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04/05/2012
1
Dr Tom Smith
Davas Ltd
May 2012
Display manager at Kimbolton Fireworks until 1998
Set up explosives consultancy (Davas Ltd)
Very large scale events• Olympics –Athens 2004, London 2012
• Commonwealth Games Manchester and Melbourne
• London New Year’s Eve
Explosive Clients• Martin Baker (Ejector Seats)
• Royal Ordnance
• Various storage companies
Me …..
DGSA (All classes by Road)
Chairman EIG Pyrotechnic group
Represent Industry on variety of HSE and other bodies
Secretary BPA
Journal of Pyrotechnics
Book – Firework Displays: Explosive Entertainment
Me …..
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UK law
Standards
Training
Display issues
Introduction
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Full of acronyms
Complex
Led increasingly by Europe
UK Explosives Law introduction
MSER
CLER
COER
CDGUTPER
COMAH
POMSTER
DSEAR
PASR
ADR
BANANA
Acronyms!
Self sustaining
Exothermic
Heat, Light, Gas, Sound ………
For our purposes:‐• Not gasses
• Not nuclear!
What is an explosive?
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Explosivity
Sen
sitiv
ity
Propellants
ExplosivesSecondary
ExplosivesPrimary
Explosive hazards
Explosivity
Sen
sitiv
ity
Propellants
ExplosivesSecondary
ExplosivesPrimary
Pyrotechnic hazards
Licencing and COMAH sites• Private use provision
• Local Authority Registration
• Local Authority Stores
• HSE licences
• Non COMAH
• COMAH Lower Tier
• COMAH Upper Tier
Manufacture and Storage
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Lower Tier• 10te 1.1/1.2/1.3
• 50te 1.4
Upper Tier• 50te 1.1/1.2/1.3
• 200te 1.4
Done by partial fractions
COMAH
10,000 – 40,000 Registered premises (mostly consumer fireworks)
1000 Local authority licenced stores (not all fireworks)
126 HSE licenced sites ??• 20 COMAH sites
• 40 HSE licenced firework sites??
Statistics
Manufacture and manufacture
Very few real Manufacturers from raw materials
Lots on manufacturers (manipulators)
Manufacture
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Lab analysis (100g)
Demonstration etc (100g)
Small arms for historical re‐enactment
Shot firing
Firework displays (at place of use)
Preparation of fireworks (up to 10Kg) at licenced site
Preparation of theatrical effects
What you can manufacture without a licence
Pharmaceuticals
Onsite mixing of ANFO etc
Desensitised explosives to make products which are not explosives
MSER Reg 9
What you can manufacture without a licence
10Kg Blackpowder
5Kg shooters powder + others
15Kg percussion caps
7 Kg HT1/2 explosives (for 24 hrs)
HT3/4 (for 24 hrs)
100Kg Fireworks or shooters powders (for 3 days)
250Kg HT4 (for 3 days)
50Kg HT4 fireworks (for 21 days)
Certain desensitised explosives
MSER Regulation 10
What you can store without a licence
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333Kg HD 1.4
20Kg HD 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Mixing rules etc
NOTE UK Only – transport limits are 500/50Kg
What you can transport without placarding etc
Not helped in Europe by the French term “Securité”!
The “Tissue paper” magazine
Safety vs Security
HT1 –mass explsoion
HT2 – fragments
HT3 – fireball
HT4 – low hazard
HD1.1 ‐mass explosion
HD1.2 ‐ fragments
HD1.3 ‐ fireball
HD1.4 – low hazard
HD1.5 – insensitive substances
HD1.6 – insensitive articles (but with mass explosion hazard)
Hazard Types and Classifications
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Similarities between HD and HT are obvious
BUT • HD relies on packaging
• HT may be in bulk
• HT may be orientation dependent
Hazard Division vs Hazard Type
Hazard AS PRESENTED FOR TRANSPORT
It is not an inherent function of the explosive
EIG ICoP on classification
New regime from July 2011 (!)
Classification – the key to so much else (rightly or wrongly)!
