Domestic Child Labor by Tamoor

Socio-economic conditions of Domestic Child Laborers In Bahawalpur City

Session (2007-2009)

Supervised By:Mr.Syed Mansoor Ali Shah

(Lecturer)Submitted By:

M.Tamoor Shahbaz (Group Leader)M.Kashif TanveerNoreen AfzalNoreen HussainRushba IramSabiha MushtaqSadaf NawazSadia RehmanSumbal Mehmood

Department of social workThe Islamia University of

Bahawalpur

Supervised By:

Mr.Syed Mansoor Ali Shah(Lecturer)

Department of social work

Submitted By:

1. M.Tamoor Shahbaz (Group Leader)

2. M.Kashif Tanveer

3. Noreen Afzal

4. Noreen Hussain

5. Rushba Iram

6. Sabiha Mushtaq

7. Sadaf Nawaz

8. Sadia Rehman

9. Sumbal Mehmood

Socio-Economic Conditions OfDomestic Child Laborers In

Bahawalpur City

For the partial fulfillment of masters in social work

Session (2007-2009)

Department of social workThe Islamia University of

Bahawalpur

Department Of Social Work 2

I want to……………

I want toCry out to the world

The rage ofChained children.


The pain ofAbused girls.


The unutterable sadness ofAbandoned babes.


The fear ofMaltreated kids.

I want toCry out all this to the world.

But who will cry out with me?


In The Name Of

AllahWho Is the Most

Beneficent

And The Most

Merciful.


Approval Certificate

The research work “Socio-Economic Conditions of Domestic Child

Laborers in Bahawalpur City” submitted by the group of nine members in

partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of masters in Social Work,

is hereby approved for submission to the Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Syed Mansoor Ali Shah

(Lecturer)

Department of social work

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.


Contents

Chapter No. Particulars Page No.

I List Of Table 07

II Dedication 10

III

Acknowledgement 11

IV Abstract 13

1 Introduction 15

2 Literature Review 25

3

Study Rationale 33

4 Research Methodology 35

5 Tabular and Graphical

Representation

39

6 Case Studies 102

7 Findings 108

8 Conclusion 112

9 Recommendation 114

10 Annexure 116

11 Bibliography 123

LIST OF TABLES


Serial No. Title Of The Table

Page No

1. Age 402. Gender Ratio 41

3. Cast Distribution 42

4. Language 43

5. Educational Status 44

6. Work Length 45

7. Family Size 46

8. No. Of Siblings 47

9. Birth Order 48

10. Father’s Life Status 49

11. Mother’s Life Status 50

12. Father’s Education 51

13. Mother’s Education 52

14. Father’s Occupation 53

15. Mother’s Status 54

16. Working Siblings 55

17. Sibling’s Nature Of Work 56

18. Bread Earners In Family 57

19. Monthly Income of Respondent’s Family 58

20. Areas of expenditures 59

21. Type Of Family 60

22. Residential Background 61


23. Nature of residence 62

24. Type of father’s Marriages 63

25. Nature and type of labor 64

26. Nature of stay 65

27. Nature Of Accommodation 66

28. Type of Tasks To Perform 67

29. Task performed easily 68

30. Task Escaped From 69

31. Working Durations 70

32. Assistance In Work 71

33. Extent of Assistance 72

34. Extra task to perform 73

35. Mode of payment 74

36. Payment in Cash/month 75

37. Payment in kind of food and grains 76

38. Who collects the wages? 77

39. Pocket money provided 78

40. In case you collect the wages, you give it to Your parents?

79

41. Provision of holydays 80

42. No. of Holidays 81

43. Transportation charges 82

44. Un-announced Leaves 83

45. Eid Holydays 84


46. Recreational Activities 85

47. Satisfaction With Employer Attitude 86

48. Satisfaction On Current Status 87

49. Dissatisfaction On Owner’s Attitude 88

50. Will For Working 89

51. Are You Forced For Domestic Labor? 90

52. Who Brought Here 91

53. In case provided with study options? 92

54. Pocket money provided by employer 93

55. Extent Of Pocket Money Provided By Employer 94

56. Provision Of Proper Education 95

57. Type of Education Provided 96

58. Treatment on Mistakes 97

59. Sort of punishment 98

60. Support In Case Of Disease And Treatment 99

61. Opinion About Child Labor 100

62. Future Aims And Objectives 101


Dedication

To

Those little souls

Who,

Instead of being

served, are

serving as

servants to save

the souls as sound

and strong……


Acknowledgement


Acknowledgement

The most gracious and the most munificent to all domains, the Almighty Allah, Who

created man out of clot and who infused into him such a dynamic force to serve as his

representative in the universe

We offer our humblest and sincerest gratitude to “Allah” who bestowed us the

opportunity and spirit to complete such type of services.

We pay special thanks from the core of our heart to our prestigious supervisor

Mr.Mansoor Ali Shah. Whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped

us in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis.

We want to thank the department of social work of Islamia University of Bahawalpur for

giving us permission to commence this thesis in the first instances to do the necessary

research work and to use department data.

My sincerest thanks is due to my all group fellows who encouraged each other by joining

all thesis work and we would acknowledge the collaboration shown by group members at

every step and made the moments memorable and special thanks to our supervisor Mr.

Mansoor Ali Shah.

From the core back of heart, our special thanks go to dearest parents who provided us a

lot of opportunities to complete our research work. We express our deepest sense of

gratitude and sincere thankfulness fruit for our thoughts to our affectionate parents for

their moral and financial support through the span of life.

We are also very thankful to all those families who cooperated with us in the phase of

data collection and facilitated us by their all possible means. In the end the entire group

signifies the obligation to each and every person who became the source of help during

our study.

Author


Abstracts


STUDY ABSTRACTS

Children are considered as the building blocks of any nation. Stronger and healthier is the

children, stronger and healthier the nation is and vice versa. Pakistan is a poor country

with very low per capita income. This factor results in pushing the children of our

country in labor market. According to the latest researches more than 3 million children

are engaged in child labor in Pakistan. Scientific studies reveal that an estimated 2.3

million children are engaged in domestic labor. Our study was characterized by

pragmatic methodology to seek information about the domestic labor. We carried out

community surveys to estimate the intensity of domestic child labor in Bahawalpur City.

We opted interview schedule and snow ball sampling for the sake of data collection. The

geographic universe of our study was entire area of Bahawalpur city. We approached 100

respondents to seek required Informations regarding domestic child labor. Main findings

of our study include the followings;

50% of respondents were found in between the age group of 9-13 years and 40%

respondents were between the ages of 14-18 years.32% of the respondents were primary

pass while rests of the respondent were illiterate. 70% of respondents were from rural

background.86% respondents were engaged in un-bonded type of labor. Nature of stay of

70% respondents was residential.37% of the respondents had to perform domestic tasks

round the clock and working length of 27% respondents was eight hours a day. Mode of

payment of 67% respondents was cash while 21% respondents got both cash and food as

their mode of payment.36% of the respondents were paid rupees 300-700 per moth and

27% respondents were paid 800-1200 rupees per month. In case of un-announced leaves

13% respondents were punished by their owners and mistakes of 87% respondents were

ignored at all.83% respondents claimed that were provided with recreational

activities.94% respondents were almost satisfied with their employer attitude45%

respondents were satisfied with their current status.76% respondents were compelled for

domestic labor. In case of disease and its treatment 95% respondents got full support of

their owners. When asked about child labor, 71% respondents opposed child labor.


Chapter No.01

Introduction


Introduction

God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of life. Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence.

But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge. It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact that there are many children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of their family without which, their families would not be able to make ends meet. These are also part of our society who have forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. When a child in addition to getting education, earns his livelihood, this act of earning a livelihood is called as child Labour. The concept of child Labour got much attention during the 1990s when European countries announced a ban on the goods of the less-developed countries because of child Labour.

The mortality of any society is judged by what the society does to its children. The menace of child labor is rampantly growing around the world and the morality of the society is at stake. Child labor is alarmingly present with its various worst forms almost in each of the society around the globe with particular focus in developing countries.

Pakistan being a developing society has also a stigma of child labor on its forehead. Apart from the street child labor, domestic labor by children is also not un-common.

Although researches have been conducted on domestic child labor on international, national and province level yet not a single research work is conducted in Bahawalpur region .So, we did this research in order to identify and explore the intensity and prevalence of domestic child labor in Bahawalpur.

Children engaged in domestic chores are mostly exposed to work in health hazardous surroundings. Children engaged in domestic labor have to work at their work place for long hours. Besides all this, they have to live from hand to mouth. Actual and factual data was required to express the miseries and true conditions of domestic child laborers. For this very purpose we conducted this research.


The term “child labor” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that:

Is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to Children. Interferes with their schooling: By depriving them of the opportunity to attend school; By obliging them to leave school prematurely; or By requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long

and heavy work

History of Child Labor can be traced in some dark realms of industrialization. But a more detailed study of this heinous, shameful practice can reveal that child labor was there much before industrialization in various forms like child slavery…

Earlier, child labor was not a big problem as children used to accompany their fathers in agriculture and other jobs. The industrial revolution brought up the dispute over child labor, as schooling became more important, and concepts of laborers and rights of children were developed. History of child labor states that industrial revolution saw children working Factories, mines, and even having his own small business like selling food, flowers and doing much unusual kind of jobs. Some children started being tourist guides, some set up a small shop of their own and some opened up restaurants in their backyards and worked as waiters too. Some children however chose to be actors and singers.

Children working in factories were forced to do jobs of high stress levels like assembling boxes, polishing shoes. Many jobs had children held up in small houses doing various jobs and were not within the reach of officials and inspectors. Most controversial forms of child exploitation included military use of children, child prostitution. History has witnessed many children involved in military campaigns in spite of this activity being against the cultural morals. It was a custom for youths from the Mediterranean basin to serve as aides, charioteers, and armor bearers to their adult counterparts. A few examples can be found in Bible (David serving his King Saul), Greek Mythology (Hercules and Hylas). In Greece, this practice was considered to be an educational tradition, and the Man/Boy couple was considered to be an efficient fighting force. Hitler Youth (Hitlerjunged or HJ) was an official organization in the Nazi Army. During the Battle of Berlin, this youth force was a major part of the German Defenses.

Federal Laws against Child Labor

In 1830s many US states enforced laws to restrict the employment of young children in industries. But this had no effect on the rural communities as children were working in the farms, mills and factories.


The laws in America were always ignored, until 1904, when the National Child labor committee was formed by concerned people. This committee was chartered by Congress in 1907. When these people visited industries to inspect if they violated laws, young children were rushed out of their sight. Often the owners said that these children had come to the factory or mill for paying a visit to their mothers, or were helping their mothers.

After many attempts, many states passed stringent laws, and banned child labor. In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, also known as Federal Wage and Hour Law. This became constitutional in 1941 after a declaration by the US Supreme Court.

Child Labour is an important and a serious global issue through which all and sundry countries of the world are directly or indirectly affected, but, it is very common in Latin America, Africa and Asia. According to some, in several Asian countries’ 1/10 manpower consists of child Labour. In India the number of children between the ages of 10-14 has crossed above 44 million, in Pakistan this number is from 8 to 10 million, in Bangladesh 8-12 million, in Brazil 7 million, whereas their number is 12 million in Nigeria.

