torque converters, clutches, and transmissions

powered by its own engines, often diesel.

Electrical — the major items of machinery are driven by electric motors,

usually with power generated on-site using internal combustion engines.

Hydraulic — the rig primarily uses hydraulic power.

Pneumatic — the rig is primarily powered by pressurized air.

Steam — the rig uses steam-powered engines and pumps.

By pipe used: Cable — a cable is used to raise and drop the drill bit.

Conventional — uses metal or plastic drill pipe of varying types .

Coil tubing — uses a giant coil of tube and a down hole drilling motor.

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rilling rig classification D By height: Single — can pull only single drill pipes. The presence or absence of vertical

pipe racking "fingers" varies from rig to rig.

Double — can hold a stand of pipe in the derrick consisting of two

connected drill pipes, called a "double stand".

Triple — can hold a stand of pipe in the derrick consisting of three

connected drill pipes, called a "triple stand".

By method of rotation: Rotary table— rotation is achieved by turning a square or hexagonal pipe

(the "Kelly") at drill floor level.

Top drive — rotation and circulation is done at the top of the drill string, on

a motor that moves in a track along the derrick.

Sonic — uses primarily vibratory energy to advance the drill string

Hammer — uses rotation and percussive force.

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rilling rig classification D By position of derrick: Conventional — derrick is vertical

Slant — derrick is slanted at a 45 degree angle to facilitate horizontal

drilling.

By installation: Fixed— In early oil exploration, drilling rigs were semi-permanent in nature

and the derricks were often built on site and left in place after the

completion of the well.

Mobile--In more recent times drilling rigs are expensive custom-built

machines that can be moved from well to well. Larger land rigs must be

broken apart into sections and loads to move to a new place, a process

which can often take weeks. Some light duty drilling rigs are like a

mobile crane and are more usually used to drill water wells.

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able tool drilling rig.

Cable tool drilling rigs are operated by repeatedly lifting and

dropping a heavy string of drilling tools into the borehole.

The drill bit breaks or crushes consolidate rock into small

fragments. Water either from the rock or added by the driller

mixes the crushed particles and makes a slurry at the

bottom of the borehole. When the accumulated slurry

reduces the penetration rate of the drilling process, the

slurry should be removed from the borehole by a bailer.

Once the slurry is removed, the bit is inserted into the hole

and the drilling process continues. Oil wells often took many

years to be drilled by this system.

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otary drilling rig R

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otary drilling rig equipments R

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Mud tank (1):

Often called mud pits, provides a reserve store of drilling fluid.

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Shale shakers (2):

Separates drilling cuttings from the drilling fluid before pumping it

back down the borehole.

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Mud pump (4):

Reciprocal type pump used to circulate drilling fluid through the system.

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Draw Works (7):

Is the mechanical section that contains the spool, whose main function is to

reel in/out the drill line to raise/lower the travelling block.

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Kelly hose (9):

A Kelly hose is a flexible, steel reinforced, high pressure hose that connects

the stand pipe to the Kelly and allows free vertical movement of the

goose-neck on the swivel above the kelly while facilitating the flow of

drilling fluid through the system and down the drill string.

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Goose-neck (10):

The gooseneck is the swivel connection to the kelly hose.

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Travelling block (11):

A traveling block is the freely moving section of a block and tackle that

contains a set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line is

threaded and moves under the crown block (the stationary section).

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Crown block (13):

A crown block is the stationary section of a block and tackle that contains

a set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line is

threaded .

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Derrick (14):

A tower used for lifting and

positioning the drilling string and

piping above the wellbore, and

containing the machinery for

turning the drilling bit around in

the hole.

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Swivel (18):

A swivel is a connection that allows the

connected object to rotate horizontally

and/or vertically (in new rigs swivel may

be replaced by a top drive).

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Rotary table (20):

Rotates the drill string along with

the attached tools and bit.

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Drill pipe (16):

Joints of hollow tubing used

as a conduit for the drilling fluid.

Drill pipes are connected to the drill

bit at the bottom of the well and the

mud line at the surface.

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Blowout preventers (23,24):

A blowout preventer is a large, specialized valve used to seal, control

and monitor the wells. Blowout preventers were developed to

work with extreme erratic pressures and uncontrolled flow (formation kick)

emanating from the rock layers during drilling. Kicks can lead to

a potentially catastrophic event known as a blowout. In addition to

controlling the down hole (occurring in the drilled hole) pressure,

blowout preventers are intended to prevent tubing (e.g. drill pipe and casing),

tools and drilling fluid from being blown out of the wellbore when a blowout

threatens. Blowout preventers are critical to the safety of crew, rig

(the equipment system used to drill a wellbore) and environment,

and to the monitoring and maintenance of well integrity.

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Ram type BOP

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Horizon BOP

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Drill bit:

Drill bits are cutting tools used to create boreholes. Bits are held

in a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial

force to create the hole.

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ffshore drilling rigs O 1- Jack-up rig:

Jack-up drilling rigs are used in

water depth that typically

ranges from 50 to 300 ft with a

maximum depth of 500 ft. A

hull of the jack-up drilling rig is

typically constructed in a

triangular shape with 3 legs. A

jack-up rig is moved by being

towed by a tugboat or is

transported by a heavy lift

carrier from one drilling

location to another, and then

jacked above the sea surface on

tubular or derrick legs.

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ffshore drilling rigs O 2- Submersible rigs:

Submersible drilling rigs consist of

upper and lower hulls connected by

a network of posts or beams. The

drilling equipment and living

quarters are installed on the upper

hull deck. The lower hull has the

buoyancy capacity to float and

support the upper hull and

equipment. When water is pumped

into the lower hull, the rig

submerges and rests on the seabed

to provide a working place for the

drilling. Most submerged rigs are

used only in shallow waters of 25 to

30 ft.

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ffshore drilling rigs O 3-Floaters:

In water depths greater than

300 ft, floaters are commonly

used. Drill ships and

semisubmersible rigs are

classified as floaters. Drilling

operations with floaters

require special technologies

that are not used in the

operations of mobile bottom-

supported drilling rigs. They

are station keeping system,

marine riser system, and drill

string motion compensator.

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ffshore drilling rigs O 4-Drillship:

Drillships contain all of the

equipment and material

needed to drill and complete

the well. An opening called a

moon pool is equipped in the

center of the ship from the

main deck to the water.

Drilling assembly, riser pipe,

wellhead equipment, and so

forth are lowered through the

moon pool to the sea floor.

New generation drill ships

have the capacity to drill

wells in the waters up to 9000

ft.

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ffshore drilling rigs O 4-Semisubmersible rig:

Semisubmersibles rigs have

the capability to operate in

1500 ft water depth using an

anchor system. In the late

1990s, the drilling operation

capability increased to over

5500 ft water depth.

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latforms P 1-Bottom-supported platform:

This type of platforms is

called compliant towers and

has been applied in water

depth in excess of 1500 ft.

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latforms P 2-Floating platform:

This type of platforms has

been used in water depth in

excess of 1500 ft.

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latforms P 3-Tension-leg platform:

This type of platforms has

been used in water depths in

excess of 5000 ft.

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latforms P TLP height