Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
68
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
14
S.N. Family Scientific Name English Name
Nepali Name
Origin(Native,Alien)
Alien Invasive species
(Yes/No)
G Gd Nb Collection No.
94 Acanthaceae Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees
- Native No * G37
95 Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum L.
Fodder cane Alien No * Gd74
96 Lamiaceae Salvia plebeia R.Br. Australian sage
Native No * G46
97 Cyperaceae Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye
- Native No *
G07
98 Plantaginaceae Scoparia dulcis L. Licorice weed
Alien No * * * G12/Gd147/Nb93
99 Leguminosae Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Foetid Cassia
Alien Yes * * G6/Gd132
100 Poaceae Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Knotroot bristle grass
Native No * * * G30/Gd78/Nb127
101 Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. Broomweed Alien No * Nb103
102 Malvaceae Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk.
Heartleaf fanpetals
Alien No * G29
103 Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. Cuban jute
Alien No * * G54/Gd141
104 Solanaceae Solanum surattense Burm. f.
Bitter brinjal Native No * * G56/Gd163
105 Compositae Sonchus wightianus DC.
Corn Sowthistle
, Native No * Ph4
106 Compositae Spilanthes acmella (L.) L.
Para cress Native No * * G01/Gd134
107 Araceae Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.
Common duckweed
Native No * Gd170
108 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Chickweed Alien No * G15
109 Compositae Tridax procumbens (L.) L.
Coat-buttons
Alien No * * * G06/Gd133/Nb97
110 Malvaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Chinese burr Native No * Nb83
111 Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. - Native No * Ph5
112 Malvaceae Urena lobata L. Caesar weed Native No * * Gd173/Nb85
113 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia aurea Lour.
Native No * * Gd155/Nb108
114 Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H.Hara
Tape-grass
Native No * G38
115 Compositae Xanthium strumarium L.
Burweed Alien Yes * * G18/Gd136
69
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Singha Durbar Premises,Kathmandu, Nepal
Krishna Ram Bhattarai *Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal
*Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This study documented the trees, shrubs and herbs conserved in the gardens and premises ofdifferent offices in Singha Durbar, Kathmandu in 2017. A total of 229 plant species(Angiosperm=212 and Gymnosperm=17) belonging to 176 genera and 88 families have beendocumented. Among the documented plants, Asparagaceae =15, Compositae=12, Arecaceae =9,Rosaceae =9, Rutaceae =9, Cupressaceae =8 and Araceae =7 were dominant families. Theseplants were conserved mainly for greenery and ornamental purposes. Many plants were edibleand medicinal too. Of the documented plants, 11 species were under various conservation andthreat categories of CITES, Government of Nepal (Under forest Act, 1993) and IUCN. Rare,endangered, endemic and valuable plant species has to be managed with proper scientificinformation. The gardens in the Singha Durbar premises have conserved many exotic species aswell.
Keywords: Categories, Conservation, Exotic, Garden, Native plants, Ornamental Plants
Introduction
Plants are the major components of world�sbiodiversity and an essential resource for humanwelfare and play a big role for the environmentalbalance. Human are intricately associated with plantsnot only for their food, clothes and shelterrequirements but also for aesthetic fulfillments(Joshi, 2009; Bhattarai & Khadka, 2017). Therelationship of humans and plants and love of flowersgoes back to thousands of years in the history ofhuman civilization (Harborne, 1984; Rai et al.,2010). Egyptians and Assyrians had understood theart of cultivation of flowers as early as 3000 BC.Greek and Romans, who inherited the methods offlower cultivation developed in Egypt, Syria andMesopotamia, further developed their interests andrefined the culture of ornamental flowers. In the east,Japanese and Chinese gardeners developedindependently their own charming tradition ofgardening (Bajracharya et al., 1999). The history ofornamental gardening may be considered as aestheticexpressions of beauty through art and nature, adisplay of taste or style in civilized life, an expressionof an individual�s or culture�s philosophy, andsometimes as a display of private status or nationalpride-in private and public landscapes.
Gardening practices have existed and evolved inNepal with the interactions with the outer world. Forinstance, during the Malla period, gardens mostlyused to be located at the backside of the palaces andthe houses (Tiwari, 2016). However, after theascension of the Ranas, gardens began to be locatedat the front of the palaces with traditional architecturein design. After the departure of the Ranas in 1950AD, the costly, luxurious and big gardens designedin the premises of many palaces were fallen out, butcultivation of ornamental plants from different partsof the world still continues. There are different parksand gardens in Nepal but the practice of wellmanaged sophisticated garden with large space andcomplex landscape with topiaries is not stillpracticed. With the growing unmanagedurbanization, more and more of the open areas aredisappearing and much of the public open spaceshave been encroached already (Bajracharya et al.,1997), resulting in consequences for public life andactivity (Shrestha, 2001). Existing gardens ingovernment offices are also destroyed to constructbuilding and parking areas. But, recentlyGovernment Nepal, Ministry of Forests andEnvironment has been celebrating forest decadeprogram from 2014-2023 AD, promoting plantation
J. Pl. Res. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp 69-81, 2019
70
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
with a slogan one home, one tree; one village, oneforest; and one city many gardens (DOF, 2014) withthe aim of development of forest in private and publicland, construct garden in public places, urbanforestry, biodiversity conservation and awareness byprotecting rare, endangered and endemic plantspecies in private and public land includinggovernment offices with proper scientificinformation (MFSC, 2015). The present land usepolicy of Nepal also emphasized on greenery inprivate settlement and public places to develop ahygienic, beautiful, well-facilitated and safe humansettlement in a planned and sustainable ways(MoLRM, 2015).The present study aims todocument the existing status of flowering plants inthe gardens of Singha Durbar premises and helps toplanners for further beatification.
Materials and Methods
Study areaSingha Durbar (Lat. 27°41�50.28" N; Long.85°19�30.72" E; Area 50 Hectare), which literallymeans the Lion�s Palace, is located in the centre ofKathmandu Valley, to the north of the Babar Mahaland the east of Bhadrakali. It was built in neo-classical style by Chandra Shumsher JB Rana in1903 AD (Pokharel, 2017) immediately afteraccession to the post of Prime Minister. There is amyth that once Chandra Shumsher, with his queen,was enjoying the eye catching view of the valley, hecaught sight of a beautiful palace complex and askedhis queen about it. The queen answered that it wasknown as Bagh Durbar. The King then declared thathis palace would be even more famous and wouldbe called �Singha Durbar� (Bhandari, 2014;Tandukar, 2017). The most amazing fact aboutSingha Durbar is that it was built in three years atthe expense of 5 million Nepali rupees. ChandraShumsher, after living for few years in the palacedeclared it the official residence of all primeministers of Nepal after him and sold it to the NepalGovernment for twenty million Nepali rupees. Withthe profit, he built nine more palaces in Kathmandufor his sons. The palace, in 1904, claimed to be thebiggest and most luxurious palace in Asia and until
1973 was the largest government secretariat in Asia.The palace with 7 courtyards and 1700 rooms wasoccupied by successive Rana prime ministers until1951. After this, the durbar became the governmentsecretariat which boasted of housing every ministrywithin the same compound (Tandukar, 2017) untilit was caught by fire and almost completelydestroyed, except for the front wing on 9th July, 1973.
Set in a large area of well-trimmed lawns, itcontained numerous gardens with exotic plants, adeer park, a polo ground, playing field, tennis courts,streams, fountains and lush green vegetation withfinely spaced trees (Bhandari, 2014). After the endof Rana regime, Government of Nepal declared itas National Property and used Singha Durbarpremises to house government offices. At presentabout 70% of the area is used for administrativepurpose and the rest of the area is managed asgardens and landscapes. Since it is located in thecentre of Kathmandu valley, its mean elevation isabout 1,300 msl. with average temperature 180C,average humidity 75% and the average rainfall 1400millimetres (CBS, 2013).
Plant documentation and identification withnecessary informationThe different species of trees, shrubs and herbsconserved in the premises of Singha Durbar wereenumerated in the month of March, April and May,2017. The plants were listed with their scientificname. The unidentified plant specimens wereidentified with the help of various literatures(Polunin & Stainton, 1984; Stainton, 1988;Bajracharya et al., 1997; Shrestha, 1998; Press etal., 2000; Anonymous, 2008) and with experts ofDepartment of Plant Resources, Kathmandu. Thenomenclature of APG III was followed(www.theplantlist.org). Study also focused onwhether rare, endangered, threatened plants werecollected and conserved or not with proper scientificinformation. The plants were categorized eithernative or introduced (Bajracharya et al., 1997;Shrestha, 1998) or government protected, underCITES or under IUCN category by comparing theenumerated list with available literatures (HMG,
70
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
with a slogan one home, one tree; one village, oneforest; and one city many gardens (DOF, 2014) withthe aim of development of forest in private and publicland, construct garden in public places, urbanforestry, biodiversity conservation and awareness byprotecting rare, endangered and endemic plantspecies in private and public land includinggovernment offices with proper scientificinformation (MFSC, 2015). The present land usepolicy of Nepal also emphasized on greenery inprivate settlement and public places to develop ahygienic, beautiful, well-facilitated and safe humansettlement in a planned and sustainable ways(MoLRM, 2015).The present study aims todocument the existing status of flowering plants inthe gardens of Singha Durbar premises and helps toplanners for further beatification.
Materials and Methods
Study areaSingha Durbar (Lat. 27°41�50.28" N; Long.85°19�30.72" E; Area 50 Hectare), which literallymeans the Lion�s Palace, is located in the centre ofKathmandu Valley, to the north of the Babar Mahaland the east of Bhadrakali. It was built in neo-classical style by Chandra Shumsher JB Rana in1903 AD (Pokharel, 2017) immediately afteraccession to the post of Prime Minister. There is amyth that once Chandra Shumsher, with his queen,was enjoying the eye catching view of the valley, hecaught sight of a beautiful palace complex and askedhis queen about it. The queen answered that it wasknown as Bagh Durbar. The King then declared thathis palace would be even more famous and wouldbe called �Singha Durbar� (Bhandari, 2014;Tandukar, 2017). The most amazing fact aboutSingha Durbar is that it was built in three years atthe expense of 5 million Nepali rupees. ChandraShumsher, after living for few years in the palacedeclared it the official residence of all primeministers of Nepal after him and sold it to the NepalGovernment for twenty million Nepali rupees. Withthe profit, he built nine more palaces in Kathmandufor his sons. The palace, in 1904, claimed to be thebiggest and most luxurious palace in Asia and until
1973 was the largest government secretariat in Asia.The palace with 7 courtyards and 1700 rooms wasoccupied by successive Rana prime ministers until1951. After this, the durbar became the governmentsecretariat which boasted of housing every ministrywithin the same compound (Tandukar, 2017) untilit was caught by fire and almost completelydestroyed, except for the front wing on 9th July, 1973.
Set in a large area of well-trimmed lawns, itcontained numerous gardens with exotic plants, adeer park, a polo ground, playing field, tennis courts,streams, fountains and lush green vegetation withfinely spaced trees (Bhandari, 2014). After the endof Rana regime, Government of Nepal declared itas National Property and used Singha Durbarpremises to house government offices. At presentabout 70% of the area is used for administrativepurpose and the rest of the area is managed asgardens and landscapes. Since it is located in thecentre of Kathmandu valley, its mean elevation isabout 1,300 msl. with average temperature 180C,average humidity 75% and the average rainfall 1400millimetres (CBS, 2013).