Child labor in the world:

There were 218 million children working illegally in the eyes of international treaties, as at the most recent formal assessment in 2004. Child labor is defined as all economic activity for children under 12 years, any work for those aged 12-14 of sufficient hours per week to undermine their health or education, and all "hazardous work" which could threaten the health of children under 18.

Almost all child labor occurs in developing countries, largely in agriculture but also including domestic service, factory production and backstreet workshops. Despite a fall of over 10% in the figure since the last assessment in 2000, over 25% of children in sub-Saharan Africa and 18% in Asia remain trapped within the cycle of poverty of which child labor is part.

126 million of these children are engaged in hazardous work, such as mining or handling chemicals, which is otherwise described as the "worst forms of child labour". A further class within this latter description is known as the "unconditional" worst forms of child labour which refers to prostitution, military enrolment, slavery such as bonded labour for brick kilns in Pakistan, or trafficking - as reported in the movement of children across Indian state borders to satisfy the boom in farming of genetically modified Bt cotton in Gujarat. No statistics are available for this “unconditional” category but the numbers are likely to be close to 10 million.

There is an additional category of "working children" not included in these statistics because the profile of age, nature of work and hours is not regarded as harmful. For


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http://infochangeindia.org/200805267154/Children/Features/The-hi-tech-seeds-of-child-labour.html

example, light work of a few hours per week could be regarded as beneficial; "child labour" by contrast should be eliminated.

Child Labour Supply and Demand

Poverty is the seed-bed of child labour. Poor parents send their children to work for reasons of economic expediency, the consequent denial of education setting in motion a mutually reinforcing cycle liable to pass down the generations. It is nevertheless naive to attribute the problem solely to poverty; schools are often prohibitively expensive, of poor quality or inaccessible. Cultural pressures can undermine perception of the long term value of education, especially for girl children. Economic setbacks will therefore regenerate the supply side of the child labour equation. The most pervasive example lies in the evidence that the global fall in child labour is being reversed in African countries most affected by HIV/AIDS. Households where adult members suffer prolonged periods of illness suffer dramatic cuts in income and forced sales of assets which are compensated by withdrawing children from school and sending them to work. An estimated 10% of all children orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Africa are heads of households, compelled to provide for siblings. This supply of child labour is accommodated by the demand of employers for a cheap and flexible workforce, including small-scale enterprises whose owners exploit their own family members. There is value to be exploited in the particular skills that children’s dexterity can offer; for example in weaving or in tasks involving crop seeds. Girl children are in demand for domestic service, the invisible nature of which adds to their vulnerability to abuse. Absence from official statistics is also the fate of those girls kept away from school in order to work for their own families in the home or on the land.

Child Labor in Pakistan

In Pakistan children aged 5-14 are above 40 million. During the last year, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey funded by ILO’s IPEC (International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour). The findings were that 3.8 million children age group of 5-14 years are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children in this age group; fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9 years. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active children, 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agriculture sector. Two million and four hundred thousand (73%) of them were said to be boys

. During the year 2001 and 2002 the government of Pakistan carried out a series of consultation of tripartite partners and stakeholders (Labour Department, trade unions, employers and NGOs) in all the provinces. The objective was to identify the occupations and the categories of work, which may be considered as hazardous under the provisions of ILO Convention 182.

Now we can easily imagine in the light of above mentioned facts and


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http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/antislavery/award/cdwphilippines2005.htm

http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Press_releases/lang--en/WCMS_080625

http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Press_releases/lang--en/WCMS_080625

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http://www.eldis.org/cf/search/disp/docdisplay.cfm?doc=DOC16374&resource=f1

figures how the nation’s future namely children are deprived of pleasures of life, ignorance has reduced their abilities of thinking right or differentiating between right and wrong, as well as their life-chances, to their non-access to education. It is true that child Labour is not an isolated phenomenon.

It is an outcome of a multitude of socio-economic factors and has its roots in poverty, lack of opportunities, high rate of population growth, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth and resources, outdated social customs and norms and plethora of other factors. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) the daily income of 65.5% people of Pakistan is below 2 U.S. dollars a day. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Report, 47 million people in Pakistan are leading lines below the line of poverty, whereas the Social Policy Development Centre (SDPC) Karachi has stated in one of its reports that the ratio of poverty in Pakistan was 33% during 1999 that increased in 2001 and reached 38%.The ratio of poverty in the current year is around 30 percent.Consider the point that if 30% of our country’s total population is leading life below the poverty-line wherein the people are deprived of basic necessities of life like clothing, shelter, food, education and medication, the children of these people will be forced to become Laborers or workers in order to survive. Another reason of child Labour in Pakistan is that our people don’t have the security of social life. There is no aid plan or allowance for children in our country. Class-based education system is another reason for increasing child Labour; villages lack standardized education systems and as a result, child Labour is on increase in rural areas. The government has not put its laws into practice to stop child Labour in our country. Employers after exploiting child Labour, extract a large surplus, whereas child Labour, despite increasing poverty, unemployment and other problems, are pressed to do anything and everything for their livelihood and the survival of their families.

Child Labour is a complex problem which demands a range of solutions. There is no better way to prevent child Labour than to make education compulsory. The West understood this a long time ago. Laws were enacted very early to secure continued education for working children; and now they have gone a step forward, and required completion of at least the preliminary education of the child before he or she starts work.

Martin Luther as back far 1524 sent a letter to German Municipalities insisting it was their duty to provide schools, and the duty of parents to educate their children. In Sweden, a royal decree in 1723 instructed parents and guardians to diligently see to it that their children applied themselves to book reading. In Europe, one country after another; Scotland, Prussia (1817), Austria (1869), France, United Kingdom (1880) and Italy made education compulsory. In 1872, Japan became the first non-Western country to make elementary school education compulsory with the declaration by the Meiji Govt.

The present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory. Along with this, the government has distributed free books in primary schools so that parents, who cannot afford their children’s school expenses, send their children to schools. The


major point is that this decision must be acted upon at all levels. There is strict need to stop child Labour in this country. Awareness must be raised and the attention of parents ought to be diverted to the education of their children. Child Labour Laws should be put into practice strictly. In addition, the educational system of the country-must be reshaped and restructured according to national development goals. The orphans and other deserving children must be helped financially on a prolonged basis. It is also essential to eliminate child Labour from the country, that the political, economical and social system of the country are need to be reshaped and such steps taken that make child Labour in this country a crime. They should bring on the well-being of a lay man, good governance and end to exploitative thinking. If we succeed to act upon these principles, our country can easily get rid of this problem i.e. child Labour. The agreement that has recently been approved by Pakistan, Norway and ILO to eradicate child Labour must be given importance and we hope that our rulers must put this agreement into practice using all means at their disposal.

Domestic child Labor:

Domestic labor may be defined as;

“If a child under the age of 18 is engaged in any type of domestic cores,

Domestic labor in Pakistan

Despite innumerable promises by the policy and law-makers, there is still no law regulating this sector. SPARC calls for the inclusion of child domestic labor in Pakistan’s National List of Worst Forms of Child Labor and its notification as a banned sector for children’s employment. SPARC has also called for a total ban on government officials engaging children as domestic labor, as exists in India.

The exact number of children exploited in domestic labor is not known as they work behind closed doors and it is difficult to collect data to identify the numbers of children involved in this form of labor. However, out of 250 million working children worldwide, more girl children are engaged in domestic service than in any other category of work. According to one estimate, there are five million child domestic workers in South Asia.

Millions of children are already employed in this hidden sector in Pakistan and there is an alarmingly large population of out-of-school children, particularly in rural areas, who are vulnerable to becoming child domestic workers. Parents in rural areas or slums often hold the misguided belief that their child will lead a much better life working in some one else’s home than they can offer in their own home. Many children are employed through informal “arrangements” between parents and employer; some are abandoned or orphaned children, and many are very young children, some below 10 years old.

Unfortunately, there is a growing demand for child domestic workers, who are preferred over adult workers because it is considered that they are more obedient, argue less and work endlessly for little or sometimes no wages.


World Day against Child Labor in 2004 was declared by the ILO as the Domestic Child Labor Day

Child labor is sometimes linked with stories of bonded or forced labor. In extreme cases, children have been found imprisoned in illegal work camps or chained to the ground at their workplace. Press attention has focused on child labor in brick kilns and carpet-weaving workshops, as well as more sensational stories about forced prostitution and illegal export of boys to the Gulf as camel jockeys.

PAKISTAN: The State of Domestic Child Labour [Conference Report]

The Society for the Protection of the rights of the Child (SPARC) held this two-day conference on September 6 and 7, 2003. It was inaugurated by the Federal Minister for Information, Sheikh Rashid Ahmad, who cited poverty as the single major cause for child labor in Pakistan. He called for all the segments of society to join hands and fight together to eliminate this evil from the country. Little is known about the real extent and magnitude of child labor in Pakistan. The plight of child domestic workers is a neglected subject mainly because they are invisible, National Director, SPARC, Anees Jillani said. Emphasizing the need to ban domestic child labor, he asked the civil servants not to employ child domestic workers under a certain age. The potential for exploitation may be worse for the children working in homes because there are no regulations or laws to monitor the work hours, pay, working environment etc., especially if the child is a girl. According to an estimate 90% girls are working as domestic child laborers. There are 30 million children between the ages of 5 and 15 out of which 23 million are available for child labor, informed Ms Manizeh Bano of NGO Sahil, working on child sexual abuse. She said that officially 3.3 million children are working as child laborers in Pakistan, whereas unofficial numbers are around 8 million. Child labor is a product of supply and demand, but domestic child labor is only consumption, because it is not a productive activity. Poverty is the basic cause of child labor and vice versa, said Kaiser Bengali, Managing Director Social Policy and Development Centre (SDPC). He said poverty is due to the policies followed by the government, which has made the poor more poor and the rich more rich. Domestic child labor is a result of an unjust society, where the rich and poor live in separate worlds, and unless there is a fair distribution of assets, poverty will not be eradicated. Mr. Zakir Hussain, from the Ministry of Labor said the government had allocated Rs100 million for the rehabilitation of bonded labor, especially in the carpet industries. The parents were given incentives to send their children to schools and develop other skills. He said the labor ministry has conducted 11 studies and is talking to NGOs, government and stakeholders to create awareness on child labor. On the concluding day of the Conference, the participants unanimously passed a resolution calling on the government and civil society members to enforce and ensure free education policy for children. Cases of child abuse and child kidnapping should be decided on preferential basis. Relaxation should be given in child sentences as per the law. Juvenile Justice System Ordinance 2000 should be implemented. Domestic labor should be eliminated and a campaign for the betterment of children should run on a national as well as individual level. Laws against corporal punishment should be enforced in schools. All laws pertaining to child labor, especially Employment Children


Act 1991 should be enforced. The worst forms of child labor exists in alarming proportions exists in Pakistan and C-182 should be implemented to combat this evil. The problems of recreation, health, sanitation, safe drinking water should be solved. Children wards should be set up in all hospitals.[Source: CRIN] For more information, contact fazila gulrez, [email protected]

The stigma of child labor is prevalent in Pakistan in its acute form. We conducted this research work to explore the actual and factual data regarding domestic child labor in Bahawalpur City.

