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Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PSDA ON DRINKING PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATIONWATER & EDUCATION
A PILOT CITIZEN REPORT A PILOT CITIZEN REPORT CARD IN ZANZIBAR, CARD IN ZANZIBAR, TANZANIATANZANIA
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
THE BACKDROPTHE BACKDROP
2002 ZPRP – Strong Emphasis on participatory poverty monitoring
Stakeholder consultations (Nov.2002 &Jan.2003) focus on Implementation
Four tools identified – PPER, PPET, PORT & CRC
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
HOW WAS THE PILOT HOW WAS THE PILOT DESIGNED?DESIGNED?
Tool identified after a review of international best practices
Technical expertise provided by the pioneers of citizen report cards
Emphasis on building local capacities & competencies
Creation of a broad-based Implementation Consortium to “drive” and “own” the processes locally
Strategic entry through a Pilot in 2 sectors
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
WHAT WERE THE KEY STAGES IN THE WHAT WERE THE KEY STAGES IN THE PSDA?PSDA?
Assessment of the feasibility of PSDA Identification of sectors & areas Identification of key issues through focus
groups Design of the survey instrument Capacity building training intervention Conduct of survey Analysis & Reporting Strategizing Reforms &
Institutionalization
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PSDA ON DRINKING PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION WATER & EDUCATION
IN ZANZIBARIN ZANZIBAR
THE METHODOLOGY
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
COVERAGECOVERAGE
Two districts were covered West district in Unguja Chake Chake district in Pemba Purposively selected to capture
urban and rural characteristics and regional variations
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS…A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS…
KatiMjini
Mag
harib
i
Kaskazini 'B'
Kaskazini 'A'
Kusini
Wete
Mkoani
Chake Chake
Micheweni
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
SAMPLE SELECTIONSAMPLE SELECTION
35 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were selected, 21 from West district and 14 from Chake Chake district
1015 households selected from two districts - 609 households in Unguja and 406 in Pemba.
29 households were interviewed in each selected Enumeration Area
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
FIELD INSTRUMENTSFIELD INSTRUMENTS
Listing Form
Survey Questionnaire
Instruction Guide & Scrutiny Manual
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
LISTING EXCERCISELISTING EXCERCISE
PSDA listing exercise was carried out from 8th – 10th December, 2003
Listing exercise determined the frame that was used to select the households for interviews
Households listed were those who have children aged 7-15 and studying in primary school
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRETHE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
3 SECTIONS - Identification section (location, details of interview)- socio economic profile (age, gender, educational status)- feedback on services (access, use, quality, costs, reliability)
Scales – Satisfaction with services
Satisfied Dissatisfied Don’t Know
Highly Satisfied Highly DissatisfiedSatisfied Dissatisfied
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
TRAINING FOR BUILDING LOCAL TRAINING FOR BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITYCAPACITY A Training Workshop for 30 participants was held during
24-29 December 2003. Training was carried out by consultants from Public
Affairs Foundation (PAF) India.
Participants were as follows: 3 from Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs 10 from Office of Chief Government Statistician 13 from Consortium of NGOs 2 members from Information, Education and
Communication(IEC) Technical Working Group 2 members from the two sectors - Water and Education
In addition to the conceptual inputs, two field practicals on interviewing were held in Bwejuu village in order to build capacity for the field staff.
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
FIELD STAFFFIELD STAFF
1 project Coordinator (OCGS)
2 Supervisors (OCGS) –Unguja & Pemba
16 field enumerators (8 from Consortium of NGOS and 8 from OCGS)
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PSDA ENUMERATIONPSDA ENUMERATION
The survey was carried out from 3rd –14th January 2004
Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) Coordinated the entire field operation
Care taken to ensure quality control
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
LESSONS FROM THE FIELD LESSONS FROM THE FIELD EXCERCISEEXCERCISE Since the questions were straightforward and
easy to understand, the respondents were willing to cooperate and respond to the questions properly.
The exercise has raised lots of expectations. Respondents have high hopes to get redress to pressing problems.
All participants found the new experience with the Citizen Report Card to be very stimulating and empowering.
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
And some PROBLEMS…And some PROBLEMS…
Due to the lack of previous experiences with similar surveys, certain problems did arise while filling out the schedules – e.g., skip patterns and proper coding ( More days for training are needed)
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING
Data Processing stage included development of a customized program, manual editing, data entry, cleaning and tabulation – coordinated by the OCGS
Data analysis was carried out with the support of consultants from Public Affairs Foundation, Bangalore
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PSDA ON DRINKING PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION WATER & EDUCATION IN ZANZIBARIN ZANZIBAR
KEY FINDINGS – DRINKING WATER
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER
What is the reach of Government pipe water What is the reach of Government pipe water supply?supply?