Plant documentation and identification withnecessary informationThe different species of trees, shrubs and herbsconserved in the premises of Singha Durbar wereenumerated in the month of March, April and May,2017. The plants were listed with their scientificname. The unidentified plant specimens wereidentified with the help of various literatures(Polunin & Stainton, 1984; Stainton, 1988;Bajracharya et al., 1997; Shrestha, 1998; Press etal., 2000; Anonymous, 2008) and with experts ofDepartment of Plant Resources, Kathmandu. Thenomenclature of APG III was followed(www.theplantlist.org). Study also focused onwhether rare, endangered, threatened plants werecollected and conserved or not with proper scientificinformation. The plants were categorized eithernative or introduced (Bajracharya et al., 1997;Shrestha, 1998) or government protected, underCITES or under IUCN category by comparing theenumerated list with available literatures (HMG,
71
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
2001; DPR, 2012; DNPWC, 2018). The collecteddata about plants and different categorical variablevalues were presented quantitatively. By usingMicrosoft excel, data were coded, summarized,presented and analyzed. Moreover, prior to the fieldwork, available literatures were collected andreviewed.
Results and Discussion
Of the documented 229 plant species (88 familiesand 177 genera), 212 were angiosperms (156 dicotsand 56 monocots) and 17 were gymnosperms (Table1). These were represented by highest numbers ofherbs (84) followed by trees (78), shrubs (61), andclimbers (6). The dominant family was Asparagaceae(15) followed by Compositae (12), Arecaceae (9),Rosaceae (9), Rutaceae (9) Cupressaceae (8) andAraceae (7). Similarly, 5 families had 6 spp. each, 4families had 5 spp. each, 3 families had 4 spp. each,4 families had 3 spp. each, 20 families had 2 spp.each and rest of the 44 families had one spp. each.Of the enumerated plants 35! (81 spp.) were nativeand 65! (148 spp.) were introduced as exotic species.
Cl=4). Mostly the ornamental monocots wererecorded which were mainly perennial likeAsparagus, Beaucarnea, Canna, Caryota, Dracaenaetc. A total of 17 species of gymnosperms (Sh = 3,T= 14) were reported in this study. Somegymnosperms are slow growing plants which lateron attain the size of medium to large sized tree(Figure 1). These were represented by native Cycaspectinata to exotic Araucaria bidwillii. Recentlydeveloped landscapes were prioritized withgymnosperms. Just concerning the garden flowersof Kathmandu valley, over 90% of the flowers arenot native to Nepal or to the Himalayas (Bajracharyaet al., 1997). They are either from African continentor South America or North America or subarcticregion or native species of China and Japan orMexico and Brazil (Shakya et al., 2001). Therecorded ornamental garden flowers in this studywere also exotic with hybrid cultivars.
Such a diversity of dicots to gymnosperms in smallplace with many primitive magnolias to advancedorchids, medicinal plants to ornamental flowers,common to rare species indicate that it is a uniquerepository of plants in the heart of Kathmandu.Similarly different landscapes of Rock garden, Rosegarden, Canna garden, Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora (CITES) garden, Medicinal and AromaticPlants (MAPs) garden have their own significance.Recently there is a massive plantation of fruits plantsinitiated by the office of Prime Minister. But,construction of small structures every year tarnishedthe beauty of the area and also made the areacongested. Similarly, government has decided toconstruct a new parliament building at Putalibagaicha, a historical garden of Singha Durbar.Hence, there is instant requirement for thedemarcation of land areas for different activities. Forthis purpose master plan should be prepared withbroad consultation to the experts for its beatificationby landscape design and management, avenueplantation, establishment of occasional plantationareas by Very Important Persons (VIPs) etc. Theornamental characteristics of plants like flower color,fruit, seasonal foliage color, bark categories, growthcharacteristics and the management issues such as
Figure 1: Life form of plants with their number
A total of 156 dicot plants (H=48; Sh=48; T=58;Cl=2) were enumerated in the Singha Durbarterritory. These dicot plants were represented byprimitive and old Magnolias to newly planted Citrustrees, exotic Avocado to native Hog plum trees,deciduous Celtis to evergreen Cinnamomum trees,Avenue tree Polyalthia to ornamental Asters,medicinal Rauvolfia to hedge plant Euphorbia andmany more. Similarly, the territory was covered 56species of monocot plants (H=36; Sh=10; T=6;
72
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
leaf and fruit litter, susceptibility to storm damage,pests and diseases, the selection of species, thinning,pruning, felling, tagging, etc. should be addressedby Ministry of Forests and Environment. For thename of beautification, plantation of exoticgymnosperms should be avoided, instead broadleaved native plants should be promoted which helpin pollution control and provide food and shelter forbirds and insects.
Introduction of many economically important plantspecies in Nepal dates back to 1850s during Ranaregimes (Gotame et al., 2017). About the status ofplants in Singha Durbar, 65% (148 spp.) wereintroduced as exotic plant species. Most of the plantspecies of Singha Durbar were introduced fromJapan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are usedin cultural ceremonies as well. Similarly, 11 specieswere found under different conservation categoriesof CITES, IUCN, and Government protected list.Among them, 8 spp. were under single conservationcategory of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018), IUCN(DPR, 2012) or Government protected category(HMG, 2001) and three species were in multipleconservation category (Appendix 1). Thisinformation indicates that most of the plants wereexotic, commonly available and neither of them wasendemic (DPR, 2012).
Conclusions
Cultivation of ornamental flowers and plantingaround the home and office is a long practice.Introduction of many garden plant species in Nepaldates back to 1850s during Rana regimes. About the
present status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65% wereintroduced as exotic plant species because duringthe time of construction of Singha Durbar everythingwere imported from abroad including plants. Manyof these plants still exist and now some indigenousplants are conserved in the premises of differentministries in Singha Durbar territory. Constructionof artistic landscapes representing our own cultureand style with topiaries of endangered animalsshould be prioritized. Similarly, orchid house, alpineplant house, tropical plant house, water garden etc.by introducing native and endemic plants becomesmore significant in this area. Moreover, all thespecies should be tagged with necessary scientificinformation.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Rai, DirectorGeneral of DPR for the encouragement of this study.I would like to thank Dr. Nirmala Joshi and Ms.Sabari Rajbahak for plant identification in the field.I would like to thank Mr. Sanu Raja Shrestha, Mr.Astha Narayan Maharjan, Mr. Krishna Babu Tiwariand other staffs of Urban Garden DevelopmentSection, Singha Durbar for their help to documentlocal name during the field work.
References
Bajracharya, D., Shrestha, K.K & Chaudhary, R.P.(1997). Garden Flowers. Jawalakhel, Lalitpur:The King Mahendra Trust for NatureConservation (KMTNC)
Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories
�
Recently there is a massive plantation of fruits plants initiated by the office of Prime Minister. But,
construction of small structures every year tarnished the beauty of the area and also made the area
congested. Similarly, government has decided to construct a new parliament building at Putali bagaicha,
a historical garden of Singha Durbar. Hence, there is instant requirement for the demarcation of land
areas for different activities. For this purpose master plan should be prepared with broad consultation to
the experts for its beatification by landscape design and management, avenue plantation, establishment
of occasional plantation areas by Very Important Persons (VIPs) etc. The ornamental characteristics of
plants like flower color, fruit, seasonal foliage color, bark categories, growth characteristics and the
management issues such as leaf and fruit litter, susceptibility to storm damage, pests and diseases, the
selection of species, thinning, pruning, felling, tagging, etc. should be addressed by Ministry of Forests
and Environment. For the name of beautification, plantation of exotic gymnosperms should be avoided,
instead broad leaved native plants should be promoted which help in pollution control and provide food
and shelter for birds and insects.
Introduction of many economically important plant species in Nepal dates back to 1850s during Rana
regimes (Gotame, et al. 2017). About the status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65℅ (148 spp.) were
introduced as exotic plant species. Most of the plant species of Singha Durbar were introduced from
Japan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are used in cultural ceremonies as well. Similarly, 11
species were found under different conservation categories of CITES, IUCN, and Government protected
list. Among them, 8 spp. were under single conservation category of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018),
IUCN (DPR, 2012) or Government protected category (HMG, 2001) and three species were in multiple
conservation category (Table 2). This information indicates that most of the plants were exotic,
commonly available and neither of them was endemic (DPR, 2012).
Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories
S.N. Name of Plant species Conservation categories 1 Cinnamomum glanduliferum Government Protected (HMG, 2001) 2 Bergenia ciliata IUCN (T) 3 Cycas pectinata CITES (Appendix II); IUCN (EN) 4 Cymbidium iridioides CITES (Appendix II) 5 Elaeocarpus sphaericus IUCN (Vulnerable) (HMG, 2001) 6 Euphorbia royleana CITES (Appendix II) (DNPWC, 2018) 7 Juglans regia Government Protected 8 Magnolia liliflora var. Obovata CITES (Appendix III) 9 Rauvolfia serpentina CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected (II); IUCN (EN) 10 Rhynchostylis retusa CITES (Appendix II) 11 Taxus wallichiana CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected; IUCN (EN)
Conclusions
72
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
leaf and fruit litter, susceptibility to storm damage,pests and diseases, the selection of species, thinning,pruning, felling, tagging, etc. should be addressedby Ministry of Forests and Environment. For thename of beautification, plantation of exoticgymnosperms should be avoided, instead broadleaved native plants should be promoted which helpin pollution control and provide food and shelter forbirds and insects.
Introduction of many economically important plantspecies in Nepal dates back to 1850s during Ranaregimes (Gotame et al., 2017). About the status ofplants in Singha Durbar, 65% (148 spp.) wereintroduced as exotic plant species. Most of the plantspecies of Singha Durbar were introduced fromJapan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are usedin cultural ceremonies as well. Similarly, 11 specieswere found under different conservation categoriesof CITES, IUCN, and Government protected list.Among them, 8 spp. were under single conservationcategory of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018), IUCN(DPR, 2012) or Government protected category(HMG, 2001) and three species were in multipleconservation category (Appendix 1). Thisinformation indicates that most of the plants wereexotic, commonly available and neither of them wasendemic (DPR, 2012).
Conclusions
Cultivation of ornamental flowers and plantingaround the home and office is a long practice.Introduction of many garden plant species in Nepaldates back to 1850s during Rana regimes. About the
present status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65% wereintroduced as exotic plant species because duringthe time of construction of Singha Durbar everythingwere imported from abroad including plants. Manyof these plants still exist and now some indigenousplants are conserved in the premises of differentministries in Singha Durbar territory. Constructionof artistic landscapes representing our own cultureand style with topiaries of endangered animalsshould be prioritized. Similarly, orchid house, alpineplant house, tropical plant house, water garden etc.by introducing native and endemic plants becomesmore significant in this area. Moreover, all thespecies should be tagged with necessary scientificinformation.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Rai, DirectorGeneral of DPR for the encouragement of this study.I would like to thank Dr. Nirmala Joshi and Ms.Sabari Rajbahak for plant identification in the field.I would like to thank Mr. Sanu Raja Shrestha, Mr.Astha Narayan Maharjan, Mr. Krishna Babu Tiwariand other staffs of Urban Garden DevelopmentSection, Singha Durbar for their help to documentlocal name during the field work.
References
Bajracharya, D., Shrestha, K.K & Chaudhary, R.P.(1997). Garden Flowers. Jawalakhel, Lalitpur:The King Mahendra Trust for NatureConservation (KMTNC)
Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories
�
Recently there is a massive plantation of fruits plants initiated by the office of Prime Minister. But,
construction of small structures every year tarnished the beauty of the area and also made the area
congested. Similarly, government has decided to construct a new parliament building at Putali bagaicha,
a historical garden of Singha Durbar. Hence, there is instant requirement for the demarcation of land
areas for different activities. For this purpose master plan should be prepared with broad consultation to
the experts for its beatification by landscape design and management, avenue plantation, establishment
of occasional plantation areas by Very Important Persons (VIPs) etc. The ornamental characteristics of
plants like flower color, fruit, seasonal foliage color, bark categories, growth characteristics and the
management issues such as leaf and fruit litter, susceptibility to storm damage, pests and diseases, the
selection of species, thinning, pruning, felling, tagging, etc. should be addressed by Ministry of Forests
and Environment. For the name of beautification, plantation of exotic gymnosperms should be avoided,
instead broad leaved native plants should be promoted which help in pollution control and provide food
and shelter for birds and insects.
