Dr V.J.InglezakisChemical Engineer

(MSc, PhD)

TAIEX Workshop on WasteSofia, 21-22 July 2009

Overview of the EU situation as regard the Landfill Directive and its

specified targets

• Chemical Engineer, MSc and PhD in Chemical Engineering

• Resident Twinning Advisor (PAA/RTA) in Slovakia (2004-2005) and in Romania (2006-2007) for the implementation of the EU environmental legislation

• Short-term expert (STE) in other Twinning, TW Light, TA etc Projects (IPPC/China, ELVs/Romania, Hazardous Waste/Latvia, Domestic Waste/Romania, IPPC & SEVESO/Russia and others)

• Research Staff of NTUA/UEST (Athens/Greece)

• Collaborator of Ministries (Romania/Greece)

The framework in waste management

Waste Framework Dir. (Dir.2008/98)

Waste Streams

Waste Treatment Operations

Landfill 99/31/EC

Sewage Sludge

Dir. 86/278/EEC

Batteries and Accumulators

Dir. 91/157/EEC &93/86/EEC

COM(2003)723

Packaging and

Packaging Waste

Dir. 94/62/EC

PCBs Dir.96/59/EC

End-of-life VehiclesDir 2000/53 EC

Hazardous Waste DirectiveDir.91/689/EEC

Waste Shipment Regulation(Reg. (EEC) 259/93,

revised – Reg. (EC) 1013/2006

Framework Legislation

Incineration89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW)

Replaced by 2000/76/EC

Mining Waste

Dir 2006/21/EC

RecyclingEU Standards, …,

as part of Recycling Strategy

Waste oils Dir

75/439/EEC

Titanium Dioxide

Dir 78/176/EEC

Waste electric and electronic equipment

Dir.2002/95EC

Restriction of

Hazardous Substances

Dir.2002/95ECrepeal with WFD revision

Simplify in 2006

Up-date in 2007 New

proposal in co-decision

Solid Waste Legislation Timeline

1975 2005

20001980

1995

1990

1985

2010

3rd WasteDirective

1st WasteDirective

IncinerationDirective

LandfillDirective

TFS 1TFS 2 IPPC

(2nd) WasteDirective

Hazardous WasteDirective

OILs SewageSludge Directive

PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY

INATITIVES

(PCB’S, BATTERIES, ..)

PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY

INATITIVES

(WEEE, ELV, ..)

RoHS

TitaniumDioxide

Directive

WasteStatistics

Packaging Waste, Waste Catalogue, Hazardous Waste List

WEEE

Important Definitions (Directive 2008/98/EC)

Recycling: means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations;

Reuse: means any operation by which products or components that are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived

Recovery: means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider economy. Annex II sets out a non-exhaustive list of recovery operations; This includes incineration facilities dedicated to the processing of municipal solid waste only where their energy efficiency is equal to or above 0.60-0.65.

Disposal: means any operation which is not recovery even where the operation has as a secondary consequence the reclamation of substances or energy. Annex I sets out a non-exhaustive list of disposal operations;

Disposal

Municipal Solid Waste Avoidance

Reuse

Recycling

Recovery

Number of existing landfills in EU-15 (as per 2006): 10.206

• 62% for non-hazardous waste (6.286)

• 33% for inert waste (3.416)

• 5% for hazardous waste (504)

European Waste Hierarchy

Waste Acceptance Criteria (Decision 33/2003)

A simplified sketch of a waste management system and the objectives of landfill policy

One of the organization schemes

Inter-municipal waste management company

New landfill

Closed landfills

Composting sites

Bulky waste sites

Municipalities

County

Waste collectors

Waste producers

Legal acts

Cash flow

Waste flow

The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC

and its targets

13

General Targets

To reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill to 75% of 1995 figures by 2010 and to 35% by 2020 (this included paper, card, food, garden waste and organic textiles)

The regulations aim to reduce the volume of waste and increase recycling rates. Composting and careful segregation of waste types for recycling will need to be encouraged to fulfill the targets.

To ban the co-disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Three separate landfill types will be required for hazardous, non-hazardous and inert wastes.

The requirement to treat most wastes before they are landfilled. To ban the disposal of whole tyres at landill sites by 2003, and by 2006 tyre granules will not be

allowed in landfills. To ban landfilling of liquid wastes, certain clinical waste and certain hazardous wastes. Increase the level of control, monitoring and reporting at landill sites.

Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable waste (based on data for 1995): 75 % by 2006 50 % by 2009 35 % by 2016

Sewage sludge is not biodegradable municipal waste!

The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE. The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it. The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE, UK, GR

Key elements of the Landfill Directive

35%2016/

50%2009/

75%2006/

…of amounts stated 1995 in EUROSTAT (or latest year before)

* Countries which put more than 80% of Municipal Waste (EUROSTAT 1995) into landfills may extend the period for maximal 4 years

(Applies e.g. for: UK, ES, all 10 new MS)

2010* 2013* 2020*

FI, IT FR AT, BE (Flan.), DE, DK, NL,SEReached aim already in 2003

Targets to be re-examined by 2014Commission works on Standards for Composting since 2007

Reduction targets for biodegradable municipal waste (Article 5)

MS shall develop national strategies for reduction of biodegradable waste using recycling, composting, biogas production and material/energy recovery

Any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition

Paper and cardboard

Waste from kitchen, food courts etc.

Market wasteWoodWaste from gardens & parks

Textile materials

Definition and strategies for biodegradable waste

EU Waste Composition (2004)

The situation in Europe in numbers

Overview On average, the European citizen generated 10 % more waste in 2007 than

in 1995 (Eurostat). On average the generation of waste is about 500 kg per capita ranging from 300 to 800 kg per capita (2007).

In 1995, 62 % of municipal waste was landfilled on average and in 2007 this had fallen to 42 %.

Thirteen countries had either no incineration or incinerated less than 10 % of their municipal waste in 2007. Eight EU‑15 Member States incinerated more than 20 % of municipal waste.

According to recently published data, 22 % of municipal waste generated in 2007 has been recycled and 17 % composted (Eurostat, 2009).

Biodegradable municipal waste (bio-waste, paper and cardboard, and biodegradable textiles) make up a considerable share of municipal waste — approximately 60–70 % in most countries.

The generation of BMW has been relatively stable over the period 1995–2006 although its production varies between countries and regions (200-400 kg per capita).

In 2005-2006 in the old Member States the level of MW recycling varies from 60 kilogram to 370 kilogram per capita. In the new Member States the level varies from 20 kilogram to 100 kilogram per capita.

Overview (up to 2007) Total MW: 300-800 kg/capita Total BMW: 200-400 kg/capita Recycling rate: 20-370 kg/capita1. Paper/cardboard: 10-140 kg/capita2. Bio-waste: 10-130 kg/capita3. Plastic: 1-50 kg/capita4. Glass: 5-45 kg/capita5. Metal: 2-25 kg/capita

Generation of municipal waste in the EU‑27, 1995 and 2007

Municipal Waste Landfilled per Capita

Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (EU 25)

Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (New and old MS)

GDP and Waste GenerationGeneration of Municipal Waste in the EU (2006)

MT

LV

ESLT

HUEU-15

CY

SI

CZPL

SKRO

BG

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

GDP per capita ('000 EUR)

Was

te p

er c

apita

(kg

/yea

r)

The New Member States, with about 26% of the total EU population, generate only 16% of the total waste.

GDP and Packaging WasteGeneration of packaging waste and GDP in Europe

80

100

120

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Index (1997=100)

Packaging waste generationGDP

Municipal waste, 2007 Municipal waste generated,kg Municipal waste treated, %:

per person Landfilled Incinerated Recycled Composted

EU27 522 42 20 22 17 Belgium 492 4 34 39 23 Bulgaria 468 100 0 0 0 Czech Republic 294 84 13 2 1 Denmark 801 5 53 24 17 Germany 564 1 35 46 18 Estonia 536 64 0 34 2 Ireland 786 64 0 34 2 Greece 448 84 0 14 2 Spain 588 60 10 13 17 France 541 34 36 16 14 Italy 550 46 11 11 33 Cyprus 754 87 0 13 0 Latvia 377 86 0 13 1 Lithuania 400 96 0 2 2 Luxembourg 694 25 47 0 28 Hungary 456 77 9 13 1 Malta 652 93 0 2 5 Netherlands 630 3 38 32 28 Austria 597 13 28 21 38 Poland 322 90 0 6 4 Portugal 472 63 19 8 10 Romania 379 99 0 1 0 Slovenia 441 66 0 34* - Slovakia 309 82 11 2 5 Finland 507 53 12 26 10 Sweden 518 4 47 37 12 United Kingdom 572 57 9 22 12

15

Landfill of Waste for Year 2007 (%)

Romania & Greece - Summary ROMANIA GREECE

POPULATION 21.537.000 11.215.000

TOTAL WASTE (tn) 321.000.000 29.000.000

MUNICIPAL WASTE (tn) 9.000.000 (2.8%) 5.000.000 (17%)

BMW (organic only) 47% of MW 44% of MW

Directed to landfills (% of MW) 95% 85%

HAZARDOUS WASTE (tn) 963.000 (0.3%) 330.000 (1.14%)

NUMBER OF LANDFILLS 225 operating20 comply78 under closure (2009)101 transition period (2017)65 under preparatory studies/construction

65 operating (most non-comply <2012)32 under construction41 preparatory studies

ILLEGAL LANDFILLS 2.500 180

Lessons learned from Europe

The Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria: Have met targets of diversion of biodegradable

waste Strong waste management infrastructure

(incineration or MBT) Ireland, the UK, France, Spain, Italy: still

strong reliance on landfilling

Strategy on biodegradable wasteDistance to targets (2003)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

% landfilled

Target 2006

Target 2016

Target 2009

Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation

Strategy on biodegradable waste

BMW: What happens to it?LANDFILL (2003)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Irelan

d

UK (Eng

land &

Wale

s)

Catalon

iaIta

ly

Finlan

d

Norway

France

Baden

-Würt

tembu

rg

Austria

Belgium

(Flan

ders)

The N

etherl

ands

Denmark

%

BMW: What happens to it?INCINERATION (2003)

0

5

1015

20

25

30

3540

45

50

%

BMW: What happens to it?COMPOSTING (2003)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Belgium

(Flan

ders)

The N

etherl

ands

Denmark

Austria

Baden

-Würt

tembu

rg Italy

France

Finlan

d

Norway

UK (Eng

land &

Wale

s)

Irelan

d

Catalon

ia

%

BMW: What happens to it?MATERIAL RECYCLING (2003)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Baden

-Würt

tembu

rg

Austria

Belgium

(Flan

ders)

Finlan

d

Norway

The N

etherl

ands

Denmark

Irelan

dIta

ly

UK (Eng

land &

Wale

s)

Catalon

ia

France

%

Lessons learned from Europe “good results countries” have:

Regime of certainty: strong planning, landfill bans, strict regulation, municipal (co-)ownership reducing financial risks;

Partnership between government levels: transparant responsibilities, thorough consultation, local implementation;

Public trust: separate local waste taxes (transparency), strict adherence to EU requirements;

Integrated approach across waste streams: integration of household and industrial waste leads to cost reductions.

Lessons learned from Europe

“bad results countries” have: Lack of certainty which creates difficulties in securing

key waste management infrastructure; Poor strategic planning capability with little cooperation

between tiers of government; Weak local accountability and ownership of waste

related issues so that issues are repeatedly deferred; Politically inconsistent messages and fiscal incentives

which contradict the promotion of the waste hierarchy.

AT: Legal obligation for separate collection biowaste, packaging waste, biodegradable fraction C&D waste; landfilling only of wastes pretreated by incineration or MBT in order to obtain TOC <5%

BE Flanders: Landfilling ban for unsorted MSW, waste collected for recovery and combustible fraction (TOC >6%)

DK: Landfilling ban for all combustible waste fractions (incineration)

DE: General legal obligation for separation; biodegradable MSW composted, packaging waste recovered; general ban for landfilling of untreated waste (pre-treatment MBT or incineration)

Implementation examples (2005) – Biodegradable waste

LU: separate collection kitchen, green waste, paper, wood; pre-treatment installations for MSW at landfills (sorting, shredding, homogenisation, organic stabilisation)

NL: High share of incineration for MSW; targets for separate collection organic waste, ban on landfilling separately collected biowaste (composting, fermentation)

SE: Landfiling ban for combustible and organic waste; high share incinerationgrowing share biological treatment

Implementation examples (2005) – Biodegradable waste

Landfill tax in 13 EU countries (€/ton, 2004-2005)

Euro/ton

0

20

40

60

80

100

Euro/ton

A target in the … bin Simple/cheap means – huge impact: equip small and medium communities with

separate collection bins Implement wide public awareness campaigns – without the people we cannot have

results whatever the legislation imposes