Our study subject was Domestic child labor in Bahawalpur City. To find out socio-economic conditions of domestic child laborers in Bahawalpur City was our area of study. As the domestic child laborer is a hidden phenomenon that takes place behind the high wall of bungalows. No estimated data is present regarding this. To find out the respondent no sampling strategy was workable but snow ball sampling. Through snow ball sampling links were explored and data was gathered till the point of saturation. “A method of devising tool for data collection is called instrumentation”.As our respondents were children engaged in domestic chores and a majority of them were illiterate, it was not appropriate to make use of questionnaires, so we employed interview schedule as a tool of data collection. The phase of instrumentation went through the following steps;

Drafting Internal criticism External criticism Re-drafting Second review Final draft

Before starting full fledge expedition of data collection, pretesting was carried out to check the effectiveness and reliability of designed data- collection methodology. After pre-testing data was collected from various areas of Bahawalpur City. Interviews of 100 respondents were conducted. After the collection of required data sifting of data was carried out in order to remove useless data. Data was edited in the field as well as in the office of our supervisor. After editing we classified whole data into several homogeneous classes. After classification, data was presented in tables and graphs. The most final phase of our research consists of report writing section. Report writing chapter includes following contents;


Broad Division Individual Section

Preliminary Material Title Report Table Of Contents Dedication Acknowledge Abstracts (Synopsis)

Body Of Report Introduction Literature Review Study Rationale Research Methodology Tabular And Graphical Presentation Case Studies Study Findings Conclusion Recommendations

Supplementary Material Annexure Bibliography Some Worthy Words


Chapter No.02

Review of The Literature


Literature Review

The term “child labor” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that:

Is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to Children. Interferes with their schooling: By depriving them of the opportunity to attend school; By obliging them to leave school prematurely; or By requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long

and heavy work.

In its most extreme forms, child labor involves children being enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities – often at a very early age. Whether or not particular forms of “work” can be called “child labor” depends on the child’s age, the type and hours of work performed, the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives pursued by individual countries. The answer varies from country to country, as well as among sectors within countries. Reference: (A text book for university students on child labor by ILO office Geneva, Page#16).

History of Child LaborHistory of Child Labor can be traced in some dark realms of industrialization. But a more detailed study of this heinous, shameful practice can reveal that child labor was there much before industrialization in various forms like child slavery…

Enlarge Image

Child Labor Child labor is employing children who are under aged to work as determined laws of a state. This practice is considered to be exploitative in many countries and international organizations. Earlier, child labor was not a big problem as children used to accompany their fathers in agriculture and other jobs. The industrial revolution brought up the dispute over child labor, as


http://www.buzzle.com/showImage.asp?image=18890

http://www.buzzle.com/showImage.asp?image=18890

schooling became more important, and concepts of laborers and rights of children were developed.

History of child labor states that industrial revolution saw children working Factories, mines, and even having his own small business like selling food, flowers and doing much unusual kind of jobs. Some children started being tourist guides, some set up a small shop of their own and some opened up restaurants in their backyards and worked as waiters too. Some children however chose to be actors and singers. Children working in factories were forced to do jobs of high stress levels like assembling boxes, polishing shoes. Many jobs had children held up in small houses doing various jobs and were not within the reach of officials and inspectors. Most controversial forms of child exploitation included military use of children, child prostitution.

History has witnessed many children involved in military campaigns in spite of this activity being against the cultural morals. It was a custom for youths from the Mediterranean basin to serve as aides, charioteers, and armor bearers to their adult counterparts. A few examples can be found in Bible (David serving his King Saul), Greek Mythology (Hercules and Hylas). In Greece, this practice was considered to be an educational tradition, and the Man/Boy couple was considered to be an efficient fighting force. Hitler Youth (Hitlerjunged or HJ) was an official organization in the Nazi Army. During the Battle of Berlin, this youth force was a major part of the German Defenses.

History of Child Labor Although, child labor was not new to the world, it is believed that during 1780 and 1840, there was a massive increase in child exploitation. During the Industrial revolution, it was very common to find children working in factories. In 1788, more than 60% of workers in textile mills of England and Scotland were children. Many laws were passed to eradicate child labor, but hardly succeeded.

By now, many people were aware of increasing demand for educated workforce and the people of upper class had started to rule over the poor children. The demand for educated workforce provided all the extra reasons for children to join school. But there were parents who could not afford to send their children to schools, and hence children volunteered to work in factories, mines, mills etc.

In mines, children were to crawl through tiny pits to reach the coalface, and also were to operate on the ventilation ports. In mills, this child workforce grew annually. Out-working others and long working hours with more intensity was the dream each child had, and this would mentally challenge them.

Federal Laws against Child Labor In 1830s many US states enforced laws to restrict the employment of young children in industries. But this had no effect on the rural communities as children were working in the farms, mills and factories.

Families led lives which were dominated by their employers. Their company would pay them with overpriced goods of the company, and allocate them houses in the company owned villages. For these amenities, the entire family would work for more than 72 hours a week, with men for heavy, women and children for lighter works. The companies were manipulative as well. The laws of state became stringent and regulated work conditions, limited the child labor. But these laws were not applicable to immigrants and now the companies would exploit the people living in slums, make them work longer hours, for a small


pay.

The laws in America were always ignored, until 1904, when the National Child labor committee was formed by concerned people. This committee was chartered by Congress in 1907. When these people visited industries to inspect if they violated laws, young children were rushed out of their sight. Often the owners said that these children had come to the factory or mill for paying a visit to their mothers, or were helping their mothers. After many attempts, many states passed stringent laws, and banned child labor. In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, also known as Federal Wage and Hour Law. This became constitutional in 1941 after a declaration by the US Supreme Court.

According to this act, no child would work more than 40 hours a week, the minimum wage would be 40 cents per hour. Minors below 16 are not to work in those industries which are classified to be hazardous. There were no age restrictions for children to work in non-hazardous environment. Children were to work only outside their school hours and during vacations, but only for limited hours.

By Jayashree PakharePublished: 4/20/2007

Attitudes towards child labor

There is a large group of critics that disapproves of child labor for a range of reasons, including the following:

Allowing children to work means stealing their childhood from them. Child laborers are subject to economic exploitation because they are paid at the

lowest rates, and sometimes not at all. Children often work under the worst conditions, which can cause physical

deformations and long-term health care problems. Some child work can perpetuate poverty because child laborers, deprived of

education or healthy physical development, are likely to become adults with low earnings prospects.

Children often replace adult labor; employers prefer them because they are cheap and docile.

The widespread use of child labor may result in lower wages for all workers. Countries that allow child labor are able to lower their labor costs; thus they

attract investors and also benefit from “unfair trade” due to their low production costs.(Adapted from Arat,2002)Reference: Child Labor • A textbook for university students, by ILO office Geneva page #18


http://www.buzzle.com/authors.asp?author=8136

.

Types of work that children do

Because children doing particular kinds of work often have similar lifestyles and problems, child labor is often divided into categories such as children working in various types of agriculture, in urban environments, in manufacturing, in fishing, construction, domestic service, and so on. In this section we will give a few examples of the kinds of activities children do, their working conditions and lifestyles, and their health and safety status. Some of the activities mentioned will be described in more detail in Chapter 2 because they are considered “worst forms” - they are especially harmful, morally reprehensible, or they violate the child’s freedom and human rights. Here is a description of what some of the working children do in Brazil:According to the Institute of Brasilia the Geographic Statistics, there are approximately 7.5 million children between the ages of 10 and 17 who work in Brazil. Of these, 2.5 million are 10-13 years of age. Children work in shoe factories and in industrial ‘homework’ with their families in Franca and São Paulo; cut cane in the interior of Pernambuco; package salt in Ceara; work the tobacco fields in Rio Grande do Sul and in the sugar mills in Rio de Janeiro; pick oranges in São Paulo and cotton and sisal in Bahia. They break rocks in Bahia and take care of the charcoal ovens in Mato Grosso. The criancas do burro (clay children) work in the brick furnaces in Piaui and sagueiros work the market in Manaus selling vegetables. Medical assistance, work contracts, or security equipment (Kenny, 1999) are absent.In countries in South and Southeast Asia, such as India and Thailand, the variety of child labour is even broader. Children do all the kinds of work mentioned above, and more. It is important to remember that throughout the world, even when children are not listed as “working” in any household-based research, they might nonetheless often be involved in work. They help to take care of the household by cooking and cleaning; they take care of the family’s livestock and watch over their younger siblings, and assume many other tasks. Lisa Dodson, an American author, devoted a whole book to the very essential work of children as unpaid child minders and caretakers in households in the USA - an invisible labour force without whose help the adults would not be able to go out to work in wage-earning jobs. The same takes place in households in many other countries (Dodson, 1999).Reference: “A text book for university students on child labor” by ILO. Page #22-23.

Child domestic service in Asia

“Child domestic service has been a widespread practice in Asia and may have even worsened in recent years with growing income inequalities and rural poverty. Children in domestic service, consisting largely of young girls, perform a wide variety of tasks traditionally done by women in the household, such as looking after children, preparing food, house cleaning, washing and ironing, and caring for the sick. These young women make an important economic contribution as they free their parents or employers, especially women, to pursue more remunerative employment in the national workforce. Ironically, the value of their contribution remains unrecognized and overlooked. In fact, even though children in domestic service are likely to be among the most vulnerable and


exploited of all, they are also the most difficult to protect. While their economic participation is largely unrecognized, young girls are increasingly subjected to work-related hazards and exploitation. Sexual advances and physical and verbal abuse instigated either by employers and co-workers are common. As children, they are being deprived of their right to childhood, and opportunities for self-development and education.”Reference: “A text book for university students on child labor” by ILO, Page #25.

What do we know about child workers today?

We are still learning about situations in which children work and what this means. Research is constantly being carried out, in a variety of ways and from various perspectives, and our knowledge is increasing.What have we learned so far about child labour in all the activities we have described above and so many others? Here is a very brief overview, which mainly concerns the developing world; Payment for work activities is seldom guaranteed, and when payment is received it is often very little.

Children experience varying health and safety conditions, working at home, in the informal sector, and in settings that often do not conform to the existing regulations and laws.

Each activity where children may be found working has its own socio-cultural context and economic framework, making treatment of these issues more difficult.

The relationship between child labour and poverty (i.e. the more poverty the more child labour, and vice versa) is complex.

Working children face a variety of health problems and complications directly and indirectly related to their working conditions.

Child labour adversely affects the education of many children. Other factors that increasingly contribute to child labour include large families

with numerous children, the joint processes of economic development and modernization, increases in population movement (migration), and HIV/AIDS, orphans.

Differences often exist in the work girls and boys do, as well as in the types of problems they face.

Many kinds of work especially that done by girls, pave the way for sexual abuse.

Reference:”A text book for university students on child labor” by ILO, Page # 30-31.


