Double Helix• DNA consists of two strips, made of

sugars and phosphates, twisted around each other and connected by nitrogen bases.

• Looks like a spiral staircase or a twisted ladder.

Sugar Backbone

• The backbone of DNA is made up of Deoxyribose (Sugar) molecules connected to each other using Phosphates

Nitrogen Bases• DNA contains 4

nitrogen bases that make up the “code” for all living things.

A = AdenineT = ThymineG = GuanineC = CytosineA always bonds to TG always bonds to C

Nucleotide• The combination of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base is called a

Nucleotide. These are the building blocks of DNA.

DNA Facts• There is 6 feet of DNA in EVERY cell in your body• Your DNA contains over 3 Billion base pairs• Your DNA has over 23,000 genes which means you can produce 23

thousand different protiens.

Protein synthesis

DNA Facts• There is 6 feet of DNA in EVERY cell in your body• Your DNA contains over 3 Billion base pairs• Your DNA has over 23,000 genes which means you can produce 23

thousand different protiens.

Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation

Protein Synthesis: Building proteins from the instructions in DNA. It has two parts:

Part 1: Transcription: the first part of gene expression/protein synthesis, the process of synthesizing mRNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template.(in the nucleus)

Part 2: Translation: the second part of gene expression/protein synthesis, when mRNA is used to build a protein. (in the ribosomes)

Key Words for Protein Synthesis• Gene- section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.• Messenger RNA (mRNA)- nucleic acid that copies the DNA

and takes it to the Ribosome.• Ribosome- Organelle that builds proteins using mRNA and

tRNA.• Protein: biological molecules that perform a variety of

functions and build many structures• Transfer RNA (tRNA)- nucleic acid that matches up codon

to anticodon and drops off amino acids in the correct order.• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structural material of ribosomes

Key Words ContinuedCodon- Group of three nitrogen bases found on the mRNA that

codes for a specific amino acid.

Anticodon- Group of three nitrogen bases found on the tRNA that matches up with the codon and drops off the correct amino acid.

Amino Acid- Building blocks of proteins that are placed in the correct order by matching codon to anticodon along the length of a gene.

DNA vs RNADNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. The genetic material that is found in the nucleus and:1. Gives instructions on how to build an organism2. Passes genetic info from parent to offspring

RNA: a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis.There are three types of RNA

Differences between DNA and RNA1. DNA is much longer (all genes). RNA is usually one or a few genes (shorter)2. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded3. DNA has the sugar deoxyribose, RNA has ribose4. RNA uses the nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine

Three types of RNA mRNAtRNArRNA

What do they look like?What do they do?

The Three Types of RNA (Draw and Describe)• Messenger RNA (mRNA)- nucleic acid that copies the DNA and takes

it to the Ribosome.

• RNA (tRNA)- nucleic acid that matches up codon to anticodon and drops off amino acids in the correct order.

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structural material of ribosomes

Key Words for Protein Synthesis• Gene- section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.• Messenger RNA (mRNA)- nucleic acid that copies the DNA

and takes it to the Ribosome.• Ribosome- Organelle that builds proteins using mRNA and

tRNA.• Protein: biological molecules that perform a variety of

functions and build many structures• Transfer RNA (tRNA)- nucleic acid that matches up codon

to anticodon and drops off amino acids in the correct order.• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structural material of ribosomes

Key Words ContinuedCodon- Group of three nitrogen bases found on the mRNA that

codes for a specific amino acid.

Anticodon- Group of three nitrogen bases found on the tRNA that matches up with the codon and drops off the correct amino acid.

Amino Acid- Building blocks of proteins that are placed in the correct order by matching codon to anticodon along the length of a gene.

Transcription and TranslationTranscription: the first part of gene expression/protein synthesis, the process of synthesizing mRNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template.

Translation: the second part of gene expression/protein synthesis, when mRNA is used to build a protein.

Key Words for Protein Synthesis• Gene- section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.• Ribosome- Organelle that builds proteins using mRNA and

tRNA.• Protein: biological molecules that perform a variety of

functions and build many structures• Messenger RNA (mRNA)- nucleic acid that copies the DNA

and takes it to the Ribosome.• Transfer RNA (tRNA)- nucleic acid that matches up codon

to anticodon and drops off amino acids in the correct order.• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structural material of ribosomes

Steps to Protein SynthesisPart 1: Transcription• DNA Opens one Gene• One side of the DNA is copied by the mRNA• mRNA travels outside the Nucleus to the RibosomePart 2: Translation• Ribosome attaches to the mRNA.• tRNA matches up codon to anticodon and drops off the

correct amino acid• A chain of amino acids is created which is a protein

Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA

Key Words for Protein Synthesis• Gene- section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.• Messenger RNA (mRNA)- nucleic acid that copies the DNA

and takes it to the Ribosome.• Ribosome- Organelle that builds proteins using mRNA and

tRNA.• Protein: biological molecules that perform a variety of

functions and build many structures• Transfer RNA (tRNA)- nucleic acid that matches up codon

to anticodon and drops off amino acids in the correct order.• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structural material of ribosomes

Key Words ContinuedCodon- Group of three nitrogen bases found on the

mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.Anticodon- Group of three nitrogen bases found on

the tRNA that matches up with the codon and drops off the correct amino acid.

Amino Acid- Building blocks of proteins that are placed in the correct order by matching codon to anticodon along the length of a gene.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9dhO0iCLwwtRNA!

Part 1: Transcription

The Genetic Code

Part 2: Translation

tRNA! And the codon-anticodon connection

https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=u9dhO0iCLww

Hippy Dance

Protein Synthesis Models• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo&list=FLEezLUm-pa

3vfMmQGp1aPTQ&feature=mh_lolz• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmqhdozuf7Y&list=FLEezLUm-p

a3vfMmQGp1aPTQ&index=1

Genetic Mutation Point mutation substitution, addition or removal of a single nucleotide or a few nucleotides are rearranged. Substitution: One nucleotide is replaced with another. This can cause a

change in the amino acid sequence.

Deletion: A single nucleotide is inserted or deleted. This type of mutation can cause a frameshift which means that the order of amino acids changes.

Sickle Cell Anemia