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Dr. Martin T. AuerMTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Wastewater Treatment
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendmentsof 1972 (Clean Water Act)
Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)
National Pollutant Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES)
Add Clark
In A Watershed – Everyone Lives Downstream
ReceivingWaterImpacts
LTI Software
Q = 8C = 0, 250, 100
MichiganNPDESPermit
TreatmentPlantDesign
LTI Software
Cin = 250k = 0.1V = 0, 250, 750
Aluminum Forming Battery Manufacturing;Cement Manufacturing; Coil Coating & Can Making;Copper Forming; Dairy Products Processing; Electrical & Electronic Component Manufacturing;Electroplating & Metal Finishing; Explosives Manufacturing; Fruit & Vegetable Processing; Ferroalloy Manufacturing; Fertilizer Manufacturing; Glass Manufacturing; Gum & Wood Chemicals Manufacturing;Ink Formulating; Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing;Iron & Steel Manufacturing; Leather Tanning & Finishing; Meat Products Processing; Metal Molding & Casting; Mining Operations; Nonferrous Metals Processing; Organic Chemicals, Plastic & Synthetic Fibers Manufacturing;Paving & Roofing Materials Manufacturing;Soap & Detergent Manufacturing; Petroleum Refining; Pesticide Manufacturing; Porcelain Enameling; Pharmaceutical Manufacturing; Plastic Molding & Forming; Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing
Timber Products Processing; Textile Mills
Federally-Regulated Non-Domestic Sources
http://www.socwa.com/indwaste.htm
Chemicals Designated as Priority Pollutants (126)
• AROCLOR 1254 (industrial product; banned)• BENZENE (industrial product)• BENZO(A)PYRENE (asphalt roofing manufacture)• CADMIUM (heavy metal; electric/gas industries)• CHLORDANE (pesticide; banned or restricted)• CHROMIUM (heavy metal; widely used in industry)• DDT (pesticide; banned or restricted)• ENDRIN (pesticide; banned or restricted)• MERCURY (heavy metal; electric/gas and chemical industries)• PENTACHLOROPHENOL (industrial chemical – wood products)• TOLUENE (widely used industrial chemical)• TRICHLOROETHYLENE (industrial solvent, degreaser)
http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-groups/one-list.tcl?short_list_name=pp
What’s in wastewater?
Waste
human feces and urine food from sinks soaps and other cleaning agents runoff from streets and lawns industrial discharges
What’s in wastewater?
Water
lots of it! Urinal - 1 gallon per flush Toilet - 4 gallons per flush Shower - 20 gallons per use Overall - 55 gal/person/day
It’s mostly water!
There are about 500 parts of waste in every 1 million parts of wastewater; that’s500 ppm.
It’s like trying to find this class at a sold out Packers game!
H2O
So what’s the problem?
P SNOT: it snot a pretty picture!
Pollutant Problem Pathogens Disease Solids Aesthetics Nutrients Algae Organics Oxygen Toxics Wildlife
Solids
Composition of Domestic Wastewater
Constituent Influent Effluent
Suspended Solids 200-300 30
BOD5 200-400 30
Ammonia Nitrogen 20-40 1-2
Phosphorus 7-10 1
Fecal Coliforms 104-106 200
All concentrations are mg/L, except fecal coliformswhich are colony forming units (cfu) per 100 mL.
Where does it go when you flush the toilet?
This is really not something I’ve given a lot of thought to.
Collection Systems
Portage Lake Sewer System
HancockHoughton
Franklin Sq.
Super 8
MTU
M&M Bldg.
POTW
PP
G
G
G
G
P
Surface; 30”
10’;36”
Lake; 48”
20’; 48”
Near Surface; 30”
It’s a 24/7 thing!
On average, the Portage Lake Treatment Plant receives 2.8 MGD of raw wastewater with peak flows >10 MGD.
The average daily flow to the plant would fill the EERC to the roof in 4 days.
How much?
Combined Sewer Overflows
Milwaukee Tunnel Projecthttp://www.mmsd.com/projects/collection7.cfm http://www.lakemichigan.org/news/appeals.asp
CSOs, Onondaga Creek, Syracuse, NY
To Treatment Plant
Metcalf & Eddy
Diurnal Variation in Wastewater Flow
Metcalf & Eddy
Wet-Dry Variation in Wastewater Flow
Bar Rack
Screen
Comminutor
Grit Chamber
Dissolved Air Floatation
Preliminary Treatment Overview
Bar Rack or Screen or Comminutor
Grit Chamber
Flow Equalization
from pumps or wet well
to primary treatment
Primary Treatment – Rectangular Clarifier
Primary Treatment – Circular Clarifier
horizontalflowclarifier
upward flowclarifier
(From Kiely, 1997)
Secondary or Biological Treatment
Simple carbohydrates (a form of organic matter) are produced by plants through the process of photosynthesis. These are then converted to more complex carbohydrates and other forms of organic matter such as starches, fats and proteins. simple .