Children's Rights and Child Labour

In 1989, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) within which Article 32 asserts the right that children should not be engaged in work deemed to be "hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health". Global political initiatives to respect these rights, together with the production of internationally recognized statistics, are coordinated by the International Labour Organization (ILO) which has allied its mission with the cause. For example, the ILO aims to achieve by 2016 the objective of its 1999 Convention 182 for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, encouraging countries to have time bound plans in place by 2008. Countries ratifying these conventions are committed to providing laws which enforce the provisions. Similar rights to children's education backed by laws serve to reinforce child labour legislation. Every full-time student is one less full-time child worker. Unfortunately, more than 10 countries have still not ratified the ILO convention, notably India where child labour remains stubbornly widespread. India government estimates concede the existence of over 12 million child labourers but civil society organizations put the figure at over 100 million. A major review published by the ILO in 2007 says of the 2016 global objective that “it is clear that this ambitious target will not be achieved by business as usual”, urging the worldwide movement to “re-energize” itself.

Although almost every country has laws prohibiting the employment of children below a certain age, legislation too often fails to close the door on child labour. For example, it may exempt certain sectors - often the very sectors where the highest numbers of working children are found - or its penalties for violating child labour laws are inadequate. And probably the most common obstacle to adequate legal protection for children is the fact that legislation is not enforced. For example, in 2006 India strengthened its laws by extending the definition of hazardous work to include domestic labour and catering establishments but there is virtually no evidence of enforcement.

Convention 182 is particularly weak on the special vulnerability of girl children. The worst form of exploitation of girls is being fought in part by extra-territorial laws that permit prosecution of citizens who sexually abuse children in another country. For example nationals from many European countries and the US can now be charged at home for engaging a child prostitute in Thailand.

Development Solutions to Child Labour

A rights-based approach which relies on laws and their enforcement is insufficient in isolation because child labour is a dynamic feature of complex social and economic conditions. For example, authorities in India occasionally engineer police raids on suspect factories creating headlines that children have been “rescued”. But such actions will be ineffective in the absence of institutional capacity to rehabilitate the children. Laws need to be complemented with development programmes which tackle the


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underlying causes of child labour and which recognize the practical difficulties in reintegration of children into formal education. Development agencies are also now more likely to acknowledge that children themselves should be consulted on the issues – for example many children are anxious to find ways of combining education with the economic expediency of helping their families. The integration of child labour concerns into national development strategies, backed by effective legislation, is therefore the preferred route to a lasting solution. Reduction of chronic poverty through broad-based economic and social development will create the platform for fundamental change in cultural attitudes towards children.

Millennium Development Goals and Child Labour

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) missed the opportunity to drive forward this strategy of mainstreaming child labour within development plans. Targets and indicators within the MDG framework make no reference to the subject of child labour which is therefore less likely to feature in national Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers that shape governments' policies. Critics argue that the persistence of child labour could undermine progress towards Goals for education, HIVAIDS and gender equality. Compounding the faultiness, MDG indicators for school enrolment aim for a total of 5 years of education, far less than implied by child labour conventions.

Nevertheless, achievement of the MDG to provide universal primary education by 2015 is a key benchmark for child labour campaigners. Whilst overall prospects for this Goal are often assessed in relatively positive terms, there is correlation between those countries lagging behind and those in which child labour thrives, such as Pakistan and Nepal. The daunting call by global education campaigners for 18 million new teachers does not augur well for the elimination of child labour. Some caution is needed in the presumption of a perfect inverse relationship between child labour and education. The availability of education alone may not be sufficient to break down the demand for child labors. Schools which levy unaffordable fees or which have insufficient teaching and classroom resources will fail to secure universal enrolment. And programmes should recognize the need for incentives for parents who will lose income from transferring their children into school. In an implied admonition of the MDG approach, an international joint-agency group established in 2005, The Global Task Force in Child Labor and Education, explicitly aims to achieve education for all through the elimination of child labor. The approach is underpinned by a cost/benefit analysis carried out by the UN in 2003 which convincingly demonstrates the value of eliminating child labor through investment in education by reference to the long term economic benefit of a more skilled and healthy workforce.


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Chapter No. 03

Study Rationale


Study Rationale

The mortality of any society is judged by what the society does to its children. The menace of child labor is rampantly growing around the world and the morality of the society is at stake. Child labor is alarmingly present with its various worst forms almost in each of the society around the globe with particular focus in developing countries.

Pakistan being a developing society has also a stigma of child labor on its forehead. Apart from the street child labor, domestic labor by children is also not un-common.

According to (statistics) official figures there are about 40 million child laborers in Pakistan between the ages of 5-14. Out of which 3.3 millions are engaged in domestic child labor. Out of these 3.8 millions, a majority of 2.4 million (73%) are boys and the remaining 0.9 million (27%) are girls. Almost more than half of the child workers which approximately states the figures of 1.94 million or 58.6% are working in Punjab.

Bahawalpur once the house of the great Abbasi dynasty, having much taste of royal living style. In the city people have the tendency to hire the children for performing domestic labor chores. A large number of children work on permanent bases, this type is called “bonded labor”. People either belongs to the upper class or low class have a remarkable ratio of this tendency. Especially landlords are in habit to hire children of the tenants.

Although researches have been conducted on domestic child labor on international, national and province level yet not a single research work is conducted in Bahawalpur region .So, we did this research in order to identify and explore the intensity and prevalence of domestic child labor in Bahawalpur.

Children engaged in domestic chores are mostly exposed to work in health hazardous surroundings. Children engaged in domestic labor have to work at their work place for long hours. Besides all this, they have to live from hand to mouth. Actual and factual data was required to express the miseries and true conditions of domestic child laborers. For this very purpose we conducted this research.


Chapter No. 04

Methodology


Research METHODOLOGY

1. Topic statement:

“Socio-economic conditions of domestic child laborers in Bahawalpur”

2. Objectives:

To explore personal and family background of domestic child laborers. To find out nature of work and working conditions of domestic child laborers. To identify the nature and extent of the facilities available to the domestic child

laborers..

3. Geographic universe

Geographic universe of our study was Bahawalpur City.

4. Human universe

Children engaged in domestic chores.

5. Snow ball sampling

As the domestic child laborer is a hidden phenomenon that takes place behind the high wall of bungalows. No estimated data is present regarding this. To find out the respondent no sampling strategy was workable but snow ball sampling. Through snow ball sampling links were explored and data was gathered till the point of saturation.

6. Instrumentation

“A method of devising tool for data collection is called instrumentation”.As our respondents were children engaged in domestic chores and a majority of them were illiterate, it was not appropriate to make use of questionnaires, so we employed interview schedule as a tool of data collection. The phase of instrumentation went through the following steps;

Drafting


Internal criticism External criticism Re-drafting Second review Final draft

7. Pre-testing

Before starting full fledge expedition of data collection, pretesting was carried out to check the effectiveness and reliability of designed data- collection methodology. Pre-testing provided us the basis to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the tool. On the basis of findings of the pre-testing we made necessary amendments in the interview schedule to a degree of required accuracy.

8. Data collection

After pretesting data was collected from various areas of Bahawalpur city. Interviews of 100 respondents were conducted. For the sake of faster and smooth working we further divided our group into 3 sub-groups.

9. Data Sifting After the collection of required data sifting of data was carried out in order to

remove useless data. In short data sifting refers to sift relevant and required data out of useless data.

10. Data Editing, classification

Data editing refers to the correction of available data. Data was edited in the field as well as in the office of our supervisor. The ultimate purpose of the editing was to make sure whether all the questions were being reported or not and if any of the question was left unanswered. After editing we classified whole data into several homogeneous classes.

11. Data Codification

After the arrangement of data into homogeneous classes, we codified whole data into numerical and statistical form.


12. Data Sheets/Dummy tables

After codification, scattered and codified data was put into tally sheets. The purpose of tally sheets was to prepare dummy tables.

13. Tabular and graphical presentation

After the tally sheets data was presented through tables and graphs. And the data given in the tables was descriptively interpreted.

14. Report writing

It was the final phase of our research procedure. The report writing consisted of the following chapters,

Introduction Acknowledgement Study abstracts Methodology Review of the literature Tables and graphs Study findings Conclusion Appendix Bibliography


Chapter No.05

Tabular and Graphical Presentation


Table No.01

Age

Age limit Frequency Percentage4-8 years 10 109-13 years 50 5014-18 years 40 40

Grand Total 100 100%

The above drawn table is about the age distribution of domestic children. In accordance with the figures given in the table 10% were in the age group of 4-8 years, 50% of domestic children were in the age of 9-13 years and 40% were in the age group of 14-18 years.

Age

10

50

40

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

4-8 years 9-13 years 14-18 years

freq

uen

cy


Table No.02

Gender Ratio

Age Limits F1(males) F2 (females) percentages4-8 02 08 10%9-13 21 29 50%14-18 19 21 40%

Grand total 42 58 100%

The above table shows the gender distribution of respondents. According to given figures, in age group of 4-8 years there were 10 respondents (2 males and 8 females), in age group 9-13 years there were 50 respondents (m =21 and f =29), while in age group of 14-18 there were 40 respondents ( m =19 and f =21).

2

8

21

29

1921

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

frequency

4-8 years 9-13 years 14-18 years

Gender Ratio

male laborers

female laborers


Table No.03

Cast Distribution

Name of cast Frequency PercentageBhatti 22 22

Arayien 7 7Baloch 6 6

Yousaf zai 5 5Khokher 7 7

Seyal 5 5Jatt 6 6

Matam 5 5Miscellaneous 37 37Grand total 100 100%

The above drawn table throws light on cast distribution of the respondents. In accordance with the table values, 22% respondents were belonging to Bahatti cast,7% were Ariyens,6% were Balooch,5% Yousaf Zai,7% Khokher,5% Seyal,6% Jatt,5% Matam,and 37% were belonging to miscellaneous casts.

57

5 6 5

37

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

frequency

1

casts

Cast distribution

Yousaf zai

Khokher

Seyal

Jatt

Matam

Miscellaneous


Table No.04

Language

Name of language frequency PercentageSaraiki 75 75Punjabi 15 15Urdu 4 4

Miscellaneous 6 6Grand total 100 100%

The above mentioned figures in the table show the lingual distribution of the respondents. Accordance to the values 75% respondents were Saraiyki,15% were Punjabi,4% Urdu, 6% were from miscellaneous languages.

75

15

4 6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

frequency

Language

Saraiyki

Punjabi

Urdu

Miscellaneous


Table No.05

Educational Status

Educational status frequency PercentageIlliterate 67 67Primary 32 32Middle 01 01

Grand total 100 100%

The above drawn table shows the respondents educational status. Accordance to the table values, 67% of the total respondents were illiterate, 32% were primary pass, and only 01% of the total respondents were middle pass.

Educational status

67

32

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Illiterate Primary Middle

pe

rce

nta

ge


Table No.06

Work Length

Working since frequency Percentage6 months 14 14

1 year 26 262-3 years 35 354-7 years 20 20

More than 7 years 5 5Grand total 100 100%

The table drew above mentions values about the working since. 14% respondents were working from the last 06 months, 26% were working since 01 year,35% were working since 2-3 years,20%were working from 4-7 years, and only 5% were working since seven years.

working since

05

10152025303540

6months

1 year 2-3years

4-7years

Morethan 7years

working period

pe

rce

nta

ge


Table No.07

Family Size

Family members frequency Percentage4 to 8 members 68 689-13 members 30 3014-18 members 2 2


The above table represents the total no. of respondent’s family members. 68% respondents had 4-8 family members, 30% of respondents had 9-13 members and just 2% of them had 14-18 members.

