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04/05/2012 1 Dr Tom Smith Davas Ltd May 2012 Display manager at Kimbolton Fireworks until 1998 Set up explosives consultancy (Davas Ltd) Very large scale events Olympics – Athens 2004, London 2012 Commonwealth Games Manchester and Melbourne London NewYear’s Eve Explosive Clients Martin Baker (Ejector Seats) Royal Ordnance Various storage companies Me ….. DGSA (All classes by Road) Chairman EIG Pyrotechnic group Represent Industry on variety of HSE and other bodies Secretary BPA Journal of Pyrotechnics Book – Firework Displays: Explosive Entertainment Me …..

Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

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Page 1: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

1

Dr Tom Smith

Davas Ltd

May 2012

Display manager at Kimbolton Fireworks until 1998

Set up explosives consultancy (Davas Ltd)

Very large scale events• Olympics –Athens 2004, London 2012

• Commonwealth Games Manchester and Melbourne

• London New Year’s Eve

Explosive Clients• Martin Baker (Ejector Seats)

• Royal Ordnance

• Various storage companies

Me …..

DGSA (All classes by Road)

Chairman EIG Pyrotechnic group

Represent Industry on variety of HSE and other bodies

Secretary BPA

Journal of Pyrotechnics

Book – Firework Displays: Explosive Entertainment

Me …..

Page 2: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

2

Page 3: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

3

UK law

Standards

Training

Display issues

Introduction

Page 4: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

4

Full of acronyms

Complex

Led increasingly by Europe

UK Explosives Law introduction

MSER

CLER

COER

CDGUTPER

COMAH

POMSTER

DSEAR

PASR

ADR

BANANA

Acronyms!

Self sustaining

Exothermic

Heat, Light, Gas, Sound ………

For our purposes:‐• Not gasses

• Not nuclear!

What is an explosive?

Page 5: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

5

Explosivity

Sen

sitiv

ity

Propellants

ExplosivesSecondary

ExplosivesPrimary

Explosive hazards

Explosivity

Sen

sitiv

ity

Propellants

ExplosivesSecondary

ExplosivesPrimary

Pyrotechnic hazards

Licencing and COMAH sites• Private use provision

• Local Authority Registration

• Local Authority Stores

• HSE licences

• Non COMAH

• COMAH Lower Tier

• COMAH Upper Tier

Manufacture and Storage

Page 6: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

6

Lower Tier• 10te 1.1/1.2/1.3

• 50te 1.4

Upper Tier• 50te 1.1/1.2/1.3

• 200te 1.4

Done by partial fractions

COMAH

10,000 – 40,000 Registered premises (mostly consumer fireworks)

1000 Local authority licenced stores (not all fireworks)

126 HSE licenced sites ??• 20 COMAH sites

• 40 HSE licenced firework sites??

Statistics

Manufacture and manufacture

Very few real Manufacturers from raw materials

Lots on manufacturers (manipulators)

Manufacture

Page 7: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

7

Lab analysis (100g)

Demonstration etc (100g)

Small arms for historical re‐enactment

Shot firing

Firework displays (at place of use)

Preparation of fireworks (up to 10Kg) at licenced site

Preparation of theatrical effects

What you can manufacture without a licence

Pharmaceuticals

Onsite mixing of ANFO etc

Desensitised explosives to make products which are not explosives

MSER Reg 9

What you can manufacture without a licence

10Kg Blackpowder

5Kg shooters powder + others

15Kg percussion caps

7 Kg HT1/2 explosives (for 24 hrs)

HT3/4 (for 24 hrs)

100Kg Fireworks or shooters powders (for 3 days)

250Kg HT4 (for 3 days)

50Kg HT4 fireworks (for 21 days)

Certain desensitised explosives

MSER Regulation 10

What you can store without a licence

Page 8: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

8

333Kg HD 1.4

20Kg HD 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Mixing rules etc

NOTE UK Only – transport limits are 500/50Kg

What you can transport without placarding etc

Not helped in Europe by the French term “Securité”!

The “Tissue paper” magazine

Safety vs Security

HT1 –mass explsoion

HT2 – fragments

HT3 – fireball

HT4 – low hazard

HD1.1 ‐mass explosion

HD1.2 ‐ fragments

HD1.3 ‐ fireball

HD1.4 – low hazard

HD1.5 – insensitive substances

HD1.6 – insensitive articles (but with mass explosion hazard)

Hazard Types and Classifications

Page 9: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

9

Similarities between HD and HT are obvious

BUT • HD relies on packaging

• HT may be in bulk

• HT may be orientation dependent

Hazard Division vs Hazard Type

Hazard AS PRESENTED FOR TRANSPORT

It is not an inherent function of the explosive

EIG ICoP on classification

New regime from July 2011 (!)

