Drilling and Completion Engineering

Dr. Tim Hopper

Outline

27/31/2013

Week Date Module/Chapter/Topic Assessment31 1st August Overview of Drilling Operations / Rig

Types 32 8th August Rig Components / Drillstring / Bit

Selection 33 15th August Well Logging (Wireline, LWD,

MWD) and Intervention 34 22nd August Subsurface Pressures / Well Control

and Monitoring 35 29th August Casing and Cementing

36 5th September Drilling fluids and mud program design

37 12th September Drilling related geomechanics. Near-wellbore damage due to drilling and completion operations

Major Assignment

38 19th September Well Completion Techniques, Equipment and Fluids;

39 26th September STUDY BREAK 40 3rd O ctober Well Completion Techniques 41 10th O ctober Well Completion Techniques 42 17th O ctober Survey, Well Trajectory Design and

Simulation, multiwall trajectories 43 24th O ctober Real time pore pressure monitoring /

Deepwater drilling, 44 31st November Recap & Exam Guide

Overview of Drilling Operations

Drilling Engineer

Drilling engineers design and implement procedures to drill wells as safely and economically as possible. They work closely with the drilling contractor, service contractors and compliance personnel, as well as with geologists and other technical specialists.

The drilling engineer has the responsibility for ensuring that costs are minimized while getting information to evaluate the formations penetrated, protecting the health and safety of workers and other personnel, and protecting the environment.

Wiki

Completion Engineer

Select equipment that will best suit the subsurface environment in order to produce the hydrocarbon reserves. Once selected, a completion engineer will monitor and adjust the equipment to ensure the well and reservoir produces under ideal circumstances.

Also called Subsurface Engineer.

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Life of an Oil and Gas Field

ExplorationAppraisalDevelopmentMaintenanceAbandonment

Exploration

ObjectivesDetermine the rock and fluid propertiesof the subsurface in a specific area.

Length of exploration depends on success and economic model.

If economically attractive, move to Appraisal phase.

Wildcat wells..

Appraisal

ObjectivesTo determine the physical extent of the reservoir, to provide a reserves estimate and production rate information.

Data is used in a Field Development Plan (FDP) to determine if the economics dictate to go ahead or not.

Development

ObjectivesTo bring a field to the production stage extraction of oil and gas from the subsurface to surface facilities.

Maintenance

Workover rigs Pulling completions Plugging and perforating Wear and tear from sanding etc

AbandonmentWhen cost of production exceeds revenue the field may be abandoned.

Government regulations determine how.. need to find local regulations (e.g. http://www.bcogc.ca/document.aspx?documentID=920)

Money is to be put aside at the start of the drilling campaign to cover the abandonment process.

Drilling Personnel

OperatorCompany manDrilling superintendentDrilling engineerGeologist

Drilling ContractorsDay rate

Turn keyDrilling contractor employs a Toolpusher to be in overall charge of the rig responsible for all rig floor activities. Crew consists of Derrikman, 3 Roughnecks, Mechanic, Electrician, Crane Operator and Roustabouts.Service Companies

Drilling Fluids (Mud), Wireline, LWD, Cementing etc

Drilling Personnel

Unforseen Problems

Service Contracts

Transport

Accommodation

Rig

Communications

Power and Fuel

Supervision

Time Related

Drilling

Service Contract

Well Equipment

Casing and Downhole Equipment

Cement

Drilling Fluids

Drill Bits

Consumable Items

Logging

Testing

Perforating

Surveying

Depth Related

Platform Installation

Platform Equipment

Platform Structure

Wellhead

Mobilisation

Fixed Cost

COST

Drilling Superintendant

Company Man

Drilling Engineer

Production Engineer

Reservoir Engineer

Geologist

Operator

Toolpusher

Driller

Derrickman

Roughneck

Mechanic

Electrician

Crane Operator

Roustabout

Drilling Crews

Contractor

Mud Engineer

Directional Drilling Engineer

Logging/Surveying Engineer

Service Company

PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT

Movement

MaintainenceRig

Conductor

Drill 26" Hole

Run 20" Casing

Cement Casing

Install WHH

Rig Up BOP

1st Hole Section

Drill 17 1/2" Hole

Run 13 3/8" Casing

Cement Casing

Remove BOP

Install WHS

Rig Up BOP

2nd Hole Section

Drill 12 1/4" Hole

Run 9 5/8" Casing

Cement Casing

Remove BOP

Install WHS

Rig Up BOP

3rd Hole Section

Drill ?" Hole

Run ?" Casing

Cement Casing

Next Hole Section

Construction

Run Production Casing

Run Packer

Run Production Tubing

Perforation

Xmas Tree

Completing

Drilling Process OPERATIONS

Uncosolidated Clay

Very Hard Formation (chert)