Family size

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

4 to 8members

9-13members

14-18members

members

per

cen

tag

e

Series1


Table No.08

No. of Siblings

No. of siblings Frequency Percentage1-5 siblings 41 41

6-10 siblings 57 5711-15 siblings 2 2Grand total 100 100%

The above table shows the no. of siblings of respondent’s. According to given fogures, 41% of respondents had 1-5 siblings, 57% had 6-10 siblings and only 2% respondents had 11-15 siblings.

No. of siblings

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1-5 siblings 6-10 siblings 11-15 siblings

Siblings

pe

rce

nta

ge

Series1


Table No.09

Birth Order

Birth order Frequency PercentageElder 22 22

Middle 68 68youngest 10 10


The above table is about the respondent’s birth order. According to which 22% of respondents were eldest among siblings, 68% of respondents were in middle amongst siblings and 10% were the youngest amongst siblings.

Birth order

0

20

40

60

80

Elder Middle youngest

order

pe

rce

nta

ge


Table No.10

Father’s Life Status

Father alive frequency PercentageYes 83 83No 17 17


The above table donates the father of the respondents, whether they are alive or not. The fathers of 83% of the respondents were alive and the fathers of 17% were not alive.

Father's life status

Yes83%

No17%

Yes

No


Table No.11

Mother’s Life Status

Mother alive frequency PercentageYes 94 94No 06 06


The above table is about the mother of the respondents, whether they are alive or not. The mothers of 94% of the respondents were alive while the mothers of 06% were not alive.

Mother's life status

94%6%

6% Yes

No


Table No.12

Father’s Education

Father’s education frequency PercentageIlliterate 80 80Primary 9 9Middle 8 8

Above Middle 3 3Grand total 100 100%

The table is about the educational status of the respondent’s father. According to the figures 80% of the respondent’s fathers were illiterate, 9% were primary pass,8% were middle pass while just 3% were middle above literate.

80

9

8

3

0 20 40 60 80

frequency

Illiterate

Primary

Middle

Above Middle

Father's education


Table No.13Mother’s Education

Mother’s education frequency PercentageIlliterate 92 92Primary 5 5Middle 3 3

Above Middle 0 0Grand total 100 100%

The table depicts the educational status of the respondent’s mother. According to the figures 92% of the respondent’s mothers were illiterate, 5% were primary pass, 3% were middle pass while just 0% was middle above literate.

Illite

rate

Pri

ma

ry

Mid

dle

Ab

ove

Mid

dle

S10

20406080

100

percentage

educational level

Mothers's Education


Table No.14

Father’s Occupation

Father’s Occupation Frequency PercentageGovt. employee 3 3

Labor 46 46Own business 20 20

Farmer 11 11No work 20 20


The above table mentions occupational status of the father of the respondents. 3% of the respondent’s fathers were Govt.employee, 46% of fathers were labor,20% had their own business,11% were farmers while 20 of them did not do any work.

Father's Occupation

3

46

20

11

20

Series1 3 46 20 11 20

Govt. employe

LaborOwn

businessFarmer No work


Table No.15

Mother’s Status

Mother’ status frequency PercentageHouse wife 44 44

Domestic work 36 36Labor 6 6

Tailoring 5 5Not alive 5 5Any other 4 4


The above table contains informations regarding mother, status of the respondents. 44% of the respondent’s mothers were house wife,36% of mothers were engaged in domestic work,6% were laborer ,5% used to earn via tailoring,4% did miscellaneous works while 5% respondent’s mothers were not alive.

Mother's Status

4436

6 5 5 401020

304050

status

perc

en

tag

e


Table No.16

Working Siblings

Siblings doing work frequency PercentageYes 87 87No 13 13


The table carries figures about respondent’s siblings doing work. According to the figures, 87% of the respondent’s siblings were doing work and just 13% siblings of the respondents were not doing any work.

siblings doing work

Yes 87%

No13%

Yes

No


Table No.17

Sibling’s Nature Of Work

Siblings nature of work Frequency PercentageLabor 37 37

Domestic work 49 49No work 14 14


The table mentions the nature of work of the siblings of the respondents. 37% siblings of the respondents were had been doing labor work, 49% were doing domestic work and 14% did not do any work at all.

Labor Domestic

work No work

S1

Labor , 37

Domestic work, 49

No work, 14

0

10

20

30

40

50

work nature

sibling's nature of work


Table No.18

Bread Earners In Family

Total No. of bread earners Frequency Percentage1-3 members 44 444-6 members 45 457-10 members 11 11Grand total 100 100%

This table consists of values about total no. of bread earners in respondent’s family. 44% of the respondents had 1-3 bread earners in their family, 45% respondents claimed that there were 4-6 bread earners in their family. Just 11% had 7-10% bread earners in their family.

bread earners

44

45

11

0 10 20 30 40 50

1-3 members

4-6 members

7-10 members

earn

ing

mem

bers

percentage


Table No.19

Monthly Income of Respondent’s Family

Total monthly income frequency Percentage2000-3000 13 134000-5000 37 376000-7000 23 238000-9000 27 27


The table puts on light the total monthly income of respondent’s family. Total monthly income of 13% families of respondents had 2000-3000 total monthly income, 37% had 4000-5000 total monthly income, 23% had 6000-7000 monthly income and 27% had 8000-9000 total monthly income.

total monthly income

13

37

2327

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2000-3000 4000-5000 6000-7000 8000-9000

income in thousands

pe

rce

nta

ge

s


Table No.20

Areas of expenditures

Areas 01 02 03 04 05 frequency percentageFood 63 33 04 100 63%

Health 27 37 29 06 01 100 27%Education 04 14 13 51 18 100 4%

Family functions

03 12 49 27 09 100 3%

Rent of house

03 03 01 00 07 13 3%

Grand total

100%

This table mentions areas of expenditures of respondent’s family. 63% families of the respondents claimed food as a major area of expenditures,27% claimed health as a major area of expenditure,4% claimed education,03% family functions and 3% claimed rent of house as a major area of expenditure.

Areas of expenditures

63

27

4 3 30

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Food Health Education Familyfunctions

Rent ofhouse

areas

pe

rce

nta

ge


Table No.21

Type Of Family

Type of family frequency Percentage

Nuclear 61 61

joint 39 39


This table carries data about type of family of the respondent.61% of the respondents were living in nuclear family whereas 39% respondents were living in joint family system.

Type of family

Nuclear , 61

joint, 39

Nuclear

joint


Table No.22

Residential Background

Residential backgrounds frequency PercentageRural 70 70urban 30 30


This table shows figures about the residential backgrounds of the respondents. Figures show that 70% of the respondents were from rural backgrounds and just 30% respondents were from urban backgrounds.

Residential background

Rural, 70

urban, 30

Rural

urban


Table No.23

Nature of residence

Nature of residence frequency PercentageRented 13 13Own 68 68

Relatives house 10 10Owner’s house 9 9


This table shows figures about the nature of residence of the respondents.13% of the respondents lived in rented house,68% lived in their own houses,10% lived with the relatives, and just 9% lived with the owners.

13

68

109

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

percentage

1

residence nature

Nature of residence

Owner’s house

Relatives house

Own

Rented


Table No.24

Type of father’s Marriages

Father marriages frequency PercentagePolygamous 15 15

Monogamous 85 85Grand total 100 100%

The above drawn table tells about the type of marriage of respondent’s father.15% of respondent’s father were polygamous while 85% respondent’s fathers were monogamous.

father marriages

Polygamous15%

Monogamous

85%

Polygamous

Monogamous


Table No.25

Nature and type of labor

Nature And Type Of Labor Frequency PercentageBonded 14 14

Un-bonded 86 86Grand Total 100 100%

The table throws light on Nature and type of respondent’s labor. 14% were indulged in bonded whereas 86% were indulged in un-bonded labor.

14

86

0102030405060708090

percentage

Bonded Un-bonded

Nature and type of labor


Table No.26Nature Of Stay

Nature of stay frequency PercentageResidential 70 70

Non-residential 30 30Grand total 100 100%

The above drawn table carries figures about nature of stay of the respondent. The nature of stay of 70% respondents was residential and 30% were from non-residential nature of stay.

Nature of stay

Residential, 70

Non-residential,

30

01020304050607080

Residential Non-residential

pe

rce

nta

ge


Table No.27

Nature Of Accommodation

Options frequency PercentageSeparate 27 38.57

With owner 43 61.43Grand total 70 100%

The table bears information about the nature of accommodation. 38.57% respondents had separate accommodation and 61.43 had accommodation with their owners.

38.57

61.43

Separate

With owner


Table No.28Type Of Tasks To Perform

Options Frequency PercentageKitchen Work 34 14.97

Sweeping 45 19.82Ironing 24 10.57

Laundry Work 11 4.84Baby Sitting 22 9.691

Janitorial Work 33 14.53Khidmat 23 10.13

All Above 35 15.82Grand Total 227* 100%

*Multiple responses

The table values mention type of tasks performed by respondents. 34 respondents had to perform kitchen work, 45 respondents had to do sweeping task, 24 respondents claimed that they had to do ironing, 11 respondents had to do laundry work, 22 respondents had to do baby sitting, 33 respondents had to perform janitorial work, 23 respondents had to do Khidmat of their employer and 35 respondents claimed to be performing all of the above mention tasks.

Type Of Tasks Performed

14.97

19.82

10.57

4.84

9.691

14.53

10.13

15.82

0

5

10

15

20

25

Pe

rce

nta

ge

s

Kitchen Work

Sweeping

Ironing

Laundry Work

Baby Sitting

Janitorial Work

Khidmat

All Above


Table no 29Task performed easily

Options Frequency PercentageKitchen work 17 17

Sweeping 25 25Ironing 12 12

Laundry work 2 2Baby sitting 18 18

Janitorial work 11 11Khidmat 1 1All above 14 14

Grand total 100% 100%

The above table shows values about tasks performed easily by the respondents. 17% respondents performed kitchen work easily, 25% respondents performed sweeping tasks easily, 12% performed ironing, 2% performed laundry work, 18% performed baby sitting, 11% performed janitorial work, 1% performed khidmat and 14% respondents claimed to work all the tasks easily.

Tasks performed easily

17

25

12

2

18

11

1

14

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1

Tasks

percen

tag

e Kitchen work

Sweeping

Ironing

Laundry work

Baby sitting

Janitorial work

Khidmat

All above


Table no 30Task Escaped From

Options Frequency PercentageKitchen work 18 18

Sweeping 27 27Ironing 13 13

Laundry work 13 13Baby sitting 12 12

Janitorial work 12 12Khidmat 3 3All above 2 2

Grand Total 100% 100%

This table carries figures about tasks which respondents usually wished to escape.18% respondents used to escape from kitchen work,27% from sweeping,13% from ironing,13% from laundry wor,12% from baby sitting,12%jainitorial work,3% Khidmat, and 2% respondents usually wished to escape from all type of tasks mentioned above.