Introduction of many economically important plant species in Nepal dates back to 1850s during Rana
regimes (Gotame, et al. 2017). About the status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65℅ (148 spp.) were
introduced as exotic plant species. Most of the plant species of Singha Durbar were introduced from
Japan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are used in cultural ceremonies as well. Similarly, 11
species were found under different conservation categories of CITES, IUCN, and Government protected
list. Among them, 8 spp. were under single conservation category of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018),
IUCN (DPR, 2012) or Government protected category (HMG, 2001) and three species were in multiple
conservation category (Table 2). This information indicates that most of the plants were exotic,
commonly available and neither of them was endemic (DPR, 2012).
Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories
S.N. Name of Plant species Conservation categories 1 Cinnamomum glanduliferum Government Protected (HMG, 2001) 2 Bergenia ciliata IUCN (T) 3 Cycas pectinata CITES (Appendix II); IUCN (EN) 4 Cymbidium iridioides CITES (Appendix II) 5 Elaeocarpus sphaericus IUCN (Vulnerable) (HMG, 2001) 6 Euphorbia royleana CITES (Appendix II) (DNPWC, 2018) 7 Juglans regia Government Protected 8 Magnolia liliflora var. Obovata CITES (Appendix III) 9 Rauvolfia serpentina CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected (II); IUCN (EN) 10 Rhynchostylis retusa CITES (Appendix II) 11 Taxus wallichiana CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected; IUCN (EN)
Conclusions 73
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Bajracharya, D., Shrestha, K.K & Chaudhary, R.P.(1999). Garden Flowers of Kathmandu Valley. In:T.C. Majupuria & R.K. Majupuria (eds.). NepalNature�s Paradise (pp. 170-180), 2nd edition,Gwalior, India: M. Devi.
Bhandari, B. (2014). Singha Durbar- The LionPalace. Retrieved from https://www.thetaranights.com/singha-durbar/#more-215 (Accessed on 7 February 2019).
Bhattarai, K.R. & Khadka, M.K. (2017).Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants fromIlam district, East Nepal. Our Nature, 14 (1), 78-91.
CBS. (2013). Statistical year book of Nepal- 2013.Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal,National Planning Commission Secretariat,Central Bureau of Statistics.
Chitrakar, A. (2011). PM�s Office. Heritage tale, 118.Retrieved from http://ecs.com.np/heritage-tale/pms-office (Accessed on 10 February 2019).
DNPWC. (2015). Threatened Plants and Animalsof Nepal under CITES Appendices (text: Nepali).Babarmahal, Kathmandu: Department ofNational Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
DOF. (2014). Forest Decade ProgramImplementation Plan (text: Nepali). Babarmahal,Kathmandu: Department of Forest.
DPR. (2012). Plants of Nepal: Fact Sheet.Thapathali, Kathmandu: Department of PlantResources.
Garden Plants. (2008). A-Z Encyclopedia of gardenplants. Vol. I and II. London: The RoyalHorticultural Society.
Gotame, T.P., Gautam, I.P., Shrestha, S.L., Luitel,B.P., Manandhar, R., Singh, D. & Acharya, A.K.(2017). Introduced Agricultural Plant GeneticResources in Nepal. In: B.K. Joshi, H.B. KC &A.K. Acharya (eds.), Conservation andUtilization of Agricultural Plant GeneticResources in Nepal. Kathmandu: Proceedings of2nd National Workshop, 22-23.
Harborne, J. B. (1984). Phytochemical Methods: AGuide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis,2nd edn. New York: Chapman and Hall.
HMG, (2001). Nepal Rajpatra (Part 3), Section 51,No. 36, 31 December, 2001.
Joshi, N. (2009). Botanical gardens of Nepal andtheir role in conservation of plant resources. Bull.Dept. Pl. Res., 31, 121-126.
Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: anIllustrated Dictionary. New York, USA: SpringerScience +Business Media.
MFSC. (2015). Draft Forest Decade (2014-2024)Policy Paper (prepared by Ministry of Forests andSoil Conservation). Hamro Kalpabrikchhya.,26(289), 9-13.
MoLRM (2015). The Land Use Policy, 2015. SinghaDurbar, Kathmandu: Government of Nepal,Ministry of Land Reform and Management.
Pokharel, J. R. (2017). Singha Durbarreconstruction: retrofitting or reassembling. TheHimalayan Times, February 28, 2017.
Polunin, O. & Stainton, A. (1984). Flowers of theHimalaya. New Delhi, India: Oxford UniversityPress.
Press, J. R., Shrestha, K. K. & Sutton, D. A. (2000).Annontated checklist of the flowering plants ofNepal. London: The Natural history Museum.
Rai, S.K., Thapa Magar, M.S., Joshi, M.D. & Khatri,S. (2010). Basics of Gardening. Thapathali,Kathmandu: Department of Plant Resources.
Shakya, S.R., Prajapati, N. & Manandhar, L. (2001).Cytogenetical study of some exotic garden plantsof Kathmandu Valley. Nepal Journal of Scienceand Technology, 3, 25-32.
Shrestha, K. (1998). Dictionary of Nepalese plantnames. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point.
Shrestha, V. (2001). Sustainable urban housing inKathmandu, Nepal: Proposals and evaluations.(Ph.D. Thesis), Los Angeles, California:University of California.
74
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Stainton, A. (1988). Flowers of The Himalaya: asupplement. New Delhi, India: Oxford UniversityPress.
Tandukar, S. (2017). Singha Durbar. Retrieved fromhttps:// spacesnepalblog. wordpress.com/2017/11/16/singha-durbar/. (Accessed on 7 February2019).
Tiwari, S. R. (2016). An Investigation into theapplication of the Vaastushastra in theResidential buildings of Malla period - A casestudy of Newar manuscripts in the collection ofNational Archives. Retrieved from http://
www.kailashkut.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/kknewar.pdf (Accessod on 6 February, 2019).
Historical Durbar of Kathmandu.(2014).Retrievedfrom https://www.shankerhotel.com.np/blog/2014/10/19/the-historic-durbars-of-kathmandu/(Accessed on 6 February, 2019).
History of Gardening (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gardening(Accessed on 17 November, 2018).
Singha Durbar (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singha_Durbar (Accessedon 17 November, 2018).
74
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Stainton, A. (1988). Flowers of The Himalaya: asupplement. New Delhi, India: Oxford UniversityPress.
Tandukar, S. (2017). Singha Durbar. Retrieved fromhttps:// spacesnepalblog. wordpress.com/2017/11/16/singha-durbar/. (Accessed on 7 February2019).
Tiwari, S. R. (2016). An Investigation into theapplication of the Vaastushastra in theResidential buildings of Malla period - A casestudy of Newar manuscripts in the collection ofNational Archives. Retrieved from http://
www.kailashkut.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/kknewar.pdf (Accessod on 6 February, 2019).
Historical Durbar of Kathmandu.(2014).Retrievedfrom https://www.shankerhotel.com.np/blog/2014/10/19/the-historic-durbars-of-kathmandu/(Accessed on 6 February, 2019).
History of Gardening (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gardening(Accessed on 17 November, 2018).
Singha Durbar (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singha_Durbar (Accessedon 17 November, 2018).
75
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
9
Tab
le 2
: Lis
t of f
low
erin
g pl
ants
in S
ingh
a D
urba
r pre
mis
es, K
athm
andu
, Nep
al
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 1
Aegl
e m
arm
elos
(L.)
Cor
rea
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; T
Ston
e ap
ple
a]n
N
ativ
e R
elig
ious
; med
icin
al
2 Ae
oniu
m a
rbor
eum
Web
b &
Ber
thel
. C
rass
ulac
eae
Dic
ot; H
Sa
ucer
pla
nt
qmof
;'nf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 3
Agap
anth
us a
fric
anus
(L.)
Hof
fman
ns.
Am
aryl
lidac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Blu
e A
fric
an li
ly
gL/s
dn
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
4 Ag
ave
amer
ican
a L.
A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Cen
tury
pla
nt
Soft
's] In
trodu
ced
Med
icin
al; a
hed
ge p
lant
who
se
leav
es p
rovi
de fi
bre.
5
Agav
e at
tenu
ata
Salm
-Dyc
k A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Fox
tail
agav
e So
ft's]
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; he
dge
plan
t 6
Albi
zia
julib
riss
in D
uraz
z.
Legu
min
osae
D
icot
; T
Silk
tree
/ft
f] lz/
Lif
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
7 Al
oe v
arie
gata
L.
Xan
thor
rhoe
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
Ti
ger a
loe
3Lps
'df/L
Intro
duce
d A
nti i
nfla
mm
ator
y;
antim
icro
bial
8 Al
oe v
era
(L.)
Bur
m. f
. X
anth
orrh
oeac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Alo
e 3L
ps'df
/L In
trodu
ced
Ant
i inf
lam
mat
ory,
an
timic
robi
al
9 An
tirrh
inum
maj
usL.
Pl
anta
gina
ceae
D
icot
; H
Snap
drag
ons
Eofu
't]km"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
10
Arau
cari
a bi
dwill
ii H
ook.
A
rauc
aria
ceae
G
ymno
sper
m; T
M
onke
y pu
zzle
tree
sf
F8] ;N
Nff]
Intro
duce
d R
oast
ed se
eds a
re e
dibl
e;
orna
men
tal
11
Arau
cari
a he
tero
phyl
la (S
alis
b.) F
ranc
o A
rauc
aria
ceae
G
ymno
sper
m; T
N
orfo
lk Is
land
pin
e P?
s]l/o
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
12
Argy
rant
hem
um sp
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; Sh
Mar
guer
ite d
aisy
cf
u]{/]Gy
dd\
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
13
Ascl
epia
s cur
assa
vica
L.
Apo
cyna
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Trop
ical
milk
wee
d v';
f{gL s
f]z] k
m"n
Intro
duce
d Ex
celle
nt in
butte
rfly g
arde
ns or
as a
cut f
lowe
r. M
ilky s
ap is
poiso
nous
. 14
As
para
gus d
ensi
floru
s (K
unth
) Jes
sop
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
Fo
xtai
l fer
n kmS
; 6]n
s'l/n
f] In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
15
Aspa
ragu
s set
aceu
s (K
unth
) Jes
sop
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
A
spar
agus
fern
s'l
/nf]
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 16
As
para
gus v
ertic
illat
us L
. A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; Cl
Clim
bing
asp
arag
us
nx/]
s'l/n
f] In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
17
Aspa
ragu
s vi
rgat
us B
aker
A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Bro
om fe
rn a
spar
agus
s'l
/nf]
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 18
As
pidi
stra
ela
tior B
lum
e A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Bar
room
pla
nt
o:kLl
8i6f
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 19
Az
alea
ala
bam
ensi
s (R
ehde
r) A
she
Eric
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Aza
lea
Ph]ln
of
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
20
Beau
carn
ea r
ecur
vata
Lem
. A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; T
Elep
hant
's fo
ot p
alm
(N
olin
a)
glng
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
21
Bego
nia
cucu
llata
Will
d.
Beg
onia
ceae
D
icot
; H
Wax
beg
onia
lju
f]gLo
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
22
Bego
nia
inca
rnat
a Li
nk &
Otto
B
egon
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
M
etal
leaf
beg
onia
uf
]nkQf
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
23
Bego
nia
mac
ulat
a R
addi
B
egon
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Sp
otte
d be
goni
a lju
f]gLo
fF In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
24
Bego
nia
mas
onia
na Ir
ms.
ex. Z
iese
nh.
Beg
onia
ceae
D
icot
; H
Iron
-cro
ss b
egon
ia
ljuf]g
Lof
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
25
Bego
nia
pict
a Sm
. B
egon
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Pa
inte
d le
af b
egon
ia
du/s
fFr]
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
leaf
stal
k an
d st
em
are
edib
le.
26
Bego
nia
scha
rffii
Hoo
k.f.
