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SUMMARY OF Unit 12: Aldehyde, Ketones and Carboxylic-PART1Introduction:Organic compounds containing carbon-oxygen double bond (>C=O) called carbonyl group.

Nomenclature of Aldehyde & Ketone Nomenclature of Carboxylic acids Structure of functionalgroups:Structure Of carbonylfunctional group:

Structure Of –COOHfunctional group:

Preparation of aldehydes & Ketones: Preparation of Aldehydes Preparation of CarboxylicAcids:

1.By oxidation of alcohols:

2. By dehydrogenation of Alcohols:

3.By ozonolysis of Alkenes:>C=C< +O3/ Zn+H2O >C=O +O=C<

4.By hydration of alkynes:

1.From acyl chloride - Rosenmundreduction:

2. From nitriles (StephenReaction)

3. From hydrocarbonsi. By oxidation of methylbenzene-a. use of chromylchloride(CrO2Cl2)

b. use of chromic oxide(CrO3)

(ii) By side chain chlorinationfollowed by hydrolysis:

(iii) By Gatterman- Koch reaction:

1.From primary alcoholsand aldehydes-

2.From alkylbenzenes byoxidation:

3. From nitriles and amides

4. From Grignard reagents

5. From acyl halides andanhydrides

6. From estersPreparation of Ketones:1.From acyl chlorides:

2.From nitriles:

3. Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction:

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SUMMARY OF Unit 12: Aldehyde, Ketones and Carboxylic-PART2

Chemical Reactions of aldehydes& ketones

Chemical Reactions of aldehydes& ketones

Chemical Reactions of carboxylicacid

Nucleophilic addition reactions:

(a)Addition of hydrogen cyanide(HCN):Formation ofCyanohydrin

(b) Sodium hydrogensulphiteadds to aldehydes and ketones toform the addition products

(c) Addition of alcohols:

Ketones react with ethyleneglycol to form cyclic productsknown as ethylene glycol ketals.

(d) Addition of Grignardreagents:

(d) Addition of ammonia and itsderivatives:

2.Reduction:(i) Reduction to alcohols:

(ii) Reduction to hydrocarbons:a. Clemmensen reduction

b. Wolff-Kishner reduction

3. Oxidation: by (i)KMnO4/Acidic(ii) K2CrO7/Acidic

Oxidation by mild oxidizingagent-Tollens’ test:

Oxidation by mild oxidizingagent-Fehling’s test:

(iii)Oxidation of methyl ketone byhaloform reaction:

4.Reactions due to δ–hydrogen:(i)Aldol Condensation:

(ii)Cross aldol Condensation:

1.Reaction involving Cleavage ofO-H bond, Acidity of Caboxylicacid :Carboxylic acids dissociate togive resonance stablisedcarboxylate anions & hydroniumion-

The presence of electronwithdrawing group on the phenyl ofaromatic carboxylic acid increasestheir acidity while electrondonating groups decrease theiracidity.

2.Reaction involving Cleavage ofO-H bond:i.Formation of anhydride:

ii.Esterification:

iii.Reaction with PCl3, PCl5 ,SOCl2 :

iv.Reaction with ammonia:

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5.Other reactions:(i)Cannizaro reaction:

(ii)Electrophilic substitutionreaction:

3.Reactions Involving –COOHGroup:i.Reduction:

ii.Decarboxylation:

4.Substitution Reaction in theHydrocarbon Part:i.Halogenation, Hell –Vohlord –Zelensky reaction:

ii.Ring substitution:

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