Tasks escaped from

18

27

13 13 12 12

3 20

5

10

15

20

25

30

Tasks

percen

tag

e


Table No.31Working Durations

Work Length Frequency Percentage8hrs 27 2710hrs 20 2012hrs 16 16

Round The Clock 37 37Grand Total 100 100%

This table puts on light the figures about the working length of the respondents.27% of the respondents had to work 8hrs a day, 20% had to work 10 hrs a day, 16% had to work 12hrs a day, while 37% had to do work round the clock.

Working duration

8hrs

10hrs

12hrs

Round the clock


Table No.32

Assistance In Work

Assistance In Work Frequency Percentage

Yes 79 79

No 21 21


The above table mentions figures about assistance in work to the laborer by the owner.79% laborers claimed that yes their owner assistance them in working while 21% claimed that they did not get any assistance by their owner.

Assistance in work

Yes79%

No21%

Yes

No


Table |No.33Extent of Assistance

Options frequency PercentageMost often 33 33

Often 46 46Rarely 11 11

No 10 10Grand total 100 100%

The above table bears values about how often the respondents were assisted in their work.33% were assisted most often,46% were assisted oftenly,11% were assisted rarely and just 10% claimed that they did not get any assistance ever.

33

46

1110

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Extent of assisstance

No

Rarely

Often

Most often


Table No.34

Extra task to perform

Any Extra Work Have To Do

Frequency Percentage

Yes 33 33No 67 67


The table throws light on the figures that if any extra work respondents had to do beyond their assigned trasks.33% claimed that they had to do extra work beyond their assigned tasks whereas 67% claimed they did not had to do any other extra work beyond their assigned tasks.

extra tasks to perfrom

Yes 33%

No67%

Other67%

Yes

No


Table No.35

Mode of payment

Respondent Mode Of Salary

Frequency Percentage

Cash 67 67Grains 01 01Food 09 09

Cash and grains 02 02Cash and food 21 21Grand Total 100 100%

This table mentions values about respondent’s mod of salary. According to the figures 67% respondents got salary in term of cash,01% as grains,9% as food,2% in the form of cash and grains, and 21% in the form of cash and food.

Mode of payment

67

1

9

2

21

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Cash Grains Food Cash and grains Cash and food


Table No.36

Payment in Cash/month

Classes Frequency percentage300-700 36 40800-1200 27 301300-1800 10 11.121900-2200 10 11.122300-3000 06 6.663100-4000 01 1.11

Grand Total 90 100%

The above table shows figures about amount received as salary.40% respondents received 300-700 rupees per month,30% received 800-1200 per month,11.12% received 1300-1800 per month,11.12% received 1900-2200,6.66% received 2300-3000 while 1% received 3100-4000 rupees per month.

Payment in cash/month

40

30

11.12 11.12

6.66

1.110

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

300-700 800-1200 1300-1800 1900-2200 2300-3000 3100-4000

fre

qu

en

cy


Table No.37

Payment in kind of food and grains

Options Frequency Percentage

Grains 01/100 01%

food 09/100 09%

Grand Total 10 100%

The table carries figures about respondent’s mode of salary in term of food and grains.01 respondent out of 100 respondent sample got his salary in term of grains (10%), 9 out of100 got food as a mode of salary.

Grains, 1%

food, 9%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

Grains food

payment in food and grains


Table No.38Who collects the wages?

Who collects frequency PercentageParents 82 82yourself 18 18


The above table throws light on the collector of wages.82% respondents claimed that their parents got their wages while 18% of the respondents used to receive their salary by themselves.

who collects wages

82%

18%

Parents

yourself


Table No.39Pocket money provided


Yes 48 48

No 52 52


This table bears values about pocket money provided to the respondents. When asked from respondents, 48% of them answered that yes they are provided with the pocket money, while 52% of the respondents were not provided with pocket money.

pocket money provided

48

52

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

Yes No

perc

en

tag

e


Table No. 40

In case you collect the wages, you give it to your parents?

Options Frequency PercentageYes 13 65%No 07 35%

Grand Total 20 100%

The above table mentions figures about if respondents collect the wages they gave it to their parents.65% gave it to their parents and 35% don’t gave them

In case you coolect wages

Yes65%

No35%

Yes

No


Table no.41Provision of holydays

Are you provided holydays

frequency Percentage

Yes 87 87No 13 13


The above table is about provision of holydays.87% of respondents were provide holydays and 13% of respondents don’t provide holidays.

holydays provision

87% 13%

Yes

No


Table no.42No. of Holidays

Options Frequency PercentageWeekly 27 27Monthly 62 62

Almost No 11 11Grand Total 100 100%

This table mentions figures about the holidays provided to the respondents.27% respondents were provided holydays after 0ne week, 62% were provided with holydays monthly, and almost 11% of respondents were provided almost no holydays.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

frequency

No. of holydays

Series1 27 62 11

Weekly Monthly Almost no


Table No.43

Transportation charges

Options frequency PercentageYes 55 55No 27 27

Miscellaneous 18 18Grand total 100 100%

The table bears values about the behave of the owner. When asked from respondents that whether they are satisfied with the behave of the owner or not, 55% were satisfied with the behave of the owner whereas 27% were not satisfied with the behave, and just 18% were answered in miscellaneous reaction.

Transportation charges

55

27

18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Yes No Miscellaneous


Table No.44Un-announced Leaves

Response Frequency PercentagePunished 13 13Ignored 87 87Fined 0 0


The above drawn table mentions figures about treatment of un-announced leave. According to the table 13% respondents were punished in case of un-announced leave, whereas 87% were ignored in case of un-announced leave, not even a single respondent was fined.

PunishedIgnored

Fined

S10

20

40

60

80

100

percentage

Treat of un-announced leave


Table No.45

Eid Holydays

Options Frequency PercentageHome 42 42

With Owner 44 44Own Choice 14 14Grand Total 100 100%

This table puts in light the values about Eid holydays.42% respondents claimed that they spent Eid holydays at their homes,44% respondents used to spend Eid holydays with their owners, and just 14% respondents spent holydays at the place of their own choice.

Where respondents spent holydays

42%

44%

14%14%Home

With owner

Own choice


Table No.46

Recreational Activities

Options Frequency PercentageYes 83 83No 17 17


The above drawn table carries figures about recreational activities provided to the respondents.83% respondents was provided with the recreational activities whereas 17% were not provided with the recreational activities.

Recreational activities

Yes83%

No17%

Yes

No


Table No.47

Satisfaction With Employer Attitude

Options Frequency PercentageYes 94 94No 06 06


The table carries values about satisfaction level of the respondents with their employed attitude.94% were satisfied while 6% were not satisfied with their employed attitude

YesNo

S1

94

60

20

40

60

80

100

percentage

Satisfaction rate with employer attidtude

.


Table no.48

Satisfaction On Current Status

Option frequency Percentage

Yes 55 55No 45 45


This table depicts values regarding satisfaction of respondents on their current status. 55% of the respondents were satisfied with their current status while 45% were un-satisfied on their current status.

Satisfaction on current status

Yes55%

No45%

Yes

No


Table No.49

Dissatisfaction On Owner’s Attitude


Harsh Attitude 03/100 03%

Over Work 03/100 03%

Grand Total 06/100 06/100%

According to the above drawn table 3% respondents were not satisfied with owner’s attitude due to his harsh attitude, and 3% were not satisfied due to excessive work.

3% 3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

%

Harsh attitude Over work

Reasons for dissatisfaction

Series1


Table no.50

Will For Working

Option Frequency Percentage

Yes 55 55No 45 45


According to the table values 55% respondents were working by their own will, 45% were not working by their own will.

Working will

Yes, 55

no, 45


Table No.51

Are You Forced For Domestic Labor?

Options Frequency PercentageBy Force 23 23

By Compulsion 76 76By Own Will 01 01Grand Total 100 100%

The table shows the values about whether they were forced for domestic work.23% were do work by force and 76% of respondents were do work by compulsion and only 1% do work by their own will.

Are you forced for domestic labor

23

76

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

By force By compulsion By own will

%


Table no.52Who Brought Here

Options Frequency PercentageYourself 05 05Parents 78 78

Relatives 17 17Grand Total 100 100%

That table shows the values that who brought the respondent for domestic work.5% were came with their own will 78% respondents were brought here by the parents due to poor economic status and 17% were brought here by relatives

YourselfParents

relatives

S1

5

78

170

20

40

60

80

%

Who brought here


Table No.53

In case provided with study options?


Yes 70 70

No 30 30


These values explains that if respondents gave option to study would they quit this job.70% were agree to get further study and 30% were not willing to get education.

If provided with study options

Yes70%

No30%

Yes

No


Table No.54

Pocket money provided by employer


Yes 74 74

No 26 26


This table shows figures about the pocket money. According to figures 74% respondent would receive pocket money while rest of the 26% did not receive pocket money

Pocket money provided by owner

Yes74%

No26%

Other26%

Yes

No


Table No.55

Extent Of Pocket Money Provided By Employer

Options Frequency Percentage1-5 Rupees 13 17.576-10 Rupees 34 45.94

11-20 Rupees 18 24.3221-30 Rupees 09 12.16Grand Total 74 100%

This table shows the amount of pocket money receive by the respondents.17.57% of respondents received 1-5 Rs, 45.94% received 6-10 Rs.24.32% of respondents would receive 11-20 Rs, 12.16% children receive 21-30 Rs.

How much pocket money by owner

17.57

45.94

24.32

12.16

0

10

20

30

40

50

1-5 rupees 6-10 rupees 11-20 rupees 21-30 rupees

%


Table No.56

Provision Of Proper Education

options frequency Percentage

Yes 40 40

No 60 60


The above drawn table carries figures about provision of proper education.40% of respondents were given proper education while 60% of them were not given proper education.

40

60

0 20 40 60

%

Yes

No

Provision of proper Education


Table No.57

Type Of Education Provided

options Frequency PercentageFormal 39 27.85

Informal 23 16.42Religious 50 35.71vocational 02 1.42

Grand total 140* 85%

*Multiple responses

This table is about the type of education provided to the respondents. A majority of 39 respondents were facilitated with the formal type of education, 23 respondents claimed that they were getting informal education, 50 respondents were getting religious education and just 2 respondents were getting vocational education.

Type of education provided

27.85

16.42

35.71

1.420

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Formal Informal Religious vocational

%


Table No.58

Treatment On Mistakes


Punished 60 60

Ignored 40 40


This table is about reaction of owners after respondent’s mistake.60% respondents were punished and 40% were ignored.

Traetment for the mistakes

Punished60%

Ignored40%

Punished

Ignored


Table No.59

Sort of punishment

Sort Of Punishment Frequency PercentageScolded 46 76.67Corporal 11 18.33

Deduction In Wages 3 5Grand Total 60 100%

This table represent the sort of punishment.76.67% were scolded and 18.33% were corporal while 5% were deduction in wages.

Sort of punishment

76.67

18.33

50

102030405060708090

Scolded Corporal Deduction in wages

%

TableNo.60


Support In Case Of Disease And Treatment

Options frequency Percentage

Yes 95 95

No 05 05


These values shows that did owner support in case of disease and its treatment.95% of respondents provided treatment facilities and just 5% did not supported.