Beg
onia
ceae
D
icot
; H
Elep
hant
's ea
r beg
onia
xfQ
Lsfg
] ljuf
]gLof
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
27
Berg
enia
cili
ata
(Haw
.) St
ernb
. Sa
xifr
agac
eae
Dic
ot; H
B
erge
nia
kfvge
]b N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
28
Bo
ugai
nvill
ea g
labr
a C
hois
y N
ycta
gina
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Pape
r flo
wer
au
dj]nL
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
29
Bras
sica
ole
reac
ea L
. B
rass
icac
eae
Dic
ot; H
O
rnam
enta
l cab
bage
s]n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
30
Brom
elia
neo
rege
lia L
.B. S
m.
Bro
mel
iace
ae
Mon
ocot
; H
Fire
ball
brom
elia
d a|f
]d]lno
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
31
Brun
fels
ia p
auci
flora
(Cha
m.&
Sch
ltdl.)
B
enth
. So
lana
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Yes
terd
ay, T
oday
and
to
mor
row
pla
nt
gLnh
fO{ In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
rich
in to
xic
alka
loid
che
mic
als.
32
Budd
leja
asi
atic
a Lo
ur.
Scro
phul
aria
ceae
D
icot
; T
But
terf
ly b
ush
eLd;
]g kft
L N
ativ
e R
elig
ious
; use
d as
fish
poi
son
and
in s
kin
dise
ases
.
App
endi
x 1:
Lis
t of f
low
erin
g pl
ants
in S
ingh
a D
urba
r pre
mis
es, K
athm
andu
, Nep
al
76
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
10
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 33
Bu
xus s
empe
rvir
ens L
. B
uxac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h B
ox w
ood
sdg
aS;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l, us
ed a
s he
dge.
34
Cal
liste
mon
citr
inus
(Cur
tis) S
keel
s M
yrta
ceae
D
icot
; T
Bot
tle b
rush
sN
sLkm"n
In
trodu
ced
Rel
igio
us; o
rnam
enta
l and
gr
own
as a
venu
e tre
e.
35
Cal
otro
pis p
roce
ra (A
iton)
Dry
and.
A
pocy
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h A
pple
of S
odom
cf
Fs N
ativ
e R
elig
ious
; med
icin
al
36
Cam
ellia
japo
nica
L.
Thea
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Japa
nese
can
mel
lia
rfOlg
h u'/
fF;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
37
C
amel
lia s
inen
sis (
L.) K
untz
e Th
eace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Te
a lr
of
Intro
duce
d H
edge
pla
nt; u
sed
to m
ake
tea.
38
Can
na h
ybri
da H
ort.
Can
nace
ae
Mon
ocot
; H
Can
na
;j{bf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; th
e ro
ots a
re th
e so
urce
of '
cann
a st
arch
'.
39
Car
ica
papa
ya L
. C
aric
acea
e M
onoc
ot; T
Pa
paya
d]j
f N
ativ
e Fr
uits
are
use
d an
d fo
od a
nd
vege
tabl
e.
40
Car
yota
ure
ns L
. A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; T
So
litar
y Fi
shta
il Pa
lm
lkm;6
]n kfd
N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l
41
Cas
sia
fistu
la L
. Le
gum
inos
ae
Dic
ot; T
G
olde
n sh
ower
tree
/fh
a[If
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al; o
rnam
enta
l; fo
dder
; fu
el w
ood
42
Cas
tane
a sa
tiva
Mill
. Fa
gace
ae
Dic
ot; T
Sw
eet c
hest
nut
hfkfg
Lh s
6';
Intro
duce
d Or
nam
ental
; roa
sted s
eeds
are e
dibl
e. 43
C
asua
rina
equ
iset
ifolia
L.
Cas
uarin
acea
e D
icot
; T
Aus
tralia
n pi
ne
Sofh
'l/gf
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
44
C
atha
rant
hus
rose
us (L
.) G
.Don
A
pocy
nace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Pe
riwin
kle
;bfj
xf/ k
m"n
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
; orn
amen
tal
45
Ced
rus
deod
ara
(Rox
b. e
x La
mb.
) G.D
on
Pina
ceae
G
ymno
sper
m; T
C
edar
b]j
bf/ w
'kL N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
46
C
elos
ia a
rgen
tea
L.
Am
aran
thac
eae
Dic
ot; H
C
ocks
com
b Rff
Fu] km"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
fodd
er, v
eget
able
47
C
eltis
aus
tral
is L
. C
abba
bace
ae
Dic
ot; T
Eu
rope
an n
ettle
tree
v/
L N
ativ
e Fo
dder
, fue
l woo
d 48
C
enta
urea
cya
nusL
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Blu
e bo
ttle,
Cor
n flo
wer
gf
}/ËL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 49
C
estr
um n
octu
rnum
L.
Sola
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Q
ueen
of t
he n
ight
/ft
sL /
fgL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 50
C
estr
um p
arqu
i (La
m.)
L'H
ér.
Sola
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h G
olde
n ce
stru
m
In
trodu
ced
Use
d as
hed
ge p
lant
51
C
haen
omel
es ja
poni
ca (T
hunb
.) Li
ndl.
Ros
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Japa
nese
qui
nce
/ftf] r
]/L In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
hedg
e pl
ant
52
Cha
mae
cypa
ris
law
soni
ana(
A.M
urra
y bi
s)
Parl.
C
upre
ssac
eae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Law
son
cypr
ess/
Gin
ger
pine
w'k
L In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
53
Cha
mae
dore
a se
ifriz
ii B
urre
t A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
B
ambo
o pa
lm/re
ed p
alm
rf
d]8f]/f
kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
54
Cha
mae
rops
hum
ilis L
. A
reca
ceae
D
icot
; T
Min
iatu
re d
ate
palm
yf
sn -k
mf]lgS;
_ N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l
55
Cho
eros
pond
ias
axill
aris
(Rox
b.)
B.L
.Bur
tt &
A.W
.Hill
A
naca
rdia
ceae
D
icot
; T
Nep
ali h
og p
lum
nK
;L
Nat
ive
Frui
t are
use
d to
mak
e pi
ckle
an
d ca
ndy.
56
Chr
ysan
them
um in
dicu
m L
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Chr
ysan
ths
uf]bfj
/L N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; us
ed as
inse
ctic
ides
; he
lp to
redu
ce in
door
air p
ollu
tion.
57
C
inna
mom
um c
amph
ora
(L.)
J.Pre
sl
Laur
acea
e D
icot
; T
Cam
phor
tree
sk
'/ In
trodu
ced
Med
icin
al
58
Cin
nam
omum
gla
ndul
iferu
m (W
all.)
M
eisn
. La
urac
eae
Dic
ot; T
N
epal
cam
phor
tree
;'u
Gwsf
]sLnf
N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
, use
d in
mus
cula
r sw
ellin
g.
59
Cin
nam
omum
tam
ala
(Buc
h.-H
am.)
T.N
ees &
Ebe
rm.
Laur
acea
e D
icot
; T
Indi
an b
ay le
af
t]hkft
N
ativ
e Sp
ices
; med
icin
al
60
Citr
us a
uran
tifol
ia (C
hris
tm.)
Swin
gle
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Lim
e sf
utL
Nat
ive
Frui
ts a
re s
ourc
e of
Vita
min
C
and
also
use
d to
mak
e pi
ckle
. 61
C
itrus
japo
nica
Thu
nb.
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Kum
quat
d'G
tnf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; fr
uit e
dibl
e.
62
Citr
us m
axim
a (B
urm
.) M
err.
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; T
Pum
mel
o/Sh
addo
ck
ef]u6
] N
ativ
e Fr
uit e
dibl
e.
63
Citr
us x
jam
bhir
i Lus
h.
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Rou
gh le
mon
Ho
fdL/
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble.
64
Citr
us r
etic
ulat
a B
lanc
o R
utac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h O
rang
e tre
e ;'G
tnf
Nat
ive
Pulp
is a
n ex
celle
nt s
ourc
e of
vi
tam
in A
& C
and
pot
assi
um.
76
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
10
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 33
Bu
xus s
empe
rvir
ens L
. B
uxac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h B
ox w
ood
sdg
aS;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l, us
ed a
s he
dge.
34
Cal
liste
mon
citr
inus
(Cur
tis) S
keel
s M
yrta
ceae
D
icot
; T
Bot
tle b
rush
sN
sLkm"n
In
trodu
ced
Rel
igio
us; o
rnam
enta
l and
gr
own
as a
venu
e tre
e.
35
Cal
otro
pis p
roce
ra (A
iton)
Dry
and.
A
pocy
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h A
pple
of S
odom
cf
Fs N
ativ
e R
elig
ious
; med
icin
al
36
Cam
ellia
japo
nica
L.
Thea
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Japa
nese
can
mel
lia
rfOlg
h u'/
fF;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
37
C
amel
lia s
inen
sis (
L.) K
untz
e Th
eace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Te
a lr
of
Intro
duce
d H
edge
pla
nt; u
sed
to m
ake
tea.
38
Can
na h
ybri
da H
ort.
Can
nace
ae
Mon
ocot
; H
Can
na
;j{bf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; th
e ro
ots a
re th
e so
urce
of '
cann
a st
arch
'.
39
Car
ica
papa
ya L
. C
aric
acea
e M
onoc
o t; T
Pa
paya
d]j
f N
ativ
e Fr
uits
are
use
d an
d fo
od a
nd
vege
tabl
e.
40
Car
yota
ure
ns L
. A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; T
So
litar
y Fi
shta
il Pa
lm
lkm;6
]n kfd
N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l
41
Cas
sia
fistu
la L
. Le
gum
inos
ae
Dic
ot; T
G
olde
n sh
ower
tree
/fh
a[If
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al; o
rnam
enta
l; fo
dder
; fu
el w
ood
42
Cas
tane
a sa
tiva
Mill
. Fa
gace
ae
Dic
ot; T
Sw
eet c
hest
nut
hfkfg
Lh s
6';
Intro
duce
d Or
nam
ental
; roa
sted s
eeds
are e
dibl
e. 43
C
asua
rina
equ
iset
ifolia
L.
Cas
uarin
acea
e D
icot
; T
Aus
tralia
n pi
ne
Sofh
'l/gf
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
44
C
atha
rant
hus
rose
us (L
.) G
.Don
A
pocy
nace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Pe
riwin
kle
;bfj
xf/ k
m"n
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
; orn
amen
tal
45
Ced
rus
deod
ara
(Rox
b. e
x La
mb.
) G.D
on
Pina
ceae
G
ymno
sper
m; T
C
edar
b]j
bf/ w
'kL N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
46
C
elos
ia a
rgen
tea
L.
Am
aran
thac
eae
Dic
ot; H
C
ocks
com
b Rff
Fu] km"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
fodd
er, v
eget
able
47
C
eltis
aus
tral
is L
. C
abba
bace
ae
Dic
ot; T
Eu
rope
an n
ettle
tree
v/
L N
ativ
e Fo
dder
, fue
l woo
d 48
C
enta
urea
cya
nusL
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Blu
e bo
ttle,
Cor
n flo
wer
gf
}/ËL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 49
C
estr
um n
octu
rnum
L.
Sola
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Q
ueen
of t
he n
ight
/ft
sL /
fgL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 50
C
estr
um p
arqu
i (La
m.)
L'H
ér.
Sola
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h G
olde
n ce
stru
m
In
trodu
ced
Use
d as
hed
ge p
lant
51
C
haen
omel
es ja
poni
ca (T
hunb
.) Li
ndl.
Ros
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Japa
nese
qui
nce
/ftf] r
]/L In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
hedg
e pl
ant
52
Cha
mae
cypa
ris
law
soni
ana(
A.M
urra
y bi
s)
Parl.