Reaches 77% of the households Reach better in West (86%) as compared to CC(64%) Common tap most used (43%), followed by household
connection (34%) and Wells (14%) 90% of common tap users report availability within
300m Affordability (54%) quoted as the main reason for not
opting for household connection 63% of women headed households find affordability a
major issue, as compared to 51% of male headed HHs
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATER DRINKING WATER (Contd..)(Contd..)
How does the rest manage?How does the rest manage? High dependence on unprotected sources like wells (18%)
Dependence of unprotected sources a big issue in CC (34%)
Main demographic group with no access to govt. water are farmers; 26% depend on unprotected wells
60% of users of common sources make more than 5 trips to collect drinking water
More than one-third of the users of unprotected wells travel more than 300m to collect water; 10% for users of common taps
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER (contd..)(contd..)
Who collects the water from Who collects the water from alternate sources?alternate sources?
Adult females (29%) & girls (18%) are the two groups regularly fetching water; adult males (9%) & boys (11%)
50% of all those fetching water from a distance beyond 300m are adult females & girls
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER (contd..)(contd..)
How difficult is it secure a HH connection?How difficult is it secure a HH connection? Domestic connections can be easily secured; very
few reported facing problems (6%).
How adequate is the Public water Supply?How adequate is the Public water Supply? 61% of household connections report daily water
supply; West reports more (77%) compared to CC(31%).
88% of those receiving daily water supply report >10hrs of availability
70% of users find water from domestic connection adequate to meet daily requirements; CC reports a lower proportion (59%)
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER (contd..)(contd..)
How do people cope with seasonal scarcity?How do people cope with seasonal scarcity?
One in two respondents (51%) experience seasonal scarcity
41% forced to shift out of their regular source; high in CC (56%) as compared to West (37%)
Users of domestic connection face greater scarcity (56%) as compared to those using common taps (49%)
Highest scarcity experienced by users of unprotected wells (62%)
The major point of shift during scarcity is towards unprotected wells; 27% of domestic connections, 28% using common taps and 86% using unprotected wells shift to other unprotected wells.
26% of HHs collect water from a distance of >300m during scarcity as compared to 15% during normal conditions
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
THE TRANSITION MATRIX
Source during normal times
Source During Scarcity Times
Piped Watr
Comn Taps
Borhles outside
Borhls inside
Prtcted well
Unprtctd wells
Others
Piped water
03 22 01 04 12 2828 30
Common taps
- 30 N too small
N too small
22 2828 20
Borholes outside
Number of observations too small to draw conclusions
Borholes inside
Protected wells
- - 20 - 60 - 20
Unprcted wells
- 09 - - N too small
8686 N too small
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER (contd..)(contd..)
How reliable is the Public Water Supply?
Breakdowns confront many households (77%) 21% of domestic connections report breakdowns
at least once a month Frequent breakdowns are more in CC (32%) as
compared to West (16%) 70% of problems attended to within a week In case of problems, more than one-third (37%)
prefer not to contact any official; 28% prefer department officials & 9% private technicians
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER (contd..)(contd..)
How satisfied are people with public water supply?
In general, satisfaction with quantity of water is less for all the sources as compared to quality
Across different sources, users of domestic connections and common taps give comparatively higher scores for quality & quantity
Dissatisfaction with the quantity of water from domestic connections is markedly high in CC (42%) as compared to West(22%)
Scarcity has a strong impact on satisfaction. 95% of dissatisfied users of domestic connections and 82% of dissatisfied users of common taps also reported scarcity.
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER (contd..)(contd..)
How Involved is the Community in How Involved is the Community in maintaining the public water sources?maintaining the public water sources?
58% of users report involvement. 44% in the form of financial contributions, 20% as labour & 36% as a combination of both
How willing are users to pay for better How willing are users to pay for better services?services?
65% of all users of public water facilities report willingness to pay
The median value works out to Tsh. 1000 per month; 91% prefer monthly payments
Willingness to pay is reported more in West (72%) as compared to CC (52%)
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
DRINKING WATERDRINKING WATER (contd..)(contd..)
What are the major suggestions from What are the major suggestions from citizens to improve services?citizens to improve services?
