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Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 1
Promoting Effective Spill Response
Dr Ann S. ZhangTechnical Adviser
Session 2: HNS Incidents Risks and Claims
HNS Conven t i o n Work s hop , 26 ‐27 Ap r i l , 2018 , IMO, L ondon
• not‐for‐profit organisation established 50 years ago.
• Funded by shipping industry (via P&I)
membership: 429.2 million GT (tanker tonnage), and 779.3 million GT (non‐tanker tonnage)
• Main role: promote effective response to oil and HNS spills
Brief Introduction to ITOPF
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 2
• Attending over 750 incidents onsite, in 100 countries and regions• 33 HNS incidents since 2002, 22 site attendance
Brief Introduction to ITOPF
• Risks associated with shipping HNS
‐ Regulatory framework to manage the risks
‐ Assessing the risks
‐ Hazardous, impacts, and losses & damages
• Risk assessment in practice
Example 1 – Palm Stearin
Example 2 – MTBE & IBAL
Example 3 – LPG
Contents
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 3
Photo credit: Irane‐ma.com
ITOPF Im
age
Risks of HNS
Risks posed by shipping HNS
• Oils carried in bulkMARPOL 73/78
Annex I
• Noxious liquid carried in bulkMARPOL 73/78
Annex II
• Dangerous liquid substances carried in bulkIBC Code
• Dangerous, hazardous, harmful substances, materials and articles in packaged formIMDG Code
• Liquefied gasesIGC Code
• Solid bulk cargoes with chemical hazards (if subject to IMDG code in packaged form)IMSBC Code
To manage the risks of shipping HNS
• all these substances are covered under the 2010 HNS Convention
• In additional:
‐ liquid cargo with FP ≤ 60°C
‐ residues from previous carriage in bulk
Regulatory framework to manage the risk
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 4
Intrinsic Properties
• Density;• Solubility;• melting point;• vapour
pressure;• etc.
Behaviour
• sinker/ floater• dissolver• evaporator• gas • combinations of above
Risks and Impacts
• immediate physical hazards
• Impacts to health
• impacts to environment
• Socio‐economic impact
Assessing the risks of HNS
Hazards of HNS
explosive flammable oxidising hazardouscompressed corrosive toxic irritation hazardous to env.
• Fire, explosion, smoke• Personal injury / impacts on health & life• Damage to property and amenities• Adverse impacts to environment
Risks
UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 5
Risk assessment in practice – example 1. palm stearin spill
© ITOPFIm
ages
Risk assessment in practice – example 1. properties of palm stearin
• Melting point ~ 44 ‐ 56°C exists as solid after release
• Specific gravity 0.88 kg/m3 floater
• Main components: triglycerides of fatty acids not soluble in water
• Low plasticity (partial crystallised) does not aggregate together
Palm stearin transported in heated tank (about 60°C)
solidifies at 30°C ambient temperature
15 min • GESAMP Hazard profile
‐ no acute or chronic aquatic toxicity
‐ no bio‐concentration effect
‐ no acute oral / dermal / inhalation toxicity to mammal
‐ not irritating to skin or eye
‐ no specific health concern
‐may interference with wildlife
• readily biodegradable, however may increase BOD in confined area
Refined, bleached, deodorised palm stearin
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 6
Risk assessment in practice – example 1. behaviour at sea
Day 2 ‐morningplates / lumps up to 60cm in relatively
concentrated area
Day 2 – afternoongradually broke into small pieces, formed belt / small slick under the influence of dominant current & wind
Day 3 – morningFurther scattered across wide area (200 – 300 km2), broke into tiny pieces (pea / rice),
increasingly difficult to recover at sea
Before clean‐up After clean‐up
• Palm stearin reached the shoreline;
• Shoreline clean‐up is relatively simple (compared to oil spill);
• 211 MT palm stearin collected from the coast
• Some 100 MT of waste collected was turned into 50 MT of biodiesel
Risk assessment in practice – example 1. palm stearin ‐ Response strategy
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 7
Risk assessment in practice – example 2. MTBE and Isobutanol
MTBE (C5H12O)
Evaporator / dissolver
Main hazard: fire / explosion / irritant
GESAMP profile: low aquatic toxicity0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00:00
Surface Vol (m³)
Evaporated Vol (m³)
Dissolved Vol (m³)
0
10
20
30
40
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00:00
Surface Vol (m³)Evaporated Vol (m³)Dissolved Vol (m³)
Isobutanol (C4H10O)
Evaporator / dissolver / self‐condensation
Main hazard: fire / explosion / irritant
GESAMP profile: no profile
Risk assessment in practice – Example 2. fate and behaviour
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 8
Risk assessment in practice – Example 2. Response strategy
Image source: web
2
3 5
4
20Mar
1 Apr
29 Apr
30 July
15 M
ar
1
Explosion & Fire
•24 crew rescued, 1 missing;•Fire fighting;•Boundary cooling of hot spots;
Fire under control
• Assess the damage• plan further operation
Permission to anchor
• Difficult to obtain place of refuge; • Saudi Arabic grant permission to anchor offshore (MEMAC assistance)
Cargo removal
All remaining cargo safely transferred
Ready to be scrapped
• All hazardous substances removed;
• Towed to a shipyard in Bahrain for scrapping
Losses and damages ?
II Risk assessment in practice – 3. LPG
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 9
Risk assessment in practice – Example 3. butane
• Situation Specific Risks
• Cooling system was not functioning properly
• Temperature of the tank = ‐5°C,
but increases 0.5 °C per day;
• Cargo tanks were very full, very little headspace for expansion;
• Close to local village with dense population;
• Initial attempt to refloat was affected by monsoon rough sea state;
Properties of butane
• Butane C4H10
• Boiling point: ≈ ‐1 °C;
• Highly flammable
• Increased pressure in tank, Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE)
• Vapour Density: 2.0 (relative to air)
Risk assessment in practice – Example 3. response strategy
1st stage strategy
• Install secondary cooling system
• Modelling of temperature & pressure within tanks >> no uncontrolled release of gas from valves until Butane reached 15˚C (≈ 30 days)
• Implementation of a safety zone
• 146 MT of bunkers removed
2nd stage strategy
• Modelling showed removing ≈ 2000 tonnes of LPG would give enough headspace within tanks to allow gas to remain safe even if temperature reached ambient temp (35˚C)
• Lightering operation: 2000 MT of butane removed by second LPG tanker
• Refloated during spring tide
Losses and damages ?
Dr Ann Zhang ‐ ITOPF 26 ‐ 27 April 2018
HNS Convention Workshop 10
• Risks associated with shipping HNS
‐ Regulatory framework to manage the risks
‐ Assessing the risks
‐ Hazardous, impacts, and losses & damages
• Risk assessment in practice
Example 1 – Palm Stearin
Example 2 – MTBE & IBAL
Example 3 – LPG
Contents
H N S C o n ve n t i o n Wo r k s h o p , 2 6 - 2 7 A p r i l , 2 0 1 8 , I M O , L o n d o n
www.itopf.com
Thank you !