C
upre
ssac
eae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Law
son
cypr
ess/
Gin
ger
pine
w'k
L In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
53
Cha
mae
dore
a se
ifriz
ii B
urre
t A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
B
ambo
o pa
lm/re
ed p
alm
rf
d]8f]/f
kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
54
Cha
mae
rops
hum
ilis L
. A
reca
ceae
D
icot
; T
Min
iatu
re d
ate
palm
yf
sn -k
mf]lgS;
_ N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l
55
Cho
eros
pond
ias
axill
aris
(Rox
b.)
B.L
.Bur
tt &
A.W
.Hill
A
naca
rdia
ceae
D
icot
; T
Nep
ali h
og p
lum
nK
;L
Nat
ive
Frui
t are
use
d to
mak
e pi
ckle
an
d ca
ndy.
56
Chr
ysan
them
um in
dicu
m L
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Chr
ysan
ths
uf]bfj
/L N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; us
ed as
inse
ctic
ides
; he
lp to
redu
ce in
door
air p
ollu
tion.
57
C
inna
mom
um c
amph
ora
(L.)
J.Pre
sl
Laur
acea
e D
icot
; T
Cam
phor
tree
sk
'/ In
trodu
ced
Med
icin
al
58
Cin
nam
omum
gla
ndul
iferu
m (W
all.)
M
eisn
. La
urac
eae
Dic
ot; T
N
epal
cam
phor
tree
;'u
Gwsf
]sLnf
N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
, use
d in
mus
cula
r sw
ellin
g.
59
Cin
nam
omum
tam
ala
(Buc
h.-H
am.)
T.N
ees &
Ebe
rm.
Laur
acea
e D
icot
; T
Indi
an b
ay le
af
t]hkft
N
ativ
e Sp
ices
; med
icin
al
60
Citr
us a
uran
tifol
ia (C
hris
tm.)
Swin
gle
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Lim
e sf
utL
Nat
ive
Frui
ts a
re s
ourc
e of
Vita
min
C
and
also
use
d to
mak
e pi
ckle
. 61
C
itrus
japo
nica
Thu
nb.
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Kum
quat
d'G
tnf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; fr
uit e
dibl
e.
62
Citr
us m
axim
a (B
urm
.) M
err.
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; T
Pum
mel
o/Sh
addo
ck
ef]u6
] N
ativ
e Fr
uit e
dibl
e.
63
Citr
us x
jam
bhir
i Lus
h.
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Rou
gh le
mon
Ho
fdL/
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble.
64
Citr
us r
etic
ulat
a B
lanc
o R
utac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h O
rang
e tre
e ;'G
tnf
Nat
ive
Pulp
is a
n ex
celle
nt s
ourc
e of
vi
tam
in A
& C
and
pot
assi
um.
77
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
11
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 65
C
itrus
sin
ensi
s (L.
) Osb
eck
Rut
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Swee
t ora
nge
h'gf/
Nat
ive
Sour
ces o
f Vita
min
C.
66
Cle
rode
ndru
m th
omso
niae
Bal
f.f.
Lam
iace
ae
Dic
ot; C
l B
leed
ing
hear
t vin
e Jn
L8L8
x6{
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 67
C
livia
min
iata
(Lin
dl.)
Bos
se
Am
aryl
lidac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Kaf
ir lil
y ls
neLo
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
68
Cod
iaeu
m v
arie
gatu
m (L
.) R
umph
. ex
A.Ju
ss.
Euph
orbi
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Cro
ton
s|f]6f]g
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
69
Cor
eops
is g
rand
iflor
a H
ogg
ex S
wee
t C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Early
sun
rise
sf]/]K;
L;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 70
C
osm
os s
ulph
ureu
s Cav
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Sulfu
r cos
mos
s;
d;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
71
Cot
onea
ster
elli
ptic
us (L
indl
.) Lo
udon
R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h N
epal
Loq
uat
dfof
N
ativ
e Ri
pen
fruits
are
edi
ble
and
also
m
ade
into
jam
s and
jelli
es.
72
Cri
num
orn
atum
(Aito
n) H
erb.
A
mar
yllid
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
M
ilk a
nd W
ine
lily
306Lk
m"n
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 73
C
tena
nthe
lanc
eola
ta P
eter
sen
Mar
anta
ceae
M
onoc
ot; S
h B
ambu
rant
a d/
06f
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 74
C
uphe
a hy
ssop
ifolia
Kun
th
Lyth
race
ae
Dic
ot; S
h C
igar
pla
nt
;"Nkmf
km"Nf
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
fodd
er
75
Cup
ress
us t
orul
osa
D. D
on
Cup
ress
acea
e G
ymno
sper
m; T
H
ymal
ian
cypr
ess
w'kL -
/fh ;
Nnf]_
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
ince
nse;
co
nstru
ctio
n m
ater
ial
76
Cup
ress
us m
acro
carp
a H
artw
. C
upre
ssac
eae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Gol
d cr
est
uf]N8
]g w'k
L In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
77
Cup
ress
us se
mpe
rvir
ens
L.
Cup
ress
acea
e G
ymno
sper
m; T
M
edite
rran
ean
cypr
ess/
Pe
ncil
pine
k]G
;Ln
w'kL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
78
Cyc
as p
ectin
ata
Buc
h.-H
am.
Cyc
adac
eae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Nep
al c
ycas
/Ass
am c
ycal
yf
sn
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
tend
er fl
eshy
sh
oots
are
eat
en a
s ve
geta
ble,
se
eds a
re a
lso
edib
le.
79
Cyc
as re
volu
ta T
hunb
. C
ycad
acea
e G
ymno
sper
m; T
Sa
go p
alm
;f
Os;
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
the y
oung
emer
gent
le
aves
are u
sed
as v
eget
able
.
80
Cyc
lam
en p
ersi
cum
Mill
. Pr
imul
acea
e D
icot
; H
Sow
brea
d/Pe
rsia
n cy
clam
en
;fOS
nf]d]g
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
81
Cym
bidi
um ir
idio
ides
D. D
on
Orc
hida
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
Ir
is-li
ke C
ymbi
dium
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal
82
Cym
bopo
gon
citr
atus
(DC
.) St
apf
Poac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Lem
ongr
ass
n]dgu
|f;
Nat
ive
Leav
es a
nd o
il us
ed a
s m
edic
ine.
Lea
f and
ste
am a
lso
used
as c
ulin
ary.
83
Cyp
erus
alte
rnifo
lius
L.
Cyp
erac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Um
brel
la se
dge
7"nf] d
f]y]
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; ro
ots
have
an
tibac
teria
l and
ant
ifung
al
prop
ertie
s. 84
C
yrta
nthu
s m
acke
nii H
ook.
f. A
mar
yllid
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
Fi
re li
ly
nLnL
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
85
Dah
lia p
inna
ta C
av.
Com
posi
tae
Dic
ot; H
G
arde
n D
ahlia
nf
x'/] k
m"n
Nat
ive
Dye
is o
btai
ned
from
the f
low
ers;
root
tube
r is r
ich
in in
sulin
. 86
D
iant
hus
barb
atus
L.
Car
yoph
ylla
ceae
D
icot
; H
Swee
t Will
iam
8f
oGy;
\ In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
87
Dia
nthu
s ca
ryop
hyllu
s L.
Car
yoph
ylla
ceae
D
icot
; H
Car
natio
n/C
love
pin
k sf
g]{;g
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
88
D
ieffe
nbac
hia
segu
ine
(Jac
q.) S
chot
t A
race
ae
Mon
ocot
; H
Dum
b ca
ne
8fOk
m]gj]ls
of
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
89
Dig
italis
pur
pure
a L.
Pl
anta
gina
ceae
D
icot
; H
Foxg
love
/Dig
italis
af
3d'v]
km"n
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
ain
sour
ce o
f di
goxi
n (to
trea
t hea
rt fa
ilure
) fo
r the
pha
rmac
eutic
al in
dust
ry.
90
Dio
spyr
os k
aki L
.f.
Eben
acea
e D
icot
; T
Japa
nese
Per
sim
mon
xn
'jfj]b
In
trodu
ced
Frui
t edi
ble.
91
Dor
othe
anth
us b
illid
iform
is (B
urm
.f.)
N.E
.Br.
Aiz
oace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Li
ving
ston
e da
isy
cfO;
KnfG6
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
92
Dra
caen
a br
auni
i Eng
l. A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Rib
bon
Dra
caen
a 8«o
f;Lg
LofF
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
78
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
12
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 93
D
raca
ena
frag
rans
(L.)
Ker
Gaw
l. A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Cor
nsta
lk d
raca
ena
sg{ Kn
fG6
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 94
D
raca
ena
refle
xa L
am.
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; S
h D
rago
n tre
e 8«o
f;Lg
LofF
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 95
D
uran
ta e
rect
a L.
V
erbe
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Pi
geon
ber
ry
gLns
fF8f
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l, g
row
n as
hed
ge p
lant
.
96
Dyp
sis
lute
scen
s (H
.Wen
dl.)
Bee
ntje
&
J.Dra
nsf.
Are
cace
ae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Yel
low
pal
m
Pl/sf
kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
97
Ehre
tia a
cum
inat
a R
.Br.
Bor
agin
acea
e D
icot
; T
Kod
a tre
e/ B
row
n-ce
der
;]tf] n
f]wf],
gfn;
'/f N
ativ
e Th
e fr
uit i
s ed
ible
; pla
nt is
use
d fo
r roa
dsid
e pl
antin
gs.
98
Elae
ocar
pus
serr
atus
L.
Elae
ocar
pace
ae
Dic
ot; T
B
ead
tree
?b|fIf
N
ativ
e Re
ligio
us; u
sed
in re
med
y fo
r blo
od
pres
sure
and
hear
t ailm
ents.
99
Ep
iphy
llum
oxy
peta
lum
(DC
.) H
aw.
Cac
tace
ae
Dic
ot; H
O
rchi
d ca
ctus
cl
s{8 S
ofS6
; In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
100
Eryt
hrin
a cr
ista
-gal
li L.
Le
gum
inos
ae
Dic
ot; T
C
oral
tree
kmn
]bf] N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
10
1 Es
chsc
holz
ia c
alifo
rnic
a C
ham
. Pa
pave
race
ae
Dic
ot; H
C
alifo
rnia
n po
ppy
lktfDj
/ In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
102
Euca
lypt
us c
amal
dule
nsis
Deh
nh.
Myr
tace
ae
Dic
ot; T
R
ed ri
ver g
um
d;nf
?v
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
10
3 Eu
onym
us f
ortu
nei (
Turc
z.) H
and.
-Maz
z.
Cel
astra
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Spin
dle/
Win
ter c
reep
er
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
104
Euon
ymus
japo
nicu
s Th
unb.
C
elas
trace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Ev
ergr
een
spin
dle
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
105
Euph
orbi
a co
tinifo
lia L
. Eu
phor
biac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h C
arib
bean
cop
per p
lant
sf
]6Lg;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; th
e m
ilky
sap
is
pois
onou
s.
106
Euph
orbi
a m
ilii D
es M
oul.
Euph
orbi
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Cro
wn
of th
orns
l;
d/L
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; la
tex
is ap
plie
d to
sp
rain
s and
also
use
d as
fish
poi
son.
107
Euph
orbi
a pu
lche
rrim
a W
illd.
ex
Klo
tzsc
h Eu
phor
biac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h Po
inse
ttia
nfn'k
ft]
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
late
x is
app
lied
in
boils
. 10
8 Eu
phor
bia
royl
eana
Boi
ss.
Euph
orbi
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Roy
le's
spur
ge
l;pF8
L N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; hed
ge p
lant
10
9 Fi
cus
beng
hale
nsis
(L.)
Gas
p.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Ban
yan
fig
j/
Nat
ive
Rel
igio
us; m
edic
inal
11
0 Fi
cus b
enja
min
a L
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Wee
ping
fig
;dL
Nat
ive
Rel
igio
us; m
edic
inal
11
1 Fi
cus e
last
ica
Rox
b. e
x H
orne
m.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Rub
ber f
ig
/j/
KnfG6
N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; so
urce
of l
atex
11
2 Fi
cus l
acor
Buc
h.-H
am.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Java
fig
sfe|f
] N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; foo
d; fo
oder
11
3 Fi
cus r
elig
iosa
L.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Bod
hi tr
ee /
Sacr
ed fi
g kLk
n N
ativ
e R
elig
ious
; med
icin
al
114
Frax
inus
flor
ibun
da W
all.