Classification – the key to so much else (rightly or wrongly)!

Free market initiative (Safety as secondary concern)

All explosives (Pyrotechnic articles) that were not covered by EC/93/15

Except:‐• SOLAS items

• Military items

• Aerospace items

• etc

Pyrotechnic Articles Directive

Page 10: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

10

Once approved and CE marked there should be no barriers to trade

BUT• Counties want to impose additional restrictions

• Does not address transport or classification

Pyrotechnic Articles Directive

Cat 1/2/3 Fireworks

Cat 4 fireworks

Cat T1/T2 Pyrotechnic articles for stage use

Cat P1/P2 “Other” Pyrotechnic articles• Inc for vehicles

Pyrotechnic Articles Standards

Page 11: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

11

Category Effective Old BS 7114 category

Comments

Category 1 firework Category 1 firework (indoor) NB: The requirements of the Standards have changed from BS 7114.

There is a period (until 4 July 2017) in which BS 7114 items may continue to be supplied within the UK.

Category 2 firework Category 2 firework (garden)

Category 3 firework Category 3 firework (display)

Category 4 firework Category 4 firework (display)

T1 Pyrotechnic article None For theatrical use

T1 is subdivided into T1 — indoor and outdoor, and T1 —outdoor only

T2 Pyrotechnic article None

P1 Pyrotechnic article None Including pyrotechnic articles for vehicles

P2 Pyrotechnic article None

BS and CEN Standards

BS7114:1988 only really applied to Cat 1/2/3 fireworks

Cat 4 fireworks and others just to difficult

Safety distances changed

Fuse times

Labelling – more complex (and Cat 4 is informative not prescriptive)

Testing – More rigorous (Cat 4 is test and measure)

Overview and relation to British Standards

Japan!

Page 12: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

12

Malta!

Ill defined

Varied

Mutual recognition issues

Product issues• Cat 4 Fireworks – all types

• T2 Pyro – limited types

• P2 Pyro – may be a single type

Issue – persons with specialist knowledge

Small – but growing (the only part of the explosives sector that is!)

Total turnover – approx £50 million pa

Diverse!

Estimates:‐• 20 large importers

• 20 medium importers

• 20 small importers

• 220 companies advertising in Yellow Pages

• 80 Firework EIG members

• 40 BPA Firework display companies

UK Firework Industry

Page 13: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

13

Companies and people

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 2 3‐4 5‐10 11‐15 16‐20 21‐30 31‐50 51‐100 >100

Full Time

Part Time

Source: BPA membership survey

Approx £20 million spent on display fireworks

(But the publicised figure is often much more)

Approx 4000 organised displays in November

(But most are amateur organised using Cat 3)

Approx 3500 “professional” display operators in the UK

Total audience for all organised November displays is c.12 million

Display statistics

Professional display companies work all year round (July may even be busier than November)

Range from• Weddings

• Small public events

• Product launches

• National and International events

Display Statistics

Page 14: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

14

NOT mandatory in the UK

PwSK is really for supply only

Various abortive attempts to get training• Company courses

• BTEC courses

• NVQ courses

• BPA courses

• Others

Training

Cat 3• Available to the “general public”

• May still be extensive

• “Fixed” distances

Cat 4• “Professional use” only

• BUT Cat 4 does not necessarily mean bigger

• Should be based on site/product risk assessment

Cat 3 vs Cat 4 displays

Aspect Category 3 Category 4Intended use By “amateur” firers — people 

without any mandatory training“Persons with Specialist Knowledge” —i.e., in common language, “professionals”

Limitations on types

Limited to listed types available during development of the Standard. Does not include, for instance, shells.

Allows flexibility to some extent for new developments

Limitations on size Restricted by calibre or NEC NoneLabelling and Instructions

Explicit instructions for the user, including warnings and description of effects

Limited “standard” text together with performance criteria that allow the user to determine a “safety” distance — see below

Performance criteria

Dictated by type within the Standard

No explicit criteria or restrictions on performance

Manipulation prior to use

Category 4 fireworks include part made and unfused items that require manipulation on‐site prior to use.