Pressure Changes

Geological

Mud Losses

Borehole Instability

Stuckpipe

Fishing

Mechanical

TECHNICAL PROBLEMS

DRILL A WELL

Drilling CostsFixed CostDepth CostTime Related

Current Rig Cost / Day Jackup US$100 k/day Drillship US$400 k/day Deepwater US$500 - 1400 k/day

Total Well Cost Land ~ AUD$5-10 million Offshore AUD30-100 million

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Example AFE: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/pdfs/egs_chapter_6.pdf

Drilling Calculation Spreadsheets

http://petroleumengineeringspreadsheets.com/drilling_xl/file_description_drill.html#drill17

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Drilling Proposal Basis of Well Design (BOWD) Prepared by the geologists and reservoir engineers.

Objective of the well

Depth, Location of Target.

Geological Cross Section

Pore Pressure Profile Prediction

Drilling Program

Prepared by Drilling Engineer

Drilling Rig Location Hole Sizes and Depths Casing Sizes and Depths Drilling Fluid Specification Directional Drilling Information Well Control Equipment and Procedures Bits and Hydraulic Program

Example

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Depth-Time Curve

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Drilling Process Land Rig (example)

Installing 30 Conductor Drilling and Casing 26 hole Drilling and Casing the 17 hole Drilling and Casing the Intermediate Casing, 12 hole Drilling TD section, Log, Drill Stem Tests Case Complete the well

Installing 30 Conductor

Drive a large diameter pipe to a depth of ~30m below ground level using a pile-driver or jetting in offshore.

Called Conductor

Prevents unconsolidated surface formations from collapsing whilst drilling

Size depends on consolidation of the surface material.

Drilling and Casing 26 hole

First hole section drilled with a drill bit slightly smaller than I.D. of conductor Typically drilled to 600-700m. Drilling mud is circulated down drillpipe, out through the drill bit and up the annulus to surface. Once the casing point has been reached, Pull Out Of Hole (POOH) with drillstring, then run casing and cement it in place. Casing ~ 20

Drilling and Casing the 17 hole

Wellhead attached to top of 20 casing Blowout Prevention (BOP) stack is mounted and pressure tested 17 hole is now drilled to next casing set point (e.g. 2000m) Run casing Troublesome hole sections are now isolated behind casing (13

5/8 intermediate casing) Casing is supported at the 20 wellhead. Cement casing in place Remove BOP, install wellhead spool connection, reinstall BOP

Drilling and Casing the Intermediate Casing, 12 hole

Pressure test BOPs Leak off Test (LOT) or Formation Integrity Test (FIT) at casing shoe Drill 12 hole

Coring Wireline Logging Open Hole Drill Stem Tests

Well Completion

Depending on what has shown and what type of well has been drilled..

Exploration plug and abondonAppraisal P&A or completionDevelopment - completion

Break

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Rig Types

Land Rigs

OffshoreJackupSemi-submersibleDrilling Ships

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Rig Count

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0255075

100125150175200225250275300325350375400425450475500525550575600625650675700

*

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

N

u

m

b

e

r

o

f

R

i

g

s

Total Weekly Drilling Rig Count

2012Totals2011Totals2010Totals2009Totals

Jackups

Retractable legs

Usually designed for depths < 150 meters

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Semi-submersible

Also called Floaters

Typically operate in water depths up to 1200 meters

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Drilling Ships

Used in very deep water ~ up to 3500 meters

Dual Derricks enable parallel operations and subsequent time savings

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Fixed Platforms

Once commercial decision made to develop.

Many (> 40 wells) can be drilled from the one platform.

Production, production logging and maintenance all done from the one platform.347/31/2013

Land Rig - PNG

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Land Central Australia

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When Things Go Wrong

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