Ole
acea
e D
icot
; T
Him
alay
an a
sh
nfs'/
L N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
11
5 Fu
chsi
a hy
brid
a ho
rt. e
x Si
eber
t & V
oss
Ona
grac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h La
dy's
ear d
rops
s[i
0f sn
L -km'l
R;of
_In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
116
Gar
deni
a ja
smin
oide
s J.E
llis
Rub
iace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h C
ape
jasm
ine
OGb|s
dn
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
11
7 G
azan
ia ri
gens
(L.)
Gae
rtn.
Com
posi
tae
Dic
ot; H
Tr
easu
re fl
ower
Uo
fNh]g
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 11
8 G
azan
ia x
hyb
rida
C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Trea
sure
flow
er
uhlgof
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
119
Ger
bera
max
ima
(D. D
on) B
eauv
erd
Com
posi
tae
Dic
ot; H
D
aisy
hj
]{/f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
120
Gla
diol
us g
rand
iflor
us A
ndre
ws.
Ir
idac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Swor
d lil
y Un
f8'n;
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
121
Gre
ville
a ro
bust
a A
.Cun
n. e
x R
.Br.
Prot
eace
ae
Dic
ot; T
Si
lky
oak
sfFuL
of]
Nat
ive
Gro
wn
as an
aven
ue tr
ee; r
elig
ious
12
2 H
ibis
cus r
osa-
sine
nsis
L.
Mal
vace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h C
hina
rose
x]lj
:s;
-/ftf
]_ N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
12
3 H
ippe
astr
um v
ittat
um (L
'Hér
.) H
erb.
A
mar
yllid
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
A
mar
yllis
9\j
fË km"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal.
124
Hyd
rang
ea m
acro
phyl
la (T
hunb
.) Se
r. H
ydra
ngea
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Big
leaf
hyd
rang
ea
x+;/fh
N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
12
5 Ib
eris
sem
perv
iren
s L.
Bra
ssic
acea
e D
icot
; H
Ever
gree
n C
andy
tuft
Sof08
L6km\6
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 12
6 Im
patie
ns b
alsa
min
a L.
B
alsa
min
acea
e D
icot
; H
Bal
sam
lt
p/L
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
127
Jaca
rand
a m
imos
ifolia
D. D
on
Big
noni
acea
e D
icot
; T
Blu
e ja
cara
nda
eFu]/L
km"n
Intro
duce
d G
row
n as
an
aven
ue tr
ee a
nd
fuel
woo
d.
78
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
12
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 93
D
raca
ena
frag
rans
(L.)
Ker
Gaw
l. A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Cor
nsta
lk d
raca
ena
sg{ Kn
fG6
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 94
D
raca
ena
refle
xa L
am.
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; S
h D
rago
n tre
e 8«o
f;Lg
LofF
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 95
D
uran
ta e
rect
a L.
V
erbe
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Pi
geon
ber
ry
gLns
fF8f
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l, g
row
n as
hed
ge p
lant
.
96
Dyp
sis
lute
scen
s (H
.Wen
dl.)
Bee
ntje
&
J.Dra
nsf.
Are
cace
ae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Yel
low
pal
m
Pl/sf
kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
97
Ehre
tia a
cum
inat
a R
.Br.
Bor
agin
acea
e D
icot
; T
Kod
a tre
e/ B
row
n-ce
der
;]tf] n
f]wf],
gfn;
'/f N
ativ
e Th
e fr
uit i
s ed
ible
; pla
nt is
use
d fo
r roa
dsid
e pl
antin
gs.
98
Elae
ocar
pus
serr
atus
L.
Elae
ocar
pace
ae
Dic
ot; T
B
ead
tree
?b|fIf
N
ativ
e Re
ligio
us; u
sed
in re
med
y fo
r blo
od
pres
sure
and
hear
t ailm
ents.
99
Ep
iphy
llum
oxy
peta
lum
(DC
.) H
aw.
Cac
tace
ae
Dic
ot; H
O
rchi
d ca
ctus
cl
s{8 S
ofS6
; In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
100
Eryt
hrin
a cr
ista
-gal
li L.
Le
gum
inos
ae
Dic
ot; T
C
oral
tree
kmn
]bf] N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
10
1 Es
chsc
holz
ia c
alifo
rnic
a C
ham
. Pa
pave
race
ae
Dic
ot; H
C
alifo
rnia
n po
ppy
lktfDj
/ In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
102
Euca
lypt
us c
amal
dule
nsis
Deh
nh.
Myr
tace
ae
Dic
ot; T
R
ed ri
ver g
um
d;nf
?v
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
10
3 Eu
onym
us f
ortu
nei (
Turc
z.) H
and.
-Maz
z.
Cel
astra
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Spin
dle/
Win
ter c
reep
er
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
104
Euon
ymus
japo
nicu
s Th
unb.
C
elas
trace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Ev
ergr
een
spin
dle
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
105
Euph
orbi
a co
tinifo
lia L
. Eu
phor
biac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h C
arib
bean
cop
per p
lant
sf
]6Lg;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; th
e m
ilky
sap
is
pois
onou
s.
106
Euph
orbi
a m
ilii D
e s M
oul.
Euph
orbi
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Cro
wn
of th
orns
l;
d/L
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; la
tex
is ap
plie
d to
sp
rain
s and
also
use
d as
fish
poi
son.
107
Euph
orbi
a pu
lche
rrim
a W
illd.
ex
Klo
tzsc
h Eu
phor
biac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h Po
inse
ttia
nfn'k
ft]
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
late
x is
app
lied
in
boils
. 10
8 Eu
phor
bia
royl
eana
Boi
ss.
Euph
orbi
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Roy
le's
spur
ge
l;pF8
L N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; hed
ge p
lant
10
9 Fi
cus
beng
hale
nsis
(L.)
Gas
p.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Ban
yan
fig
j/
Nat
ive
Rel
igio
us; m
edic
inal
11
0 Fi
cus b
enja
min
a L
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Wee
ping
fig
;dL
Nat
ive
Rel
igio
us; m
edic
inal
11
1 Fi
cus e
last
ica
Rox
b. e
x H
orne
m.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Rub
ber f
ig
/j/
KnfG6
N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; so
urce
of l
atex
11
2 Fi
cus l
acor
Buc
h.-H
am.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Java
fig
sfe|f
] N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; foo
d; fo
oder
11
3 Fi
cus r
elig
iosa
L.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Bod
hi tr
ee /
Sacr
ed fi
g kLk
n N
ativ
e R
elig
ious
; med
icin
al
114
Frax
inus
flor
ibun
da W
all.
Ole
acea
e D
icot
; T
Him
alay
an a
sh
nfs'/
L N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
11
5 Fu
chsi
a hy
brid
a ho
rt. e
x Si
eber
t & V
oss
Ona
grac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h La
dy's
ear d
rops
s[i
0f sn
L -km'l
R;of
_In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
116
Gar
deni
a ja
smin
oide
s J.E
llis
Rub
iace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h C
ape
jasm
ine
OGb|s
dn
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
11
7 G
azan
ia ri
gens
(L.)
Gae
rtn.
Com
posi
tae
Dic
ot; H
Tr
easu
re fl
ower
Uo
fNh]g
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 11
8 G
azan
ia x
hyb
rida
C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Trea
sure
flow
er
uhlgof
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
119
Ger
bera
max
ima
(D. D
on) B
eauv
erd
Com
posi
tae
Dic
ot; H
D
aisy
hj
]{/f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
120
Gla
diol
us g
rand
iflor
us A
ndre
ws.
Ir
idac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Swor
d lil
y Un
f8'n;
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
121
Gre
ville
a ro
bust
a A
.Cun
n. e
x R
.Br.
Prot
eace
ae
Dic
ot; T
Si
lky
oak
sfFuL
of]
Nat
ive
Gro
wn
as an
aven
ue tr
ee; r
elig
ious
12
2 H
ibis
cus r
osa-
sine
nsis
L.
Mal
vace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h C
hina
rose
x]lj
:s;
-/ftf
]_ N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
12
3 H
ippe
astr
um v
ittat
um (L
'Hér
.) H
erb.
A
mar
yllid
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
A
mar
yllis
9\j
fË km"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal.
124
Hyd
rang
ea m
acro
phyl
la (T
hunb
.) Se
r. H
ydra
ngea
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Big
leaf
hyd
rang
ea
x+;/fh
N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
12
5 Ib
eris
sem
perv
iren
s L.
Bra
ssic
acea
e D
icot
; H
Ever
gree
n C
andy
tuft
Sof08
L6km\6
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 12
6 Im
patie
ns b
alsa
min
a L.
B
alsa
min
acea
e D
icot
; H
Bal
sam
lt
p/L
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
127
Jaca
rand
a m
imos
ifolia
D. D
on
Big
noni
acea
e D
icot
; T
Blu
e ja
cara
nda
eFu]/L
km"n
Intro
duce
d G
row
n as
an
aven
ue tr
ee a
nd
fuel
woo
d.
79
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
13
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s
128
Jasm
inum
hum
ile L
. O
leac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h Y
ello
w J
asm
ine,
Nep
al
Jasm
ine
hfO{
km"n
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal,
as h
edge
pla
nt;
med
icin
al
129
Jasm
inum
mul
tiflo
rum
(Bur
m.f.
) And
rew
s O
leac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h St
ar ja
smin
e/D
owny
Ja
smin
e.
a]nL k
'ik
Intro
duce
d R
elig
ious
; orn
amen
tal;
m
edic
inal
13
0 Ju
glan
s re
gia
L.
Jugl
anda
ceae
D
icot
; T
Com
mon
wal
nut
cf]v/
N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; ba
rk u
sed
in d
ye.
131
Juni
peru
s co
mm
unis
L.
Cup
ress
acea
e G
ymno
sper
m; S
h C
omm
on ju
nipe
r w'k
L N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
13
2 Ju
nipe
rus s
quam
ata
Buc
h.-H
am. e
x D
.Don
Cup
ress
acea
e G
ymno
sper
m; S
h Si
ngle
see
d ju
nipe
r w'k
L N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; us
ed a
s inc
ense
13
3 Ju
stic
ia b
rand
egee
ana
Was
sh. &
L.B
. Sm
. A
cant
hace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h B
elop
eron
e a]n
lk/g
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
134
Kni
phof
ia u
vari
a (L
.) O
ken
Xan
thor
rhoe
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
R
ed h
ot p
oker
3f
]u] km"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
135
Lage
rstr
oem
ia in
dica
L.
Lyth
race
ae
Dic
ot; T
C
rape
Myr
tle
c;f/]
km"n
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
136
Livi
ston
a ch
inen
sis
(Jac
q.) R
.Br.
ex M
art.
Are
cace
ae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Chi
nese
fan
palm
6fO
u/ k
fd, h
u/
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 13
7 M
agno
lia ×
sou
lang
eana
Sou
l.-B
od.
Mag
nolia
ceae
D
icot
; T
Sauc
er m
agno
lia
/Qm s
dn
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 13
8 M
agno
lia b
eton
gens
is (C
raib
) H.K
eng
Mag
nolia
ceae
D
icot
; T
Purp
le m
agno
lia
ef]6]
rfFk
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 13
9 M
agno
lia c
ham
paca
(L.)
Bai
ll. e
x Pi
erre
M
agno
liace
ae
Dic
ot; T
G
olde
n m
iche
lia
rfFk
N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
; tim
ber
140
Mag
nolia
coc
o (L
our.)
DC
. M
agno
liace
ae
Dic
ot; T
C
hine
se m
agno
lia
lrgL
of r
Dkf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 14
1 M
agno
lia fi
go (L
our.)