Support in case of disease and its treatment

Yes 95%

No5%

Yes

No


Table No.61Opinion About Child Labor


Oppose 71 71Favor 14 14

Don’t Know 15 15Grand Total 100 100%

This table is about the opinions about child lobour.71% of respondents were not in favor of child labor while14% were in favor and 15% of respondents don’t know .

opinion about child labor

71

14 15

01020304050607080

Oppose Favor Don’t know

%


Table No.62

Future Aims And Objectives

Options Frequency PercentageSocial Status 09 09

Economic Soundness And Safety

38 38

Further Studies 22 22Skill Earnings 10 10No Response 21 21Grand Total 100 100%

This table represents the future aims and objectives of childrens.9% of respondents wanted social status.38% wanted economic soundness and safety while 22% wanted to get further studies 1% wanted to learn different skills and 21% don’t gave any response

Future aims and objectives

9

38

2210

21

05

10152025303540

Social status Economicssoundnessand safety

Further studies Skill earnings No response

%


Chapter No. 06

Case Studies


Case Study # 01

M. Naveed, a 14 years old innocent child in rages, glittering eyes having dreams for burlesque future. He was quite an infant when his father passed away. Heavy addiction led his father to the failure of kidneys and liver functioning. Naveed was having one elder sister, after the death of his late father his mother took the responsibilities for the rearing and caring of her offspring. She worked whole the day long in the homes of prestigious people to earn the bread for her kids. She was a shrinky woman of just 32 with faded eyes and pale face. Overwhelming work, restless life, miseries and tensions made her the patient of Tuberculosis. She brought up her children for at least 8 years. At last she died leaving her two destitute children at the stake of furious and beast cosmos.

At the death of his mother Naveed was in 7th class while his elder sister was in matric.There distant relatives took pity on them by providing them the shelter but at the cost of little property and belongings left by his parents. Apparently -shaded Naveed was shad less in fact. After loosing their property and belongings they were treated harshly by their relatives. He was compelled and exposed for domestic labor. He got engaged in domestic chores by the age of 11 years. He had been working there for the last 3 years as a janitor. He used to work round the clock at salary as low as 1000 rupees per month. But on e thousand was quite insufficient for him to meet even basic needs. To his fortune his owner was a generous and pious man quite affectionate to Naveed. His owner used to care for the meal, wearing and pocket money of Naveed. Still circumstances were uncongenial and for him. Naveed’s sister had grown to puberty. He was worry for her education and marriage. Although he was provided with holydays at weekly basis yet he mostly used to utilize his holydays for bonus earning. In spite for all these miseries and tough realities of life he was enthusiastic and full of hope. He was carrying on the education of her sister and himself beyond the boundaries of any formal institute.

He mostly availed curricular books from scrap houses. With this enthusiasm and firm personality he accomplished his matriculation degree while his sister was studying in 2nd year. When I questioned him about his future aims and objectives he uttered with a rocky passion that;

“I wish to be a politician. I wish to be a leader of my nation as I wish to serve for destitute and orphans, I wish to be a server as I have practically experienced the miseries of life. I will assassinate child labor as I myself have tasted the bitterness of child labor.”

The moment he was describing and expressing his inner, his weak and pale face turned red yet there was a glow in his thirsty soul and spark in gaze. A fluttering bird was daring for high flight…….. Against the brutal slaps of social storm…………….!!!


Case Study No. 02

Sania was a 16 year old girl. Her cast was Balmi and she lived in BWP city after the death of her father. She was primary pass. She had two brothers and three sisters belonging to very poor family. Her family hardly fulfilled its domestic needs.Her two sisters were married and she was the eldest among her siblings. Her father died out of cancer two years ago. As the family was not having enough resources for his treatment, it left Yazman and migrated to BWP for the fulfillment of its needs.

For the sole purpose of supporting her family she decided to engage herself in domestic work. Now she was living in her owner’s house as the nature of her stay was residential. She did domestic work while her brother worked as a cobbler to earn bread for his family. There were three bread earners in her family yet they hardly fulfilled their household needs. Her mother was the patient of diabetes.She took the charge to earn bread and wearing for her family. She used to leave the bed early in the morning, after offering Fajar prayer she prepared breakfast. After serving breakfast she washed the clothes, daily did pressing of the clothes & also cooked the food. After lunch she had little time for rest, only for an hour and after that in the evening she did other janitorial tasks. Thus she was living very hard life.She wanted to spend some time for herself but she could not. She was not even provided with time for recreational activities. Sometimes she thought and asked herself some questions like this, “Can I do something for my self?” She wanted to learn embroidery and also wanted to get some education but she didn’t have any time to learn these skills and arts.After day long activities even at the end of the day she had to serve her owner by massaging bodies and the like. The owner behaved very harshly with her.

Now two years have passed, she is doing work and every day when she gets up she thinks that perhaps she may spare some time for herself but every day brings disappointment. She is living for her family not for herself.


Case Study # 03

Asiya aged 13 lived in Bahawalpur. She had two sisters and three brothers. Asiya was the

eldest one. Her father was a laborer. His little income could not cut their basic

expenditures. Sometime, they did not have enough money to fulfill their basic needs.

They were not able to get food for themselves. She wished to study and to provide

financial support to her family. But at last she had to give up her such desire due to acute

poverty.

Therefore, to fulfill the basic needs of her family she had been working since last 3 years.

Besides her, one of brother and sister were working in the houses as well. Where Asia

used to work, the family of that house was large in number and she was the only servant

to do work. When she was taken there for work, she was told that she had to work as a

janitor. Asides it, she had been given a time for getting informal education or vocational

training. But with the span of time the burden of work was exceeded beyond her limits

that neither she could get education nor any vocational training.

Whenever she requested for education owners scolded her. Even she was not allowed to

visit her home. She also got little salary in comparison with the work she did. She bore all

this in order to financially support her siblings for education. Because she wanted her

brother and sister study well as she herself could not get education.

Now Asiya wants to learn such a skill by which she may do reasonable earning for

running domestic affairs. Further she also wants to earn by staying at home. So that her

brothers and sisters may not have to work in houses.


Case Study# 04

Nusrat lived in Tibba Bader Sher (BWP).She was 12 years old and her cast was Mohager.

Her family size was 8 and total bread earners of her family were 5.Her father was drug

addict and he didn’t support his family. Her mother did domestic work round the clock.

She lived with her relatives in their house.

She did almost all types of domestic tasks but the owner brought her especially for the

sake of sweeping and baby sitting. She permanently stayed in owner’s house & did the

entire house hold works. They did not give her any type of salary rather her owner used

to say her family that he will arrange her marriage ceremony and will bear all the

expenditures. She also had to perform extra work beyond her assigned duties. She was

not satisfied with her current status. She did the work by compulsion. She wanted to

become a teacher but she could not fulfill her dream because she had no opportunity to

get education.

When someone talked with her, she felt shy as she was shy by nature. She is suffering

from inferiority complex. Most of the time she remained silent just gazing on every thing

in surprise manner.


Case Study No. 05

Iqra Akbar belonged to a poor family. She was 14 years old. She was an orphan girl. Her

father died in her childhood. She had two brothers and two sisters. Before the death of her

father they lived a very happy life. But after the death of her father she started to live with

her uncle. But her uncle did not bear the expenses of her family because he was also poor

and he thought her family was burden on him so her mother started tailoring and brother

started work in the workshop. She also did the domestic work. As she and her family

started struggle for living and in this struggle she felt life was not a bed of roses. They did

their best efforts but they hardly earned Rs.3000 only. That was not sufficient for her

family.

With the morning prayer her every day work routine started. After offering prayer she

prepared tea for her owner then prepared the breakfast and served to all. After that she

did all the household work. She didn’t like the kitchen work especially in summer. She

wanted to get education but it was not possible for her. She always prayed to Allah may

Allah give her opportunity to get education. When she saw the school going children she

felt very sad. She also liked to play with dolls but she did not have enough time to play.

When all the members of the owner’s family came back she served the meal. After that

she did other household works. In the evening again her work started and continued till

night.

Iqra always had a smile on her face but I know she was not as happy as she looked .she

took care of her siblings just like mother and always prayed for them.

She also wanted to live as she would live with her father where there were no restrictions

and she lived as she wanted.


Chapter No. 07

Findings


Study Findings

50% of respondents were in age group of between 9-13 years and 40% were between the ages of 14-18 years. (Table # 01)

50% of the respondents were laying in the age group of 9-13 years. (Table # 02) 22% of respondents belonged to Bhatti cast. (Table #0 3) 75% of respondents were fund to be saraiki speaking. ‘(Table # 04) 32% of the respondents were primary pass while rests of the respondent were

illiterate. (Table # 05) 35% of the respondents were found to be engaged in domestic labor for the last 2-

3 years and 20% were working as a domestic labor for the last 4-7 years.(Table # 06)

Family size of 68% of the respondents was 4-8 members. (Table #0 7) 57% respondents were having 6-10 siblings. (Table # 08) By birth 68% of respondents fell into middle order. (Table # 09) Fathers of 83% of the respondents were alive while rests of the respondents were

orphan. (Table #10) Mothers of 94% respondents were alive. (Table #11) 80% of the respondent’s fathers were found to be illiterate. (Table no # 12) Mother of 92% of the respondents was illiterate. (Table #13) By occupation father of 46% respondents were involved in the occupation of

manual work. (Table #14) Mothers of 36% respondents were engaged in domestic work and 44% of mothers

were found to be house wives. (Table #15) Siblings of 87% of the respondents were engaged in domestic labor or any other

type of labor.(Table #17) Siblings of 49% of the respondents were engaged in domestic labor (Table #18) 45% respondents were having 4-6 members as bread earners and 11% of

respondents were having 7-10 members as bread earners in their families. (Table #19)

A total monthly income 37% family of the respondents was found to be ranging from 4000-5000. (Table #20)

In the families of 63% respondents, food was found to be as a major area of family expenditure. (Table #21)

61% of the respondents were belonging to the nuclear type of family. (Table #22) 70% of respondents were from rural background. (Table #23) 68% of the respondents were having accommodation in their own residences

while 13% of respondents had to accommodate in rented house. (Table #24) Fathers of 85% of the respondents were monogamous. (Table #25) 86% respondents were engaged in un-bonded type of labor. (Table #26) Nature of stay of 70% respondents was residential. (Table #27) 43% of the respondents were having accommodation with their owner. (Table

#28) 45% of the respondents used to perform all type of domestic tasks. (Table #29)


25% of the respondents claimed sweeping work as an easy to do task while 17% respondents claimed kitchen work as an easy task.(Table #30)

27% 0f the respondents used to escape from sweeping work and 18% respondents used to escape from kitchen work. (Table #31)

37% of the respondents had to perform domestic tasks round the clock and working length of 27% respondents was 8 hours a day.(Table #32)

79% of the respondents were provided with assistance in performing their domestic tasks. (Table #33)

46% of the respondents were assisted by their owner oftenly and 33% of the respondents were assisted by their owner most often. (Table #34)

67% of the respondents never had to perform any other extra work beyond their assigned tasks while 33% respondents were found to be performing extra work beyond their assigned tasks. (Table #35)

Mode of payment of 67% respondents was cash while 21% respondents got both cash and food as their mode of payment. (Table #36)

36% of the respondents were paid 300-700 rupees per moth and 27% respondents were paid 800-1200 rupees per month. (Tale #37)

Parents of 82% despondence used to collect the wages of the respondents, just 18% respondents used to collect wages by themselves. (Table #39)

52% respondents were provided with pocket money by their parents. (Table#40) 65% of the respondents (13out of20) gave their wages to their parents. (Table

#41) 87% of the respondents were provided with holydays regularly. (Table #42) 62% respondents were permitted to go on holydays after one month, while 27%

respondents were provided with holydays each weak. (Table #43) 55% respondents were provided with transportation charges by their owners.