Check/penalise illegal connections More public standpipes in rural areas Repair/replacement of main water lines to control
leakages Minimise connection charges for HH taps Timing & duration of water supply to be notified in
advance Charge use of water & link payments to minimum
standards
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
POLICY POINTERSPOLICY POINTERS
Extending the reach of water supply network may face technical & cost constraints as excluded segments may be living in scattered settlements
A high priority may be accorded to increase coverage under HH taps to ease the burden on women & children
Issue of affordability need to be addressed through a mix of motivation & targeted subsidies.
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
POLICY POINTERSPOLICY POINTERS
The biggest challenge is in addressing scarcity. Investments in improving the safety of wells will benefit a large number of HHs
The willingness of users to pay for better services requires closer examination.
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PSDA ON DRINKING PSDA ON DRINKING WATER & EDUCATION WATER & EDUCATION IN ZANZIBARIN ZANZIBAR
KEY FINDINGS – PRIMARY EDUCATION
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATION
What is the reach of government schools?What is the reach of government schools?
97% of primary school going children attend a government institution
Very few cases of dropouts (2%); however, 12% have not attended school – CC reports a higher figure (15%) compared to 09% in West
45% can access a primary school within 1 km from home
A larger proportion in CC (17%) travel beyond 2 kms to attend schools as compared to 10% in West
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION (Contd.)(Contd.)
How do people find the quality of primary How do people find the quality of primary education?education?
Attendance of teachers (91%) and students (98%) reported to be regular
Free textbooks and notebooks are available only to a small segment (34% & 3% respectively); issue of free textbooks a bigger concern in West (28%) as compared to CC (44%)
While availability of toilets is good (97%), availability of libraries (34%) are rated poorly – 8% in CC as compared to 50% in West.
Two-thirds (66%) find school committees functional; higher proportion in West (74%) as compared to CC (54%)
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATION (Contd.)(Contd.)
What are the costs incurred in using primary What are the costs incurred in using primary schools?schools?
98% pay fees or contributions; the largest proportion goes towards building (73%), 31% towards teaching aids and 8% towards furniture
These contributions work out to an average of Tsh.289 per month
61% of this payment was demanded by the authorities 15% of primary school going children attend private
tuitions; insistence of teachers (18%) and inadequate coverage of syllabus (17%) quoted as main reasons
Inadequate coverage of syllabus - West (24%), while nearly one third in CC - teachers insisted on private tuitions (30%)
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION (Contd.)(Contd.)
How satisfied are parents with Primary How satisfied are parents with Primary Education?Education?
Satisfaction with behaviour of teachers (88%), school building (86%) and quality of teaching (82%) quite high
Satisfaction significantly declines in relation to recreational facilities (21%) and quality of study materials (37%)
A higher proportion in West (20%) expressed dissatisfaction with adequacy of teachers as compared to 10% in CC
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
PRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATION (Contd.)(Contd.)
What are the major suggestions from citizens What are the major suggestions from citizens to improve services?to improve services?
Need to reduce overcrowding Minimise forced contributions – stick to the concept of
free primary education Need to retain experienced teachers in rural areas Health check up facilities in schools Village Development Committees should focus more
on rural education needs Curriculum needs to reflect life skills Strict terms to prohibit teachers & students from
involving in politics
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
POLICY POINTERSPOLICY POINTERS
Gap/delay in enrolment may be addressed through motivational campaigns
Wider awareness among parents about incentives & closer monitoring
Additional investment on support facilities like libraries
Early warning signs on adequacy of teachers
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
Feasibility ofFeasibility of CRCs in CRCs in ZanzibarZanzibar Reliable feedback on service quality can be generated
through this process Feedback focuses attention on key aspects of service
delivery that need to be addressed CRC is seen as a feasible good practice by the Government
of Zanzibar Discussions & Survey had participation and cooperation
from all segments of the population, including the poor Local institutions, within government & outside have
gathered enough capacity to carry out most of the tasks in a CRC
The approach can be repeated to benchmark and monitor service improvements overtime
The process can be adapted to other services and an serve as a trigger for reforms
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
THE POST SCRIPT…THE POST SCRIPT…
Immediate Spin-Offs – UNDP SGP for Restoration of Wells
Strong Demand from the Health Sector – WHO & Ministry
Strong Demand from Donors to scale up for the entire province
Recommendations to fine tune the instrument & include case studies
Dr. Gopakumar K Thampi, THE IMPLEMENTATION CONSORTIUM, ZANZIBAR
Thank You!Thank You!