DC
. M
agno
liace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h Po
rt w
ine
mag
nolia
sg
sg r
Dkf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
142
Mag
nolia
gra
ndifl
ora
L.
Mag
nolia
ceae
D
icot
; T
Larg
e tre
e m
agno
lia/ B
ull
bay
?v s
dn
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
143
Mah
onia
nap
aule
nsis
DC
. B
erba
ridac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h N
epal
mah
onia
hd
fg] d
fGb|f] /
dfGb
|] r'q
f] N
ativ
e O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
144
Mal
us p
umila
Mill
. R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
A
pple
:o
fp
Intro
duce
d Th
e fr
uit i
s so
urce
of m
iner
als
and
vita
min
s.
145
Mal
vavi
scus
arb
oreu
s C
av.
Mal
vace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h W
ax m
allo
w/S
leep
ing
hibi
scus
x]lj
:s;
-/ftf
] v';
f{gL k
m'n_
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
flow
ers a
re u
sed
to
mak
e he
rbal
teas
. 14
6 M
angi
fera
indi
ca L
. A
naca
rdia
ceae
D
icot
; T
Man
go
cfFk
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al; f
ruit
pulp
is e
dibl
e.
147
Mar
anta
leuc
oneu
ra E
.Mor
ren
Mar
anta
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
Pr
ayer
pla
nt
d/G6
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
148
Mel
ia a
zeda
rach
L.
Mel
iace
ae
Dic
ot; T
C
hina
berr
y tre
e as
fOgf]
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al
149
Men
tha
arve
nsis
L.
Lam
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Ja
pane
se m
int
afa/
L km"n
, t'N;
L jf
j/L
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
150
Men
tha
spic
ata
L.
Lam
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Sp
ear m
int/
Gar
den
min
t k'lb
gf
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al
151
Mir
abili
s ja
lapa
L.
Nyc
tagi
nace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Fo
ur o
'cloc
k flo
wer
n+s
zfgL
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
152
Mol
iner
ia c
rass
ifolia
Bak
er
Hyp
oxid
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
W
eevi
l-wor
t :o
fnwf
]tL, w
f]tL;
/f] N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
15
3 M
onst
era
delic
iosa
Lie
bm.
Ara
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
Sw
iss C
hees
e pl
ant
dG:6
]/f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
frui
t edi
ble
154
Mor
us a
lba
L.
Mor
acea
e D
icot
; T
Whi
te m
ulbe
rry
lsDa
' N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; fod
der
155
Mur
raya
koe
nigi
i (L.
) Spr
eng.
R
utac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h C
urry
tree
dL
7f lgd
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al; s
pice
s 15
6 M
yric
a es
cule
nta
Buc
h.-H
am. e
x D
. Don
M
yric
acea
e D
icot
; T (S
eedl
ing)
Bay
ber
ry
sfkmn
N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; Fru
it ed
ible
. 15
7 N
agei
a na
gi (T
hunb
.) K
untz
e Po
doca
rpac
eae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Asi
an b
aybe
rry
kf]8f]s
fk{;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
158
Nan
dina
dom
estic
a Th
unb.
B
erbe
ridac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h Sa
cred
bam
boo
gGbLg
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
all p
arts
of t
he
plan
t are
poi
sono
us.
159
Nar
ciss
us p
oetic
us L
. A
mar
yllid
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
D
affo
dil/L
ent l
ily
u'gs]z
/L In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al; c
ultu
ral
use
160
Ner
ium
ole
ande
r L.
Apo
cyna
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Ole
ande
r/ R
ose
bay
s/lj/
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
80
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
14
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 16
1 N
ycta
nthe
s arb
or-tr
istis
L.
Ole
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Nig
ht-f
low
erin
g Ja
smin
e kfl
/hft
N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; rel
igio
us
162
Oph
iopo
gon
japo
nicu
s (T
hunb
.) K
er
Gaw
l.
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
M
ondo
gra
ss/d
war
f lil
ytur
f ;'k
f/L 3
fF;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
163
Orn
ithog
alum
thyr
soid
es Ja
cq.
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
St
ar-o
f-B
ethl
ehem
5\o
fkL k
m"n
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
164
Osm
anth
us fr
agra
ns L
our.
Ole
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Swee
t osm
anth
us/T
ea
oliv
e l;
l/Ë]
Nat
ive
Use
d in
per
fum
ery
and
as a
fla
vour
ing.
16
5 Pa
chys
tach
ys lu
tea
Nee
s A
cant
hace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h G
olde
n sh
rimp
plan
t j]n
lk/g
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
166
Pela
rgon
ium
pel
tatu
m (L
.) L'
Hér
. G
eran
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Iv
y ge
rani
um
x\ofª\u
LË lh
/flgo
d In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
167
Pela
rgon
ium
zona
le(L
.) L'
Hér
. ex
Aito
n G
eran
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
H
orse
-sho
e pe
larg
oniu
m
k]n]uf
]{lgod
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
168
Peri
calli
s cru
enta
(L'H
ér.)
Bol
le
Com
posi
tae
Dic
ot; H
St
ar C
iner
aria
l;
g]/Lo
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
169
Pers
ea a
mer
ican
a M
ill.
Laur
acea
e D
icot
; T
Avo
cado
/Alli
gato
r Pea
r Pe
f]sf8
f]{ In
trodu
ced
Frui
t is
high
ly n
utrit
ious
. 17
0 Pe
tuni
a hy
brid
a V
ilm.
Sola
nace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Pe
tuni
a lk6
'gLof
F In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
171
Philo
dend
ron
bipi
nnat
ifidu
m S
chot
t ex
Endl
. A
race
ae
Mon
ocot
; Cl
Tree
phi
lode
ndro
n lkm
nf]8]G
8«g
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
172
Phoe
nix
sylv
estr
is(L
.) R
oxb.
A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; T
W
ild d
ate
palm
hu
/ kfd
, kmf]lg
S;
kfd
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; fr
uit e
dibl
e,
card
ioto
nic
and
gast
ric
stim
ulan
t.
173
Phyl
lant
hus e
mbl
ica
L.
Phyl
lant
hace
ae
Dic
ot; T
M
yrob
alan
, Ind
ian
goos
eber
ry
cdnf
lj?j
f N
ativ
e Fr
uit i
s hi
ghly
nut
ritio
us;
med
icin
al
174
Pile
a ca
dier
ei G
agne
p. &
Gui
llaum
in
Urti
cace
ae
Dic
ot; H
A
lum
iniu
m p
lant
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 17
5 Pi
lea
pepe
rom
ioid
es D
iels
U
rtica
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
C
hine
se m
oney
pla
nt
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
176
Pinu
s rox
burg
hii S
arg.
Pi
nace
ae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Long
leve
d Pi
ne/C
hir p
ine
vf]6]
;Nnf
] N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; tim
ber
177
Pinu
s vi
rgin
iana
Mill
. Pi
nace
ae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Scru
b pi
ne
uf]N8
]g ;N
nf]
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 17
8 Pl
atyc
ladu
s or
ient
alis
(L.)
Fran
co
Cup
ress
acea
e G
ymno
sper
m; T
C
hine
se th
uja
do'/
k+vL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
179
Poly
alth
ia lo
ngifo
lia (S
onn.
) Thw
aite
s A
nnon
acea
e D
icot
; T
Ash
oka
tree
czf]s
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
grow
n as
an
aven
ue tr
ee.
180
Popu
lus
× c
anad
ensi
s Moe
nch
Salic
acea
e D
icot
; T
Asp
en
nx/]
kLkn
Intro
duce
d U
sed
to m
ake v
enee
r and
ply
woo
d.
181
Prun
us c
eras
ifera
Ehr
h.
Ros
acea
e D
icot
; T
Che
rry
plum
cf
Nrf
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble
182
Prun
us c
eras
oide
s Buc
h.-H
am. e
x D
.Don
R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
So
ru c
herr
y k}o
f}+ N
ativ
e Fr
uit e
dibl
e 18
3 Pr
unus
dom
estic
a L.
R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
Pl
um
cf?j
v8f
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble
184
Prun
us p
ersi
ca (L
.) B
atsc
h R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
Pe
ach
cf?
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al
185
Psid
ium
gua
java
L.
Myr
tace
ae
Dic
ot; T
G
uava
cD
jf
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble;
med
icin
al
186
Pter
ocar
pus
sant
alin
us L
.f.
Legu
min
osae
D
icot
; T
Red
sand
alw
ood
/Qm r
Gbg
Intro
duce
d H
eartw
ood
is m
edic
inal
. 18
7 Pu
nica
gra
natu
m L
. Ly
thra
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Pom
egra
nate
cg
f/ In
trodu
ced
Frui
t edi
ble;
med
icin
al.
188
Pyru
s com
mun
is L
. R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
C
omm
on p
ear
gf;k
ftL
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble
189
Ranu
ncul
us a
siat
icus
L.
Ran
uncu
lace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Pe
rsia
n bu
tterc
up
/fgL s
dn
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 19
0 Ra
uvol
fia s
erpe
ntin
a (L
.) B
enth
. ex
Kur
z A
pocy
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h In
dian
snak
e ro
ot
rfFbd
?jf,
;k{uG
wf
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al, o
rnam
enta
l 19
1 Ra
vene
a ri
vula
ris J
um.&
H. P
errie
r A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; T
M
ajes
ty p
alm
/]S
hLgf
kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
192
Rhap
hido
phor
a de
curs
iva
(Rox
b.) S
chot
t A
race
ae
Mon
ocot
; Cl
Cre
epin
g Ph
ilode
ndro
n sl
Grgf
]{ N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
19
3 Rh
apis
exc
elsa
(Thu
nb.)
Hen
ry
Are
cace
ae
Mon
ocot
; T
Bro
adle
af la
dy p
alm
/]lj
h kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
194
Rhod
oden
dron
arb
oreu
m S
m.
Eric
acea
e D
icot
; T (S
aplin
g)
Rho
dode
ndro
n u'/
fF;
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al.
195
Rhyn
chos
tylis
ret
usa
(L.)
Blu
me
Orc
hida
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
Th
e bl
unt R
hync
host
ylis
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal
80
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
14
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 16
1 N
ycta
nthe
s arb
or-tr
istis
L.
Ole
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Nig
ht-f
low
erin
g Ja
smin
e kfl
/hft
N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; rel
igio
us
162
Oph
iopo
gon
japo
nicu
s (T
hunb
.) K
er
Gaw
l.
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
M
ondo
gra
ss/d
war
f lil
ytur
f ;'k
f/L 3
fF;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
163
Orn
ithog
alum
thyr
soid
es Ja
cq.
Asp
arag
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
St
ar-o
f-B
ethl
ehem
5\o
fkL k
m"n
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
164
Osm
anth
us fr
agra
ns L
our.
Ole
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Swee
t osm
anth
us/T
ea
oliv
e l;
l/Ë]
Nat
ive
Use
d in
per
fum
ery
and
as a
fla
vour
ing.
16
5 Pa
chys
tach
ys lu
tea
Nee
s A
cant
hace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h G
olde
n sh
rimp
plan
t j]n
lk/g
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
166
Pela
rgon
ium
pel
tatu
m (L
.) L'
Hér
. G
eran
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Iv
y ge
rani
um
x\ofª\u
LË lh
/flgo
d In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
167
Pela
rgon
ium
zona
le(L
.) L'
Hér
. ex
Aito
n G
eran
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
H
orse
-sho
e pe
larg
oniu
m
k]n]uf
]{lgod
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
168
Peri
calli
s cru
enta
(L'H
ér.)
Bol
le
Com
posi
tae
Dic
ot; H
St
ar C
iner
aria
l;
g]/Lo
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
169
Pers
ea a
mer
ican
a M
ill.
Laur
acea
e D
icot
; T
Avo
cado
/Alli
gato
r Pea
r Pe
f]sf8
f]{ In
trodu
ced
Frui
t is
high
ly n
utrit
ious
. 17
0 Pe
tuni
a hy
brid
a V
ilm.