(Table #44) In case of un-announced leaves 13% respondents were punished by their owners

and mistakes of 87% respondents were ignored at all. (Table#45) 44% respondents had to celebrate eid holydays with their owners and 42%

respondents spent eid holidays at their own house. (Table#46) 83% respondents claimed that were provided with recreational activities.

(Table#47) 94% respondents were almost satisfied with their employer attitude. (Table #48) 45% respondents were satisfied with their current status. (Table #49) 3% respondents were dissatisfied with the harsh attitude of their owner and 3%

respondents were dissatisfied with their current status due to over work that they had to perform. (Table #50)

55% respondents were working by their own will while 45% respondents were not working by their own will. (Table# 51)

76% respondents were compelled for domestic labor. (Table#52) 78% respondents were borate by their parents for domestic labor. (Table #53) 70% respondents clamed to avail educational opportunities if provided any.

(Table #54) 74% respondents were provided with pocket money by their owners. (Table #55)


34% respondents were provided 6to10 rupees pocket money per day and 9% respondents were provided 21to30 pocket money per day by their owner (Table#56)

60% respondents were getting proper education by the support of their owners (table #57)

50% respondents were provided with religious education, 39% respondents were provided with formal education (table #58)

60% respondents were punished own mistakes and 40% respondents were ignore by their owners in case of any mistake. (Table#59)

In case of mistake 76.67% respondents (46 out of 60) were scolded by their owners. (table #60)

In case of disease and its treatment 95% respondents got full support of their owners (table #61)

When asked about child labor, 71% respondents opposed child labor (table#62) Future aim and objective of majority of the respondents (38%) was economic

soundness and safety (table #63)


Chapter No. 08

Conclusion


Conclusion

In hand Study ended in the finale that includes various sociological realities. The findings depict that an overwhelming majority of tender age children are engaged in domestic child labor. This group of children normally comes from the low casts groups with Saraiki speaking background. Strongly, it was found that affluent families with Punjabi speaking background always prefer Saraiki speaking children as servant. On literacy side things are quite conventional, where literacy rate among the working children is quote low.

It is alarming that working as servant inside the home amongst children does not end after few months or even after few years rather it continues for long years wasting tender age in mere working. Study findings make one belief that this scene of domestic child labor comes out of acute poverty. Children falling in the middle order among sibling tend to prefer domestic labor over education. It was also found that families from rural and illiterate background have high tendency to put their children in labor. Despite of un-bonded type of labor majority of the children have to serve the employer family almost round the clock, but intermittently. Moreover, those who come to their work place on daily bases are facilitated with transportation charges.

Domestic laborers always escape from kitchen and sweeping work. So far as the wages are concerned almost all of them are under paid in contrast with market trends and sky rocketing inflation. The smallest proportion of their wages goes to those who earn it. Normally children are given a day or two as off from working, once or twice in month. The treatment of the families is normally positive whereby children are cared about in terms of food, residence, rest, holydays, pocket money and the like. Discrimination on the part of employers toward the domestic laborers was rarely found. No where the domestically working children were found to be blaming and complaining regarding the attitude of served family-an encouraging factor. A positive change was seen that a pretty number of children are given opportunity to seek both religious and secular education. The living conditions of the children at the work place were found quite better than that of the conditions of their parent’s home. This was the reason most of the children were happy to stay at their work place.


Chapter No. 09

Recommendations


Recommendations

1) Work should be taken according to the age and capacity of domestic child laborer.

2) Domestic child laborers must be prevented to expose working in health hazardous

conditions.

3) The wages of domestic child laborers should be in accordance with the market

trends so that they may cope with continuously increasing inflation.

4) Along with the work, basics rights of education, recreation and health care must

be ensured by the employer.

5) The implementation of “National Child Policy” on child labor as well as the

practice of labor inspectors regarding checking domestic labor should be ensured

by the concerning authorities.

6) Both visual and print media should raise awareness among the masses regarding

their responsibilities towards child rights.


Chapter No. 10

Annexure


Socio-Economic Conditions of Children Involved In Domestic Labor In Bahawalpur.

Serial No: __________________________Date: __________________________Interviewer: _________________________

Part-1 Personal Profile And Family Background Of The Respondent

Personal profile of the respondent

1- Name: ________________________________________________________

2- Age: ________________________________________________________

3- Gender: a) male b) female

4- Cast: ________________________________________________________

5- Language:

a) Urdu b) Saraiki c) Punjabi d) Any other

6- Educational status: a) illiterate b) Primary c) Middle

7- Working since:

a) 6month b) 1year c) 1-3year

d) 4-7year e) more than

8- Address: _____________________________________________________________

Family Profile Of The Respondent

9- Family Size: _________________________________________________________

10-No. of siblings: ________________________________________________________

11- Birth Order: a) first b) middle c) last

12-Mother Alive? a) Yes b) No

13- Father Alive? a) Yes b) No


13.1- If no then who is your guardian?

_______________________________________

14- Father’s Education? a) Primary b) middle c) _____________

15- Mother’s Education? a) Primary b) middle c) _____________

16-Father’s Occupation? __________________________________________________

17- Mother’s Status?

a) Housewife b) Employee c) Another ________________________________

18- No. of siblings getting education at present? _______________________________

19- If any of your sibling doing work?

a) Yes b) No

19.1- If yes then nature of work?

____________________________________________

20- Total no. of bread earners in your family? ________________________________

21- Total monthly income of your family?

a) 2000-3000 b) 4000-5000 c) 6000-7000 d) 8000-9000

22- What are the expenditures mainly?

Food

Rent of house

Education

Health

Social function


23- No. of siblings married?

________________________________________________

24- No. of siblings single: __________________________________________________

25- Type of Family: a) joint b) Nuclear

26- Residential Background a) Urban b) Rural

26.1- nature of resident? a) Rented b) own c) relatives house

26.2- if rented who pay rent? _________________________________

27- Is your father? a) Polygamous b) Monogamous

Part-2 Nature of labor and Working conditions

28- Nature and type of labor: a) Bonded b) Un-bonded

29-Nature of stay: a) Residential b) Non-Residential

29.1 If residential what is the nature of accommodation?

________________________________________________________________

30- Type of tasks which you have to perform?

a) Kitchen work b) Sweeping c) Ironing d) Laundry work

e) Baby sitting f) janitorial work g) khidmat h) all above

30.1-Which tasks do you perform easily? ____________________________________

30.2- Which Task you escape from? _________________________________________

31- Work length:

a) 8 hrs b) 10 hrs c) 12 hrs d) Round the clock

32- Does someone assist you in your work? a) Yes b) No

32.1- If yes then how often:


a) Most often b) Often c) rarely

33- Any other extra work you have to do beyond your assigned duties.

a) Yes b) No

34- Respondent mode of salary? a) Cash b) Grains c) Food

34.1- In case of cash, how much? /month

34.2- In case of grains, how much? /month

35- Who collects your wages?

a) Your self b) Parents

35.1- in case of parents, do they give you pocket money

a) Yes b) No

35.2- in case you collect the wages, do you give it to your parents

a) Yes b) No

35.3- if yes then how much?

36- Are you provided holidays?

a) Yes b) No

36.1- If yes then how often?

a) Weekly b) monthly

36.2- In case you visit your home, are you provided with transportation charges?

a) Yes b) No c) sometimes yes and sometimes no.

37- In case of un-announced leave what is the treatment?

a) Punished b) Ignored c) Fined

38- Where do you spend your Eid Holidays?


a) Home b) with your honor c) Own choice

39- You are provided with recreational opportunities like TV and play timing?

a) Yes b) No

40- Are you satisfied with your employer’s attitude?

a) Yes b) No

40.1 If no then why?

_________________________________________________________________

41- Are you satisfied with your current status?

a) Yes b) No

42- Are you working here by your own will?

a) Yes b) No

42.1- If no, then are you forced for domestic labor?

a) By force b) By compulsion

43- Who brought you here?

a) Yourself b) parents c) Relative d) Any other

44- If you are given option to study would you quit this job?

a) Yes b) No

Part-3 Nature and Extent of Facilities Available

45-Are you being provided pocket money?

a) Yes b) No

46-if yes then how much?

_________________________________________

47- Are you being provided with proper education?

a) Yes b) No

47.1- If yes then type of education you are provided with.


a) Religious b) Vocational c) Informal d) Formal

47.2- If no then are you willing to get education?

a) Yes b) No

48- Are you provided with a bicycle or something else in case of market work?

a) Yes b) No

49- In case of any mistake are you given?

a) Punishment b) Ignored

49.1- If punished then sort of punishment

a) Corporal b) scolded c) deduction in wages

50- Are you supported in case of any disease and its treatment?

a) Yes b) No

51- What is your suggestion about child labor?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

52- What r your future aims and objectives?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________


Chapter No. 11

Bibliography


Bibliography

1) International Labor Office Geneva, (2004) “Child Labor” A text book for university students, International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor.

2) Pakhare, Jayashree (2007), “Child labor view” Edition 1st.

3) Schostak, John “Radical Research” Designing, Developing and writing research to make differences,

4) Donscombl, Martyn (2003) “The Good Research Guide”

5) Earl Babbie, 4th Edition, “The Practice of Research” Wordsworth Publishing Co.Belmont California.

6) Dooly David, 2007, “Social Research Method” Edition 4th, University of California.

7) Paneersalvam (2006) “Research Methodology” A professional School of Management, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry

8) N.Nasira Rabi and Sarma R.P (2006) “Research Method and Analysis” Discovery Publishing House New Dehli.

9) Tiwari N.K and Shadilya (2006) “Operations Research Practice” Research Prentice Hall Of India.

10) Kumar, Ranjit (2006) Research Methodology a Step-By-Step Guide for Beginners second edition. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.Ltd.

11) Neuman, W.Lawrence (2006) Social Research Methods (Qualitative and Quantitative Approach) University of Wisconsin at Whitewater.

Internet Links

10) www.google.com

11) www.ask.com

12) www.wikipedia.com


http://www.vikipedia.com/

http://www.ask.com/

http://www.google.com/

Some worthy words

Life is mystery and exploring. It is always been a terrifying experience. Nature endows us with all the potential to make progress but fear is a paralyzing force. It acts as a hindrance and hostility in the way to our destination. So, be strong, overcome your fear, do struggle and have faith in Allah, Success will ultimately be your reward, forever…….

Author

The End


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Domestic Child Labor by Tamoor