“Safety” distance Explicitly given on the label Not given —up to the “Person with Specialist Knowledge” to determine using various techniques available

Test methods Explicit within the Standard Essentially “fire and measure”

Cat 3/Cat 4 Comparison

Page 15: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

15

Safety distances are related to normal performance of the firework – not failure

Normal fallout distances do not mean there will be no fallout further –especially if wind is strong

Types available are restricted

Performance is more reliable than at any previous time

The vast majority of incidents we see are related to improper use

Cat 3 – issues

Not following instructions

Not having adequate room to fire the display

Trying to be clever

Cat 3 – improper use

Site specific risk assessment

Choice of types as a result

Cat 4 ‐ issues

Page 16: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

16

Site specific

Product specific

Contingency planning

Objective criteria for modification/cancellation

Risk Assessment

Fallout planning

Page 17: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

17

Fallout

Risk Assessment

Contingency planning

Page 18: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

18

Cat 3• By companies as part of sales

• Provides background and practical information

• (For Cat 3 intructions are the key)

Cat 4• Various abortive attempts

• Not mandatory

• Critical Mass issues

Training

Page 19: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

19

Been around a long time (Firework Makers Guild in 1960s)

Trade body for Professional Firework Display companies• Some members also sell to the trade, and some also sell Category 2/3 fireworks to end users

Membership criteria exist

No individual membership

BPA ‐ Introduction

40 companies• All but one of the major display companies

• Represents c. 90% of all professionally fired displays in the UK

~ £8.5 million turnover on firework displays

~3200 displays fired each year

~320 = maximum number of displays fired on any one night 

~185 total full time employees

~ 1000 part time employees• ~500 are L1 qualified

• ~250 are L2 qualified

BPA Statistics

Source: BPA membership survey

BPA developed training course out of a lot of previous ad‐hoc and disperatecourses• Based on US manual – but much revised

• Certainly fulfils PwSK

• Qualification lasts 5 years and has to be renewed

• Called the Firework Firers Exam

Outcomes• Firework Firers register (BPA website)

• Certificate

• ID Card

• NOT a licence to purchase Cat 4 fireworks!

Training

Page 20: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

20

ID Cards/Certificates

Level 1• Site assistant

• Basic knowledge of rigging

• Firework Types, effects and fallout

• 3 displays prior to exam

• Maintain logbook

Level 2• Site supervisor

• Rigging

• Risk assessment

• Fallout

• 12 displays between L1 and L2

L1/L2

Each level• 2 day course 

• Modular teaching

• Teachers will be trained by the BPA

• Courses can only be delivered by BPA members (or centrally)

• But are open to non‐BPA companies

• Optional practical elements (often demonstrations)

• Multiple choice examination

Subject to external assessment

Courses and exams are regularly monitored and revised

L1/L2 Courses

Page 21: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

21

Multiple choice• Firework types, effects, problems

• Rigging methods

• Fusing methods

• Electrical firing

• Basic legal issues (classification, storage, transport)

• Risk assessment

• etc

L2 is more in depth and covers all of L1 plus additional topics

Exam

Standardised format

Details of• Display type

• Venue

• Fireworks used

• Site layout

• Problems

Log books

As at May 2011

c. 2100 people on register

Of which 1080 are current

765 current Level 1

314 current Level 2

(cf the 3500 total estimate of display people in UK)

Pass mark is 80%

Pass rate is c. 75% (but people do re‐sit)

Statistics

Page 22: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

22

For enforcers and others

Basic Level 1 issues +++• Firework types, effects, fallout

• Site layout

• Rigging

• Risk assessment for firework displays

• Shellcalc©

Awareness courses (1 day)

Shellcalc

Page 23: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

23

Shells bursting in mortars

Display rack failures

“Blind” shells

High Consequence/Low Frequency events

Mortar failure

Rack failure

Page 24: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

24

Blinds and misfires

Fireworks• Uffculme

• Enschede

• Marlie Farm

• Kettering

• Ipswich

Accidents and Incidents

Page 25: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

25

Uffculme

Enschede

Enschede

Page 26: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

26

CHAF 75mm shells

CHAF 150mm shells

CHAF Waterfalls (Full)

Page 27: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

27

Illegal storage of HT1

Wrong classification

Risk assessment issues

Marlie Farm

Mortar rack collapse

Post incident RA rated risk as still very low

Site layout issues

Kettering

Page 28: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

28

Mortar rack collapse

Bad Risk Assessment

Ipswich

Hand firing

Page 29: Dr Tom May Smith handout.pdf · Level 2 • Site supervisor • Rigging • Risk assessment • Fallout • 12 displays between L1 and L2 L1/L2 Each level • 2 day course • Modular

04/05/2012

29

Shells accident

www.davas.co.uk

www.eiglaw.co.uk

www.pyro.org.uk

Book – Firework Displays

www.fd‐ee.com

Journal of Pyrotechnics

http://archives.jpyro.com

More information