Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik. Air The immediate environment of man comprises of air. All forms of life are dependent on it. It supplies the life giving oxygen

Dr. Muhammad Razzaq MalikDr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik


AirAir

The immediate environment of man The immediate environment of man comprises of air.comprises of air.

All forms of life are dependent on it. All forms of life are dependent on it.

It supplies the life giving oxygen.It supplies the life giving oxygen.

Air provides the atmospheric condition. Air provides the atmospheric condition.


FunctionsFunctions Human body cooled by the air contact. Human body cooled by the air contact. The special senses of hearing and smell The special senses of hearing and smell

functions through air.functions through air. Disease agent may by conveyed by air.Disease agent may by conveyed by air.


Air CompositionAir CompositionAir is a mechanical mixture of gases. Air is a mechanical mixture of gases.

– Nitrogen – 78.1 percent Nitrogen – 78.1 percent – Oxygen – 20.93 Per centOxygen – 20.93 Per cent– Carbon dioxide – 0.03 per centCarbon dioxide – 0.03 per cent– Other gas tracesOther gas traces : :

Argon, neon, krypton, xenon and helium, traces Argon, neon, krypton, xenon and helium, traces of ammonia water vapour and suspended of ammonia water vapour and suspended matter such as dust, bacteria, spores and matter such as dust, bacteria, spores and vegetable debris.vegetable debris.


Air Changes in Occupied RoomAir Changes in Occupied RoomChemical changesChemical changes

Increase in carbon dioxide concentrationIncrease in carbon dioxide concentration Decrease in oxygen concentrationDecrease in oxygen concentration

Physical changesPhysical changes Rise in temperatureRise in temperature Increase of humidityIncrease of humidity Decrease in air movementDecrease in air movement Body odoursBody odours Bacterial pollutionBacterial pollution


Effective TemperatureEffective Temperature

It is the temperature of still, saturated air It is the temperature of still, saturated air which would induce the same sensation of which would induce the same sensation of warmth or cold as that experience in the warmth or cold as that experience in the given conditions.given conditions.

It is a single value of the effect of It is a single value of the effect of temperature, humidity and movement of temperature, humidity and movement of the internal air on the sensation of warmth the internal air on the sensation of warmth or cold felt by the human body. or cold felt by the human body.


Comfort ZoneComfort Zone

Defined as the range of effective temperature over Defined as the range of effective temperature over which the majority of adults feel comfortable.which the majority of adults feel comfortable.

The detail is as following:The detail is as following:

Condition Condition E T deg CE T deg C 1. Pleasant and cool 1. Pleasant and cool 2020 2. Comfortable and cool2. Comfortable and cool 20-2520-25 3. Comfortable 3. Comfortable 25-2725-27 4. Hot and uncomfortable4. Hot and uncomfortable 27-2827-28 5. Extremely hot5. Extremely hot 28 +28 + 6. Intolerably hot6. Intolerably hot 30 +30 +


Pollution of AirPollution of Air

The dust, smoke, toxic gases and chemical The dust, smoke, toxic gases and chemical vapors has resulted in sickness and death. vapors has resulted in sickness and death.

The main sources of air pollutionThe main sources of air pollution are, are, Automobiles (Traffic)Automobiles (Traffic) IndustriesIndustries (Combustion of coal, gas, oil, etc and (Combustion of coal, gas, oil, etc and

manufacturing processes which) give off dust, manufacturing processes which) give off dust, fumes, vapours and gases.fumes, vapours and gases.

Domestic sourcesDomestic sources (Respiration of men and (Respiration of men and animals)animals)

Miscellaneous sourcesMiscellaneous sources. (Decomposition of . (Decomposition of organic matter)organic matter)


Air PollutantsAir PollutantsThese are These are

carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, sulphur dioxide, lead, lead, hydro carbons,hydro carbons, Cadmium, Cadmium, Hydrogen sulphide,Hydrogen sulphide, Ozone, Ozone, Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and

particulate matter.particulate matter.


Effects of air pollutionEffects of air pollution

The Immediate Effects The Immediate Effects Effects on the respiratory system e.g., Effects on the respiratory system e.g.,

acute bronchitis. There may be immediate acute bronchitis. There may be immediate death by suffocation due to intense air death by suffocation due to intense air pollution. pollution.



Delayed effects:Delayed effects:

Chronic bronchitis, Chronic bronchitis,

Lung cancer, Lung cancer,

Bronchial asthma, Bronchial asthma,

Emphysema, Emphysema,

Respiratory allergies.Respiratory allergies. Lead poisonsLead poisons many systems in the body and is many systems in the body and is

particularly dangerous to children developing brain particularly dangerous to children developing brain and nervous system, loss of IQ. Poor school and nervous system, loss of IQ. Poor school performance and Behavioural difficulties.performance and Behavioural difficulties.



Social and economic aspects:Social and economic aspects: These comprise destruction of plant and These comprise destruction of plant and

animal life; corrosion of metals; repairs and animal life; corrosion of metals; repairs and aesthetic nuisance. Air pollution also aesthetic nuisance. Air pollution also reduces visibility in towns. It can coil and reduces visibility in towns. It can coil and damage clothings.damage clothings.


Air Natural - Cleansing Air Natural - Cleansing MechanismsMechanisms

Wind Wind SunlightSunlight RainRain Plant lifePlant life


Disinfection of AirDisinfection of Air

1.1. Mechanical ventilationMechanical ventilationThis reduces vitiated air and bacterial density.This reduces vitiated air and bacterial density.

2.Ultravoilet Radiation2.Ultravoilet Radiation..It is effective in operation theatres and infectious It is effective in operation theatres and infectious disease wards. Direct exposure to ultraviolet is disease wards. Direct exposure to ultraviolet is dangerous to the eyes and skin.dangerous to the eyes and skin.

3.Chemical mists.3.Chemical mists.Triethyline glucol vapours have been found to be Triethyline glucol vapours have been found to be effective air bactericidal agent.effective air bactericidal agent.

4 Dust Control4 Dust Control..Application of oil to floors of hospital wards Application of oil to floors of hospital wards reduces the bacterial content.reduces the bacterial content.


VENTILATION VENTILATION

The process and practice of keeping an The process and practice of keeping an enclose place supplied with fresh air for enclose place supplied with fresh air for breathing. breathing.

Natural Ventilation:Natural Ventilation: Perflation and aspirationPerflation and aspiration Difference of temperature Difference of temperature Diffusion of gases Diffusion of gases


Artificial and Mechanical Ventilation Artificial and Mechanical Ventilation

The extraction or vacuum systemThe extraction or vacuum system The Plenum or propulsion system The Plenum or propulsion system The balanced systemThe balanced system

Documents

Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik. Air The immediate environment of man comprises of air. All forms of life are dependent on it. It supplies the life giving oxygen