The sun’s energy, captured during photosynthesis, is stored in the chemical bonds of this organic matter.
2 2 22( )CO H O OC H O
Organisms (from bacteria to humans) take up and metabolize organic matter to obtain the energy required to support life.
In secondary or biological treatment, we utilize microorganisms to remove the dissolved and small particulate organic matter which would exert an oxygen demand if it were released to the environment. The waste (actually organic matter) is simply converted into another form (microorganisms) which can then be separated from the waste stream by settling yielding a clean effluent.
microbe2
s2 2 2( )C OO O OH C H
The Microbial Loop in Nature
Microorganisms in Secondary or Biological Treatment
Source: http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7/studentprojects7/Rader/asludge2.htm
The Microbial Loop in Secondary Treatment
Secondary Treatment – Trickling Filter
Secondary Treatment – Trickling FilterFilter Media
Image Source: Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf & Eddy
Secondary Treatment – Rotating Biological Disks
Secondary Treatment – Activated Sludge
The Monod Curve
(From Kiely, 1997)
Batch Growth Curve
F/M Ratio versus BOD Removal Efficiency
(From Kiely, 1997)
EndogenousGrowth
LogGrowth
DecliningGrowth
Activated Sludge: aeration (diffuser)
Activated Sludge: aeration (mechanical)
Activated Sludge: Plug Flow Configurations
(From M&E)
Plug Flow (Conventional)
Activated Sludge: Plug Flow Configurations
(From M&E)
Activated Sludge: Plug Flow Configurations
(From M&E)
Activated Sludge: Completely Mixed Flow Configurations
(From M&E)
Activated Sludge: Completely Mixed Flow Configurations
(From M&E)
Secondary Clarifier
Disinfection (UV light)
Portage Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant
LiftStation
BarScreens
GritChamber
FlowEqualization
1°Clarifier
1°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
AerationTank
UVDisinfection
1st StageAnaerobicDigester
2nd StageAnaerobicDigester
LandApplication
SludgeStorage
FilterPress
Recycle
Supernatant
RAS
RAS
WAS
1°S
Polym
er Added
Feadded
Feadded
Portage Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant
LiftStation
BarScreens
GritChamber
FlowEqualization
1°Clarifier
1°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
AerationTank
UVDisinfection
1st StageAnaerobicDigester
2nd StageAnaerobicDigester
LandApplication
SludgeStorage
FilterPress
Recycle
Supernatant
RAS
RAS
WAS
1°S
Polym
er Added
Feadded
Feadded
putrid: in a state of foul decay, as animal or vegetable matter
putrescible: liable to become putrid
Putrescible
Anaerobic Digestion: Biochemistry
Anaerobic Digestion: Reactors
Sludge Drying Beds
Belt Filter
Centrifuge
Multiple Hearth Furnace
Land Application
The Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District provides wastewater treatment to villages towns and cities surrounding the Madison area lakes. Biosolids produced at the MMSD Nine Springs Wastewater Treatment Plant are recycled to agricultural land as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. Biosolids recycling practices are regulated by both USEPA and Wisconsin DNR to ensure that human and animal health are protected.
http://www.madsewer.org/EMS-start-3.htm
http://www.stdnet.com/company/?category_number=4&subcategory_number=3
Recycling
The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District has been marketing its biosolids as Milorganite, a fertilizer and soil conditioner, for over 80 years. Today, 55,000 tons of Milorganite are sold annually. Milorganite is produced by place dewatered sludge cake in massive dryers with a temperature gradient of 800-1200 °F at the inlet and 180-210 °F at the outlet. This effectively inactivates viral and bacterial pathogens.
http://members.cox.net/matthewhill_agrilawn/agrilawn1.htmhttp://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=productDetail&productId=97821-1321-97821&lpage=none
http://www.biosolids.org/docs/source/MilWI.pdf
Portage Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant
LiftStation
BarScreens
GritChamber
FlowEqualization
1°Clarifier
1°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
AerationTank
UVDisinfection
1st StageAnaerobicDigester
2nd StageAnaerobicDigester
LandApplication
SludgeStorage
FilterPress
Recycle
Supernatant
RAS
RAS
WAS
1°S
Polym
er Added
Feadded
Feadded
Portage Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant
LiftStation
BarScreens
GritChamber
FlowEqualization
1°Clarifier
1°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
2°Clarifier
AerationTank
UVDisinfection
1st StageAnaerobicDigester
2nd StageAnaerobicDigester
LandApplication
SludgeStorage
FilterPress
Recycle
Supernatant
RAS
RAS
WAS
1°S
Polym
er Added
Feadded
Feadded
Lagoons or Oxidation Ponds
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks