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It gives me an immense pleasure to write few points
regarding the second volume of e-newsletter published by
Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Saurashtra
University. Saurashtra University is playing a key role to
empower the research activity at departmental level through
infrastructure development as well financial support for
various important projects.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences is thriving its best to
generate scientific knowledge since last six year and has now
become a vital source for applied research. The department
has recently filed patents in India for herbal bio-enhancer
and expanded its vision for isolation and characterization of
most active pharmacophore from herbal resource.
The second issue of this E-newsletter will depict the strength
of this department in research areas.
Dr. Mahendra Padaliya Pro Vice-chancellor Saurashtra University, Rajkot
From the desk of Editor-in –chief……
Dear Reader,
It is matter of great privilege and satisfaction for us that 16th National Convention of Society of Phamacognosy and International Symposium on Herbal and Traditional Medicine is being hosted by Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University from 9-11 March 2012.
Herbal medicine have shown always been a major component of traditional system of healing in developing countries, which have also been an integral part of our history and culture. The conference will provide educational opportunities for pharmacist, pharmacologists, Pharmacognosists, botanist, ethanobotanist, etahopharmacologist, modern scientists and other involved in research, development and marketing of herbal and traditional drugs used in health care.
This national convention and international symposium will emphasize upon the drug development from natural resources with a special focus on herbal drugs used in Indian system of medicine and also highlight the needs and requirements for research and development of natural products in general and Phytomedicine in particular through international collaboration and coordination. For more information of the symposia kindly go through the http://www.isp2012.com.
Editorial Board
Editor in Chief
Dr. Navin R. Sheth
Associate Editor
Mr. Devendra J. Vaishnav
Members
Dr. G. V. Sanghvi Dr. A V. Dudhrejiya
Dr. P. V. Purohit Mr. M. K. Raval
Dr. G. S. Dave Dr. S. K. Parmar
Profile of Saurashtra University
The Saurashtra University, established in 1967, is one of the largest universities of Gujarat State in India. It has very vast campus admeasuring 360 acres. It covers six districts of Saurashtra region. It has been Re-Accredited Grade B by NAAC (CGPA 2.93).
Saurashtra University is located at 22.29 North Latitudes, 70.74 East Longitude and the height above MSL is 126.7m. It is connected by Train-route, Air route and Road-route with all the main cities of India.
Saurashtra University is having 28 regular departments including self finance P. G. Department on campus and 318 affiliated colleges offering courses in Medical, Pharmacy, Law, Basic Science, Commerce, Management, Humanities, Arts, Music, Religion and Indian Culture. The researchers have made immense contribution to the body of knowledge and added into the fame of university throughout the world.
The University is providing Central library facility with more than 1, 67,000 books and inflibnet facilities.
Saurashtra University has established strong links to interact with industries, to provide career counseling to students, to provide facilities to international students, to support economically poor but talented students while their studies and to check regularly the performance of the internal administration system.
The motto of Saurashtra University is " " means “Let Our Learning be Pious and Benevolent.”
Saurashtra University is having on campus facilities like Internet connectivity, complete
infrastructure for all research activities, Transit house for International students, 28
departments, Career Counseling and Development Center, Center for Women's studies, Bank,
Post-Office, Canteen, playground, Gymnasium, Professors' quarters, Quarters for administrative
staff, Vice Chancellor's Bungalow, Registrar's Bungalow, Pro-Vice Chancellor's Bungalow, a
check dam, Art gallery, Hostels for boys and girls, Guest house, Ayurvedic medicinal plant
garden, Radio station for Gyanvani, IGNOU’s Sub Regional center and it's Study Centre, Baba
SahebAmbedkar Open university Regional center and it's Study Centre, Roads build of cement
concrete etc...
Profile of Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
About the Department
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences is AICTE approved first department in Saurashtra University
established in October 2006 which has a place of pride amongst the departments affiliated to
Saurashtra University. It is the firstPG Department for learning and research in pharmacy located in
Saurashtra and Kutch region of Gujarat state. Weoffers M. Pharm in Pharmaceutics,
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Herbal Drug Technology with 15 seats in each branch and this
year we start M. Pharm in Quality Assurance, and Pharmacology with 18 seats in each branch
approved by AICTE. By seeing the industrial demand university has decided to start new
programme M. Pharm in Regulatory Affairs with 18 seat of intact. The extension centre will also
offer the “post graduate diploma course in Clinical research” from 2009 which is financially
supported by Gujarat Government and UGC. The new course jointly run by the Department and B.
T. Savani kidney hospital is Certificate Course of Dialysis Techniques approved by Saurashtra
University. The department also offers PhD in Pharmacy.
Sanctioned Projects with Department
UGC assistance to the department at the level of DRS-I for five years 2011-2016 under the “Special Assistance Programme (SAP)”
Minor Project “Development of e-Contents for Foundation Course on Pharmaceutical Microbiology” issanctioned by MHRD, Delhi.
Minor research project “To access the prevalence and attributable risk factors of Diabetes mellitus in ruler western India population” with GUJCOST, Gandhinagar.
Major Research Project “Studies on optimization of the crystal habit and improvement on processing and pharmacokinetic parameters of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients” is sanctioned by UGC.
A Seed Money Project 2008 “Studies on some absorption promoters of herbal origin” is sanctioned by Saurashtra University.
A Seed Money Project 2009 “Phytochemical and Pharmacological evaluation of some important medicinal plant for potential anti-asthamatic activity” is sanctioned by Saurashtra University.
Minor Research Project “Formulation development of Mucoadhesive Smart gel delivery system for local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents in treatment of periodontal disease” is sanctioned by UGC.
Minor Research Project on “Phyto-therapeutic and Phyto-analytical investigation of Diosgenin contain herbs” is sanctioned by UGC
Faculties
Name of the Faculty Designation Area of specialization
Dr. N. R. Sheth Professor and Head Area of Specialization Indigenous drugs, its
identification and evaluation
Dr. A. V. Dudhrejiya Assistant Professor
Herbal drug standardization
and its pharmacological evaluation
Mr. M. K. Raval Assistant Professor Pharmaceutics,
Preformulation studies and Dosage form development
Dr. S. K. Parmar Assistant Professor Pharmacology and Toxicology
Mr. D. J. Vaishnav Assistant Professor
Pharmacogenomics, SNPs analysis, Protein formulation, Industrial and Pharmaceutical
enzyme Production, etc.
Dr. G. V. Sanghvi Assistant Professor
Plant Pathogen Interaction, enzyme engineering, Isolation,
Purification, and Characterization of Proteins,
etc.
Ms. R. N. Tanna Assistant Professor Analytical Method
Development & Stability Assessment.
Mr. A. A. Dangi Assistant Professor
Formulation Designing, Conventional Dosage forms,
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, etc.
Dr. P. V. Purohit Assistant Professor
Patent filing, Drug development from herbal
resource, secondary metabolite in plant tissue
culture along with physiology of dormant seeds etc.
Mr. K. N. Thummar Assistant Professor
Method development and validation, Bioanalytical
method Validation, counterfeiting, etc.
Mr. D. S. Bhalodia Assistant Professor Novel drug delivery system
Mr. S.O.Rabadiya Assistant Professor Diabetology, Cardiovascular
Pharmacolgy, etc.
Mrs. P. S. Shah Assistant Professor Respiratory diseases like
Asthma,COPD, Bronchitis etc.
Research Activities
Departmental research area is covers majority of the pharmaceutical field from isolation and purification of
phytomolecules to formulation and development of novel dosage forms, from fermentation of different
pharmaceutically important enzymes to formulation of therapeutic proteins.
Department has the facility of preclinical studies in the following different areas like Diabetes, Cancer,
Inflammation, neuropharmacology, etc. Analytical lab has the sophisticated instruments which helps
students to perform standardization of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Pharmaceutics lab worked on the
preformulation aspects to enhance the bioavailability and stability of the drugs. Department also offers
sophisticated instrumentation facility to nearby colleges and the list and fees are mentioned in table below
Sophisticated Analytical Instruments Facility
50% discount for the academic staff and students
*Depends on experimental design.
Facility Rates
HPLC Columns available: C8, C18
Rs. 500 per sample Method Development Rs. 800 per hr
Mobile Phase Preparation Rs. 75 (NO Discount)
UV- visible Spectrophotometer Photometric analysis Rs. 10 per sample Spectrum analysis Rs. 50 per spectrum Kinetic/Time Scan Rs. 100 per hr
With PC compatibility Rs. 50 per her Print Charge Rs. 3 per print (NO Discount)
Particle size analyzer Rs. 600 per sample
FT-IR Rs. 300 per sample
Sample Preparation Rs. 50 per sample(NO Discount)
TGA-DTA-DSC Rs. 700 per sample
HPTLC
10X10 HPTLC plate Rs. 600, 3 track included then Rs. 100 per track. 20X20 HPTLC plate Rs. 1000, 3 track included then Rs 150 per track Method Development Rs. 800 per Hr.
Mobile Phase Preparation Rs. 30 (NO Discount)
Viscometer Rs. 100 per sample
Gel documentation Rs. 250 per photo
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Rs. 500 Per Run
Lyopholizer (freeze Dryer) Rs. 800 per hr
Auto analyzer Rs. 150 Per Run Kit Included
Microscopy Rs. 100 per photo
Flam photometer Rs. 100 per sample
Spray dryer *
Per-clinical study *
Anti microbial study *
Anti Oxidant study *
Publication
During last two years, 103 research papers were published in referred journals.
More than 71 papers were presented by students and faculties in various National and
International Conferences, Seminars and Symposium during last two years.
Infrastructural Facilities
The Department offers excellent infrastructural facilities to PG teaching and research. The silent
features are:
a) General facilities: -The department has internal telecommunication and networking facilities. -R.O. Water facilities. -A centrally A.C. equipment room for sophisticated equipments -Zerox facility, Telephone, Fax and free broadband internet facilities
b) Teaching: -Separate lecture halls with over head projection facilities -Multimedia projection facilities, -Separate laboratories with adequate equipments -Computer facilities
c) Departmental Library: -The departmental Library cum reading hall have includes more than 1000 reference books as well as selected national and international research journals with e-corner facilities.
d) Medicinal Plant garden: -The department has Medicinal plant garden with Nakshtravatika and grahvatika,atUniversity campus.
e) Research facilities: -Sixwell equipped research laboratories and two new laboratories under construction. -Fully furnished animal house with CPCSEA approval.
Alumni Association
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences has established its own Alumni association since last Six
years.
Social Contribution
Department is participating in the activities which can help the society. Department has participate
the celebration of world kidney day jointly organized by Department and B. T.Savani Kidney
Hospital, Rajkot.
Department is a Head Quarter of Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA) local branch.
Event Photo Gallery
Medicinal garden Inougaration:Medicinal garden was inougarated ny vicechanceoular Dr. K. P. Josi pura and occation was further bloomed in presence of ACF Mr.C. P. Tanti HOD, and faculty member of different University Department and students of University. This is the first kind of garden having concept of Nakshtra Vatika and Grah Vatika in sautashtra Region.
Guru purnima: Guru purnima celebration was organized by organizing inter department cricket tournament between Dept. of Biochemistry, Dept. of Pharma. Sci. and Dept. of Biosciences. Event was followed by sarasvatipujan and blessings by Dr. N. R. Sheth head of Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
UGC sponsored 2 day National seminar on “Importance and application of formulation approaches for dosage form development” On Dias:- Dr. D. K. Shah Dean Medical Faculty Saurashtra University, Rajkot., Dr. K. A. Suri IIIM Jammu, and Mr. MauleshbhaiUkani, Pro. BAN labs, Rajkot
One day workshop: “India’s prospects to becoming Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Innovation Hub Global Initiatives and Your Role” jointly organized by Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Drug discovery network
INSPIURE Summer camp 2011: DST has funded this programme to encourage basic sciences and basic research which is the back bone of growth of any country. The programme was inaugurated by Dr. KamleshJoshipura (VC Saurashtra University, Rajkot) and Dr. Harish Padhwas the guest of honor.
Achievements 2011 Fafulty:
Dr. Ashvin V. Dudhrejiya Research paper was selected in top 20 in The9th joint seminar “Natural medicine research for the next decade: new challenges and future collaboration” at Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Chulalogkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Mr. Amish A. Dangi Awarded for best poster presentation at national level conference entitled “current status and ongoing development in Pharmaceutical Research” held at Globus college of Pharmacy, Bhopal in association with Association of Pharmacy Professionals (APP). Students
Mr. subhasbagthariya& Ms. Purvi was won 1st price in university level elocution competition at Saurashtra University, Rajkot.
Lecture series by eminent visiting faculty: Dr. S. S. Agrawal has delivered a series of lectures on adulteration of tobacco in non-tobacco products, excessive addition of florid in dentifrices, adulteration of heavy metals in cosmetics, adulteration of Viagra like substance in herbal and unani medicines. Visits of faculty member and students: Students and Faculty member visited IIIM (RRL) Jammu
Mr. Ashvnin V. Dudhrejiya and Mr. Mahesh R. Dabhi visited at Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Student’ corner
It’s very difficult to give views on the organization who gives me not only
the education but help me to cum out with a feather in the cap. I have
learnt a lot from this university, first of all how I can forget the contribution
of Dr. N. R. Sheth HOD who always inspire me along with the other Faculty
members.
I have been asked to describe my experience of this wonderful &
magnificent institution – The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences of
The Saurashtra University. I don’t have the words, nor can I just describe
every moment of my excitement, my enjoyment, and myendeavors to catch up with the vast
knowledge and efforts of the honorable faculty, who gave all they had with their heart and
allowed us to just get involved in their vast sea of knowledge, experience and care.
Staff of the Department is well-versed with the subject and co-operative, from whom I have
gained and learnt a lot.
The Laboratory is well-equipped and has the latest instruments and gadgets, well-spaced with
all required infrastructure in place.
The Library is also well-resourced with all the latest books and reading material which has been
very useful to me in my two years of education. The Pharma-related Journals were very helpful
in keeping me updated with the latest research & developments. The net facility of the library
updated me of the last minute details (knowledge, books & articles) in my field during my
course.
This Department also organizes Seminars in which students can participate and present their
work.
The most adorable part of this Department is that it not only educates you, but it also provides
its students to ease off the burdens of education with fun, outings, dancing and musical events
by way of Cultural programmes.
To put it in a few words: This Department is all a student can want – Knowledge, support, fun
and a family environment.
Dave Tulsi
Toper and gold medalist holder
2011
Review Article
DRUG POLYMORPHISM IN PHARMACEUTICAL SOLIDS
Mr. Mihir K. Rawal
Department of Pharmaceutical sciences,
Saurashtra Unicersity, Rajkot-05.
Introduction
Most pharmaceutical powders have crystals in
the range of 0.5-300 m in diameter. In the
design of dosage forms, crystalline materials
are often employed but in some cases they are
not recommended. Many drugs can exist in
more than one crystalline form, i.e., the
molecules exhibit different space lattice
arrangements in the crystal. There are a
variety of reasons for such changes in the
crystal. It largely depends on the how the
crystallization of the drug is conducted, the
nature of solvent(s) used, the conditions such
as temperature, pressure, cooling rate,
agitation, use of the cosolvents, presence of
other solutes and ions. Such information
regarding the industrial processing of bulk
drugs is a closely guarded secret by the
manufacturers.
Though the polymorphs are chemically
identical, they exhibit different
physicochemical properties, viz., melting
point, solubility, X-ray diffraction pattern etc.
Crystal size and habit variables may
conceivably affect various measurements.
These physicochemical properties further
affect the biological properties of drug
molecules. Chloramphenicol palmitate exists
in polymorphic state and shown to influence
significantly the bioavailability of drugs.
Metastable polymorph and amorphous
chloramphenicol palmitate have better
bioavailability compared to its stable
polymorph.
The influence of crystal habit is predicted to
be more obvious in suspensions due to
availability of more space for re-orientation of
particles during settling. Selection of stable
habit assumes more importance in suspensions
because of the presence of solid-liquid
interactions that often result in Ostwald
ripening.
Chemicals that are capable of forming
hydrogen bonding can exhibit polymorphism.
Nearly all the organic compounds having long
chains also exhibit polymorphism. Aqueous
solubility of drugs is important for
bioabsorption and drug action. In case of
slightly soluble drugs, polymorphism will
significantly alter the biological properties.
Since dissolution is an important prerequisite
for drug absorption in most of acidic drugs,
the polymorphism influences the drug
absorption to a great extent.
The ability of a substance to crystallize with
more than one type of structure is known as
polymorphism and a particular form is known
as a polymorph. However, polymorphs share a
common form once they are in the solution or
vapor state. If an element crystallizes as more
than one distinct crystalline species, this
phenomenon is called allotropy1.
Four mechanisms are possible for
polymorphism: displacive, reconstitutive,
order-disorder, and polytropism. A displacive
polymorphism is the one in which internal
arrangement changes by a small energy and no
bonds are broken. The process is therefore
reversible. A reconstitutive polymorphism is
the breaking of atomic bonds and reassembles
in a different structure. This requires a large
change in the energy. An order-disorder
polymorphism is common in alloys.
Polytropism occurs when to polymorphs differ
only in the stacking of identical 2-D sheets (as
in hexagonal and cubic close packing) 2
.
As different polymorphs arise through
different arrangement of the molecules or ions
in the lattice, these will have different
interaction energies in the solid state. Under a
given state of conditions, the polymorph with
the lowest free energy will be the most stable
and other polymorphs will tend to transform
into it1. The solvent plays a key role in holding
the crystal together. It may be part of a
hydrogen-bonded network within the crystal
structure. These hydrates are very stable and
difficult to dissolve in water. Thus hydrates
are low energy level molecules, because these
have already interacted with water (solvent)
the solvent for crystallization1. True
polymorphs can be obtained by changing the
solvent for crystallization.
Preformulation research usually includes
rigorous studies to determine the presence of
polymorphs in the new drug substances. Some
of the parameters routinely investigated are:
the number of polymorphs that exist, method
of preparation of each form, presence of a
glossy state, relative degree of stability,
temperature stability ranges for each
polymorph, solubilities, stabilization of
metastable forms, effect of micronization,
tabletting disintegration with formulation
ingredients. Furthermore, these changes in the
crystal structure are investigated in test
animals for their possible influence on the
biological processes such as drug absorption,
activity etc.
Habit is the description of the outer
appearance of a crystal4. If the environment of
a growing crystal affects its external shape
without changing its internal structure, a
different habit results.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Habit
Crystal habit may influence several
pharmaceutical characteristics.
Suspension Syringeability: The influence of
suspension syringeability is mostly
mechanical. For example, a suspension of
plate shaped crystals may be injected through
a small needle with greater ease than one with
needle shaped crystals of the same overall
dimensions.
TablettingBehaviour: Shell in his work on X-
ray crystallographic applications
in pharmaceutical research showed the effect
of crystal habit on tablet properties5. To
evaluate the tablettingbehaviour as influenced
by crystal habit, crystal habits are
quantitatively described by measuring
preferred orientation and related this
parameter to compression characteristics of
the powder. The ratio of the relative peak
intensities of critical lines was used in the X-
ray diffraction pattern and presented them as
average habits of crystals.
Dissolution: If a crystal changes its habit due
to crystal poisoning by a dye, then in an
indirect way, as reported by piccolo and
Tawashi, the adsorbed dye may inhibit the
dissolution of drug crystals, which in turn,
may affect the bioavailability of the material6.
Polymorphism
TablettingBehaviour of Powders: Simons et
al. have reported that tolubutamide exists as
forms A and B, and they evaluated their
respective tabletting behaviour7. A preliminary
evaluation on a rotary press revealed that
Form B was responsible for both powder
bridging in the hopper and extensive capping
problems during tabletting. This behavior is
due to the platy habit of From B and could be
corrected using nonplaty Form A is the raw
material.
Physically Stable Dosage Forms: Person and
Varney followed the growth of oxcyclozanide
crystals in quiescent suspension with the use
of particle counter. There was an increase in
the particle counter8.There was an increase in
the particle size as a result on an isothermal,
solvent-mediated phase transition between two
polymorphs. The rearrangement of molecules
in the crystal occurs through selective
dissolution and redisposition between crystals
of different chemical potential. By this
mechanism, the less soluble phase grows at
the expanse of the more soluble phase. To
form a stable suspension, the initial use of a
less soluble polymorph is mandatory.
However, in the work with sulfameter
(sulfamteoxy-deazine), Ebian et al. have
reported the addition of transformation-
retardation agents such as polyvinyl-
pyrrolidone might be useful9.
Chemical Stability: While working on two
polymorphs of methylprednisolone, Munshi
and Simonelli have found that Phase II
crystals degraded when exposed to various
temperatures and relative humidity, while
phase I was stable10
. They also found that this
surface reaction was catalyzed by heat, UV –
light and humidity. As a result of this
scientific evaluation of the polymorphs, there
is totally a new awareness in this field. This
awareness was demonstrated with the
introduction of a new section on X-ray
diffraction in NF XIII and special X-ray
diffraction patterns for different polymorphs
of some drugs being included in the
compendia11
. It is encouraging that this
awareness of different polymorphs of several
chemicals is now reflected in drug catalogs12
.
References:
1. Subrahmanyam CVS, Essentials of
physical pharmacy, VallabhPrakashan;
2003.
2. Lian Yu. Nucleation of one polymorph
by another. J Am ChemSoc 2003
March 14; 125(21):6380-81.
3. Kuhnert-Brandstater M Pure
ApplChem1965;10:133.
4. Haleblian J K. Characterization of
habits and crystalline modification of
solids and their pharmaceutical
applications. J Pharm Sci1975; 64(8);
1269-88.
5. Shell J. J Pharm Sci1963;52:100.
6. Piccolo J, Tawashi R, J Pharm
Sci1971;60:59.
7. Simmons D, Ranz R, Gyanchandani N,
Picotte D. Can J Pharm
Sci1972;7:121.
8. Pearson J, Varney G. J Pharm
Pharmacol1969;21:605.
9. Ebian A, Moustafa M, Khalil S,
Motawi M, J Pharm
Pharmacol1973;25:13.
10. Munshi M, Simonelli A. Presented at
APhA Academy of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Washington DC Meeting,
Apr. 1970:12-17.
11. British National Formulary,
13th
Edn.,Mack Publishing Co., Easton,
Pa, 1970, p. 302.
12. Steroid Products for Industry and
Research, Searle Chemicals, Chicago,
III, 1972.
Correspondence Details
To, The Editor In Chief, E-news Letter Department of Pharmaceutical sciences Saurashtra University Rajkot-360005, Gujarat, INDIA Phone-+91 281 2585083 +91 281 2578501-10 Ext.-492/493 Fax - +91 281 2585083 Email - [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.saurashtrauniversity.edu
Send your valuable comments, Query, Suggestion at
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