Free market initiative (Safety as secondary concern)
All explosives (Pyrotechnic articles) that were not covered by EC/93/15
Except:‐• SOLAS items
• Military items
• Aerospace items
• etc
Pyrotechnic Articles Directive
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Once approved and CE marked there should be no barriers to trade
BUT• Counties want to impose additional restrictions
• Does not address transport or classification
Pyrotechnic Articles Directive
Cat 1/2/3 Fireworks
Cat 4 fireworks
Cat T1/T2 Pyrotechnic articles for stage use
Cat P1/P2 “Other” Pyrotechnic articles• Inc for vehicles
Pyrotechnic Articles Standards
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Category Effective Old BS 7114 category
Comments
Category 1 firework Category 1 firework (indoor) NB: The requirements of the Standards have changed from BS 7114.
There is a period (until 4 July 2017) in which BS 7114 items may continue to be supplied within the UK.
Category 2 firework Category 2 firework (garden)
Category 3 firework Category 3 firework (display)
Category 4 firework Category 4 firework (display)
T1 Pyrotechnic article None For theatrical use
T1 is subdivided into T1 — indoor and outdoor, and T1 —outdoor only
T2 Pyrotechnic article None
P1 Pyrotechnic article None Including pyrotechnic articles for vehicles
P2 Pyrotechnic article None
BS and CEN Standards
BS7114:1988 only really applied to Cat 1/2/3 fireworks
Cat 4 fireworks and others just to difficult
Safety distances changed
Fuse times
Labelling – more complex (and Cat 4 is informative not prescriptive)
Testing – More rigorous (Cat 4 is test and measure)
Overview and relation to British Standards
Japan!
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Malta!
Ill defined
Varied
Mutual recognition issues
Product issues• Cat 4 Fireworks – all types
• T2 Pyro – limited types
• P2 Pyro – may be a single type
Issue – persons with specialist knowledge
Small – but growing (the only part of the explosives sector that is!)
Total turnover – approx £50 million pa
Diverse!
Estimates:‐• 20 large importers
• 20 medium importers
• 20 small importers
• 220 companies advertising in Yellow Pages
• 80 Firework EIG members
• 40 BPA Firework display companies
UK Firework Industry
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Companies and people
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3‐4 5‐10 11‐15 16‐20 21‐30 31‐50 51‐100 >100
Full Time
Part Time
Source: BPA membership survey
Approx £20 million spent on display fireworks
(But the publicised figure is often much more)
Approx 4000 organised displays in November
(But most are amateur organised using Cat 3)
Approx 3500 “professional” display operators in the UK
Total audience for all organised November displays is c.12 million
Display statistics
Professional display companies work all year round (July may even be busier than November)
Range from• Weddings
• Small public events
• Product launches
• National and International events
Display Statistics
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NOT mandatory in the UK
PwSK is really for supply only
Various abortive attempts to get training• Company courses
• BTEC courses
• NVQ courses
• BPA courses
• Others
Training
Cat 3• Available to the “general public”
• May still be extensive
• “Fixed” distances
Cat 4• “Professional use” only
• BUT Cat 4 does not necessarily mean bigger
• Should be based on site/product risk assessment
Cat 3 vs Cat 4 displays
Aspect Category 3 Category 4Intended use By “amateur” firers — people
without any mandatory training“Persons with Specialist Knowledge” —i.e., in common language, “professionals”
Limitations on types
Limited to listed types available during development of the Standard. Does not include, for instance, shells.
Allows flexibility to some extent for new developments
Limitations on size Restricted by calibre or NEC NoneLabelling and Instructions
Explicit instructions for the user, including warnings and description of effects
Limited “standard” text together with performance criteria that allow the user to determine a “safety” distance — see below
Performance criteria
Dictated by type within the Standard
No explicit criteria or restrictions on performance
Manipulation prior to use
Category 4 fireworks include part made and unfused items that require manipulation on‐site prior to use.