Sola
nace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Pe
tuni
a lk6
'gLof
F In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
171
Philo
dend
ron
bipi
nnat
ifidu
m S
chot
t ex
Endl
. A
race
ae
Mon
ocot
; Cl
Tree
phi
lode
ndro
n lkm
nf]8]G
8«g
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
172
Phoe
nix
sylv
estr
is(L
.) R
oxb.
A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; T
W
ild d
ate
palm
hu
/ kfd
, kmf]lg
S;
kfd
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; fr
uit e
dibl
e,
card
ioto
nic
and
gast
ric
stim
ulan
t.
173
Phyl
lant
hus e
mbl
ica
L.
Phyl
lant
hace
ae
Dic
ot; T
M
yrob
alan
, Ind
ian
goos
eber
ry
cdnf
lj?j
f N
ativ
e Fr
uit i
s hi
ghly
nut
ritio
us;
med
icin
al
174
Pile
a ca
dier
ei G
agne
p. &
Gui
llaum
in
Urti
cace
ae
Dic
ot; H
A
lum
iniu
m p
lant
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 17
5 Pi
lea
pepe
rom
ioid
es D
iels
U
rtica
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
C
hine
se m
oney
pla
nt
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
176
Pinu
s rox
burg
hii S
arg.
Pi
nace
ae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Long
leve
d Pi
ne/C
hir p
ine
vf]6]
;Nnf
] N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; tim
ber
177
Pinu
s vi
rgin
iana
Mill
. Pi
nace
ae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Scru
b pi
ne
uf]N8
]g ;N
nf]
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 17
8 Pl
atyc
ladu
s or
ient
alis
(L.)
Fran
co
Cup
ress
acea
e G
ymno
sper
m; T
C
hine
se th
uja
do'/
k+vL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
179
Poly
alth
ia lo
ngifo
lia (S
onn.
) Thw
aite
s A
nnon
acea
e D
icot
; T
Ash
oka
tree
czf]s
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
grow
n as
an
aven
ue tr
ee.
180
Popu
lus
× c
anad
ensi
s Moe
nch
Salic
acea
e D
icot
; T
Asp
en
nx/]
kLkn
Intro
duce
d U
sed
to m
ake v
enee
r and
ply
woo
d.
181
Prun
us c
eras
ifera
Ehr
h.
Ros
acea
e D
icot
; T
Che
rry
plum
cf
Nrf
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble
182
Prun
us c
eras
oide
s Buc
h.-H
am. e
x D
.Don
R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
So
ru c
herr
y k}o
f}+ N
ativ
e Fr
uit e
dibl
e 18
3 Pr
unus
dom
estic
a L.
R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
Pl
um
cf?j
v8f
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble
184
Prun
us p
ersi
ca (L
.) B
atsc
h R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
Pe
ach
cf?
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al
185
Psid
ium
gua
java
L.
Myr
tace
ae
Dic
ot; T
G
uava
cD
jf
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble;
med
icin
al
186
Pter
ocar
pus
sant
alin
us L
.f.
Legu
min
osae
D
icot
; T
Red
sand
alw
ood
/Qm r
Gbg
Intro
duce
d H
eartw
ood
is m
edic
inal
. 18
7 Pu
nica
gra
natu
m L
. Ly
thra
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Pom
egra
nate
cg
f/ In
trodu
ced
Frui
t edi
ble;
med
icin
al.
188
Pyru
s com
mun
is L
. R
osac
eae
Dic
ot; T
C
omm
on p
ear
gf;k
ftL
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble
189
Ranu
ncul
us a
siat
icus
L.
Ran
uncu
lace
ae
Dic
ot; H
Pe
rsia
n bu
tterc
up
/fgL s
dn
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 19
0 Ra
uvol
fia s
erpe
ntin
a (L
.) B
enth
. ex
Kur
z A
pocy
nace
ae
Dic
ot; S
h In
dian
snak
e ro
ot
rfFbd
?jf,
;k{uG
wf
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al, o
rnam
enta
l 19
1 Ra
vene
a ri
vula
ris J
um.&
H. P
errie
r A
reca
ceae
M
onoc
ot; T
M
ajes
ty p
alm
/]S
hLgf
kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
192
Rhap
hido
phor
a de
curs
iva
(Rox
b.) S
chot
t A
race
ae
Mon
ocot
; Cl
Cre
epin
g Ph
ilode
ndro
n sl
Grgf
]{ N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
19
3 Rh
apis
exc
elsa
(Thu
nb.)
Hen
ry
Are
cace
ae
Mon
ocot
; T
Bro
adle
af la
dy p
alm
/]lj
h kfd
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
194
Rhod
oden
dron
arb
oreu
m S
m.
Eric
acea
e D
icot
; T (S
aplin
g)
Rho
dode
ndro
n u'/
fF;
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al.
195
Rhyn
chos
tylis
ret
usa
(L.)
Blu
me
Orc
hida
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
Th
e bl
unt R
hync
host
ylis
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal
81
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
15
S.N
. Sc
ient
ific
nam
e Fa
mily
Pl
ant G
roup
E
nglis
h na
me
Nep
ali n
ame
Stat
us
Use
s 19
6 Ro
sa a
lba
L.
Ros
acea
e D
icot
; Sh
Ros
e u'n
fkm
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
197
Rosm
arin
us o
ffici
nalis
L.
Lam
iace
ae
Dic
ot; H
R
osem
ary
/f]hd]/
L In
trodu
ced
Med
icin
al
198
Salix
bab
ylon
ica
L.
Salic
acea
e D
icot
; T
Wee
ping
will
ow
a}z
Intro
duce
d M
edic
inal
19
9 Sa
lvia
spl
ende
ns S
ello
w e
x Sc
hult.
La
mia
ceae
D
icot
; H
Hyb
rid sa
ge
;fNe
Lof
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
200
Sans
evie
ria
trifa
scia
ta P
rain
A
spar
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Snak
e pl
ant
;k{ S
oft's
] In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal;
rem
oves
toxi
n fr
om a
ir an
d al
so re
mov
es
carb
on d
ioxi
de a
t nig
ht.
201
Sant
alum
alb
um L
. Sa
ntal
acea
e D
icot
; T (S
aplin
g)
Indi
an sa
ndal
woo
d >L
v08
Intro
duce
d R
elig
ious
; med
icin
al
202
Sapi
ndus
muk
oros
si G
aertn
. Sa
pind
acea
e D
icot
; T
Soap
nut
l/6
\7f
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al
203
Sche
ffler
a pu
eckl
eri (
K.K
och)
Fro
din
Ara
liace
ae
Dic
ot; H
U
mbr
ella
tree
6'k
L8\of
Gy;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 20
4 Sc
hlum
berg
era
trun
cata
(Haw
.) M
oran
C
acta
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
C
hris
tmas
cac
tus
lqm;d
; So
fS6;
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 20
5 Se
dum
alb
um L
. C
rass
ulac
eae
Dic
ot; H
W
hite
ston
ecro
p l;
8d
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 20
6 Sp
athi
ophy
llum
sp.
Ara
ceae
M
onoc
ot; H
Pe
ace
lily
:kLt
LkmfOn
d
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 20
7 St
relit
zia
nico
lai R
egel
& K
.Koc
h St
relit
ziac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Whi
te b
ird o
f Par
adis
e h+u
nL s
]/f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
208
Stre
litzi
a re
gina
e B
anks
St
relit
ziac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Bird
of P
arad
ise
:ju{s
f] r/f
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 20
9 Sy
ngon
ium
pod
ophy
llum
Sch
ott
Ara
ceae
M
onoc
ot; C
l A
rrow
head
pla
nt
l;+uf
]gLod
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
210
Syzy
gium
cum
ini (
L.) S
keel
s M
yrta
ceae
D
icot
; T
Java
plu
m
hfd'g
N
ativ
e Fr
uit e
dibl
e; m
edic
inal
21
1 Sy
zygi
um ja
mbo
s (L.
) Als
ton
Myr
tace
ae
Dic
ot; T
R
ose
appl
e u'n
fj h
fd'g
Nat
ive
Frui
t edi
ble;
med
icin
al
212
Tage
tes e
rrec
ta L
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Afr
ican
Mar
igol
d ;o
kqL
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal;
med
icin
al
213
Taxu
s w
allic
hian
a Z
ucc.
Ta
xace
ae
Gym
nosp
erm
; Sh
Him
alay
an y
ew
nf}7
;Nnf
N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
21
4 Te
com
a st
ans (
L.) J
uss.
ex K
unth
B
igno
niac
eae
Dic
ot; T
Y
ello
w b
ells
30
6Lkm"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
215
Term
inal
ia c
hebu
la R
etz.
C
ombr
etac
eae
Dic
ot; T
(Sap
ling)
C
hebu
lic m
yrob
alan
x/
f]{ N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
216
Thuj
a oc
cide
ntal
is L
. C
upre
ssac
eae
Gym
nosp
erm
; T
Arb
orvi
tae/
Ced
ar
y'hf -
l;8/
_ In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal,
used
for h
edge
; le
af o
il ha
s ant
ibac
teria
l, an
tifun
gal,
antis
eptic
and
inse
ct
repe
llent
pro
perti
es.
217
Trad
esca
ntia
pal
lida
(Ros
e) D
.R.H
unt
Com
mel
inac
eae
Mon
ocot
; H
Purp
le h
eart
h]la|o
fgf
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 21
8 Tr
ades
cant
ia ze
brin
a B
osse
C
omm
elin
acea
e M
onoc
ot; H
Ze
brin
a h]l
a|ofg
f In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
219
Urt
ica
arde
ns L
ink
Urti
cace
ae
Dic
ot; H
H
imal
ayan
Net
tle
l;:g
f] N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
22
0 Va
leri
ana
jata
man
sii J
ones
C
aprif
olia
ceae
D
icot
; H
Indi
an V
aler
ian
;'uGw
jfn
Nat
ive
Med
icin
al
221
Viol
a tr
icol
or L
. V
iola
ceae
D
icot
; H
Pans
y k]G
hL
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 22
2 Vi
tis v
inife
ra L
. V
itace
ae
Dic
ot; C
l (Li
nas)
C
omm
on g
rape
vin
e c+u
'/ In
trodu
ced
Frui
t edi
ble
223
Wod
yetia
bifu
rcita
A.K
.Irvi
ne
Are
cace
ae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Foxt
ail P
alm
kmS
;6]n
kfd
Nat
ive
Orn
amen
tal
224
Yucc
a gl
orio
sa L
. A
sper
agac
eae
Mon
ocot
; Sh
Mou
nd li
ly
o'sf k
fd
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l; m
edic
inal
22
5 Za
mia
pum
ila L
. Za
mia
ceae
G
ymno
sper
m; S
h W
oody
cyc
ad
hfld
of
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l 22
6 Za
nted
esch
ia a
ethi
opic
a (L
.) Sp
reng
. A
race
ae
Mon
ocot
; H
Aru
m li
ly/C
alla
lily
z+v
km"n
In
trodu
ced
Orn
amen
tal
227
Zant
hoxy
lum
arm
atum
DC
. R
utac
eae
Dic
ot; S
h Pr
ickl
y as
h l6d
'/ N
ativ
e M
edic
inal
; spi
ces
228
Zinn
ia e
lega
ns L
. C
ompo
sita
e D
icot
; H
Pum
ila li
liput
;'G
b/L k
m"n
Intro
duce
d O
rnam
enta
l
229
Zizi
phus
xia
ngch
enge
nsis
Y.L
. Che
n &
P.
K. C
hou
Rha
mna
ceae
D
icot
; Sh
Chi
nese
juju
ba
af]wL
lrQ
Nat
ive
Rel
igio
us
Not
e : H
=Her
b;
Sh=
Shru
b;
T= T
ree;
Cl=
Clim
ber