“Safety” distance Explicitly given on the label Not given —up to the “Person with Specialist Knowledge” to determine using various techniques available
Test methods Explicit within the Standard Essentially “fire and measure”
Cat 3/Cat 4 Comparison
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Safety distances are related to normal performance of the firework – not failure
Normal fallout distances do not mean there will be no fallout further –especially if wind is strong
Types available are restricted
Performance is more reliable than at any previous time
The vast majority of incidents we see are related to improper use
Cat 3 – issues
Not following instructions
Not having adequate room to fire the display
Trying to be clever
Cat 3 – improper use
Site specific risk assessment
Choice of types as a result
Cat 4 ‐ issues
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Site specific
Product specific
Contingency planning
Objective criteria for modification/cancellation
Risk Assessment
Fallout planning
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Fallout
Risk Assessment
Contingency planning
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Cat 3• By companies as part of sales
• Provides background and practical information
• (For Cat 3 intructions are the key)
Cat 4• Various abortive attempts
• Not mandatory
• Critical Mass issues
Training
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Been around a long time (Firework Makers Guild in 1960s)
Trade body for Professional Firework Display companies• Some members also sell to the trade, and some also sell Category 2/3 fireworks to end users
Membership criteria exist
No individual membership
BPA ‐ Introduction
40 companies• All but one of the major display companies
• Represents c. 90% of all professionally fired displays in the UK
~ £8.5 million turnover on firework displays
~3200 displays fired each year
~320 = maximum number of displays fired on any one night
~185 total full time employees
~ 1000 part time employees• ~500 are L1 qualified
• ~250 are L2 qualified
BPA Statistics
Source: BPA membership survey
BPA developed training course out of a lot of previous ad‐hoc and disperatecourses• Based on US manual – but much revised
• Certainly fulfils PwSK
• Qualification lasts 5 years and has to be renewed
• Called the Firework Firers Exam
Outcomes• Firework Firers register (BPA website)
• Certificate
• ID Card
• NOT a licence to purchase Cat 4 fireworks!
Training
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ID Cards/Certificates
Level 1• Site assistant
• Basic knowledge of rigging
• Firework Types, effects and fallout
• 3 displays prior to exam
• Maintain logbook
Level 2• Site supervisor
• Rigging
• Risk assessment
• Fallout
• 12 displays between L1 and L2
L1/L2
Each level• 2 day course
• Modular teaching
• Teachers will be trained by the BPA
• Courses can only be delivered by BPA members (or centrally)
• But are open to non‐BPA companies
• Optional practical elements (often demonstrations)
• Multiple choice examination
Subject to external assessment
Courses and exams are regularly monitored and revised
L1/L2 Courses
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Multiple choice• Firework types, effects, problems
• Rigging methods
• Fusing methods
• Electrical firing
• Basic legal issues (classification, storage, transport)
• Risk assessment
• etc
L2 is more in depth and covers all of L1 plus additional topics
Exam
Standardised format
Details of• Display type
• Venue
• Fireworks used
• Site layout
• Problems
Log books
As at May 2011
c. 2100 people on register
Of which 1080 are current
765 current Level 1
314 current Level 2
(cf the 3500 total estimate of display people in UK)
Pass mark is 80%
Pass rate is c. 75% (but people do re‐sit)
Statistics
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For enforcers and others
Basic Level 1 issues +++• Firework types, effects, fallout
• Site layout
• Rigging
• Risk assessment for firework displays
• Shellcalc©
Awareness courses (1 day)
Shellcalc
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Shells bursting in mortars
Display rack failures
“Blind” shells
High Consequence/Low Frequency events
Mortar failure
Rack failure
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Blinds and misfires
Fireworks• Uffculme
• Enschede
• Marlie Farm
• Kettering
• Ipswich
Accidents and Incidents
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Uffculme
Enschede
Enschede
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CHAF 75mm shells
CHAF 150mm shells
CHAF Waterfalls (Full)
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Illegal storage of HT1
Wrong classification
Risk assessment issues
Marlie Farm
Mortar rack collapse
Post incident RA rated risk as still very low
Site layout issues
Kettering
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Mortar rack collapse
Bad Risk Assessment
Ipswich
Hand firing
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Shells accident
www.davas.co.uk
www.eiglaw.co.uk
www.pyro.org.uk
Book – Firework Displays
www.fd‐ee.com
Journal of Pyrotechnics
http://archives.jpyro.com
More information