Documenting Research En103

8/13/2019 Documenting Research En103

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DOCUMENTINGRESEARCH


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The Fundamental Principles of

Good Writing: Documentation

borrowing information from various sources is

not only an optionit is a necessity

one walks the fine line between the properdocumentation/attribution of sources and

plagiarism


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Plagiarismthe act of

passing off as onesown the ideas or

writings of another

(http://www.georgetown.edu/honor/plagiarism.html)


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Why document sources?

To establish the validity of findings andfacts included in the report

To give proper credit to the creator of theinformation

To provide the audience with informations/he might need or want about the

subject matter that you have borrowed orobtained from another source


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What should be documented?

If you used someone elses ideascite the source

If you received specific help fromsomeone in writing the paperacknowledge their inputs

If you quoted someones words in

your own reportattribute in full


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What should be documented?

*** If you quote verbatim 250

or more successive wordsfrom a published source,

you must obtain formal

permission to use thatmaterial.

(Weisman, 1985)


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How do you document?

Internal referencing at the point of use

Full bibliographic referencing at the endof the text

...theAmerican Psychological Association(APA) Style is preferred in the socialsciences and business


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What does APA

regulate?Stylistics

In-text citations

References (a list of all

the sources used in thepaper)


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APA Stylistics: BasicsUSE: the third person point of view rather than

using the first person point of view or thepassive voice;e.g., The study showed that, NOT

I found out that.

the active voice rather than passivevoice;e.g., The participants responded, NOT

The participants have been asked.


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For clarity, be specific rather than vague indescriptions and explanations. Unpack detailsaccurately to provide adequate information to your

readers so they can follow the development of yourstudy.

Example:

POOR: "It was predicted that marital conflictwould predict behavior problems inschool-aged children.

BETTER: "The first hypothesis stated that maritalconflict would predict behaviorproblems in school-aged children. Thesecond hypothesis stated that the effect

would be stronger for girls than for boys.The third hypothesis stated that older girlswould be more affected by maritalconflict than younger girls."


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To be more concise, particularly inintroductory material or abstracts, youshould pare out unnecessary words andcondense information when you can.

"The authors wanted to investigate whethermarital conflict would predict behaviorproblems in children and they wanted toknow if the effect was greater for girls than

for boys, particularly when they examinedtwo different age groups of girls."


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Word choice

Use terms like "participants" or "respondents"(rather than "subjects") to indicate howindividuals were involved in your research

Use terms like "children" or "communitymembers" to provide more detail about whowas participating in the study

Use phrases like "The evidencesuggests..." or

"Our study indicates..." rather than referring to"proof" or "proves" because no single study canprove a theory or hypothesis


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Avoid poetic language

Therefore, you should: minimize the amount of figurative language

used in an APA paper, such as metaphors andanalogies unless they are helpful in conveyinga complex idea

avoid rhyming schemes, alliteration, or otherpoetic devices typically found in verse

use simple, descriptive adjectives and plainlanguage that does not risk confusing your

meaning


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Avoid bias in language Make adjustments to label Avoid gendered pronouns

APA does not recommend replacing "he"

with "he or she," "she or he," "he/she," "(s)he,""s/he," or alternating between "he" and"she" because these substitutions areawkward and can distract the reader fromthe point you are trying to make. Thepronouns "he" or "she" inevitably cause thereader to think of only that gender, whichmay not be what you intend.


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To avoid the bias of using gendered pronouns: Rephrase the sentence Use plural nouns or plural pronouns - this way

you can use "they" or "their"

Replace the pronoun with an article - insteadof "his," use "the"

Drop the pronoun - many sentences sound fineif you just omit the troublesome "his" from the

sentence Replace the pronoun with a noun such as

"person," "individual," "child," "researcher," etc.


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Language in an APA paper

is...

clear: be specific in descriptions andexplanations

concise: condense information whenyou can

plain: use simple, descriptive adjectivesand minimize the figurative language


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General Document FormatGuidelines (APA Style)

Margins1 on all sides

Font12 pts. Times New Roman, Courier or

Arial

Spacingdouble

Alignmentflush left

Paragraph indentions5 to 7 spaces

Pagination1 from the rightmost edge; firstline


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On standard size paper8 x 11

Include a page header (short title &page number) in the upper right-hand ofevery page


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Types of APA Papers

the literature review --i.e. the summary of what the scientific literature

says about the topic of your research includes title page, introduction, list of references

the experimental report --i.e. the description of your experimental

research--

includes title page, abstract, introduction,method, results, discussion, references,appendices, tables & figures


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If your paper fits neither of the categoriesmentioned

follow the general format

consult an instructor

consult Publication Manual


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References

Conclusion

Your paper

should

include fivemajor

sections:Main Body

Introduction

Title page


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Page header:(use Insert Page Header)

2-3 words of the title+

5 spaces +page number

Fantasy Theme Analysis1


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Title Page

It All Started with a Playful Kiss: A Fantasy Theme

Analysis of Itazura Na Kiss

as Plotline of Online

Fan Fictions

A Library Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Lucena City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts in English Language

Jahzeel A. Luna-Sarmiento

Enverga University

October 2012


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Center the title

References-- at the top

of the page

Double-space

reference entries

Flush left the first line

of the entry and indent

subsequent lines

Order entries

alphabetically by the

authors surnames


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Main Body (Text)

The first text page is page number 2

Type the text double-spaced with allsections following each other without abreak

Identify the sources you use in the paperin parenthetical in-text citations


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APA Citation: Basics When using APA format, follow the author-date

method of in-text citation. This means that theauthor's last name and the year of publication for

the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones,1998), and a complete reference should appearin the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another workbut NOTdirectly quoting the material, or makingreference to an entire book, article or other work,you only have to make reference to the authorand year of publication in your in-text reference.


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In-Text Citation Capitalization,

Quotes, and Italics/Underlining

Always capitalize proper nouns, including authornames and initials: D. Jones.

If you refer to the title of a source within yourpaper, capitalize all words that are four letterslong or greater within the title of a source:Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply toshort words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns,adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media,There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

(Note:in your References list, only the first word ofa title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)


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When capitalizing titles, capitalize bothwords in a hyphenated compound word:Natural-Born Cyborgs.

Capitalize the first word after a dash orcolon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Caseof Hitchcock's Vertigo.

Italicize or underline the titles of longer

works such as books, edited collections,movies, television series, documentaries,or albums: The Closing of the AmericanMind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.


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Put quotation marks around the titles of shorterworks such as journal articles, articles fromedited collections, television series episodes,and song titles:

"Multimedia Narration: Constructing PossibleWorlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."


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Short Quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need toinclude the author, year of publication, and the pagenumber for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introducethe quotation with a signal phrase that includes theauthor's last name followed by the date of publication inparentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficultyusing APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p.199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficultyusing APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this havefor teachers? If the author is not named in a signalphrase, place the author's last name, the year of

publication, and the page number in parentheses afterthe quotation. She stated, "Students often had difficultyusing APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did notoffer an explanation as to why.


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In-Text Citations (Basics)

Whenever you use a source, provide inparenthesis:

the authors name and the date ofpublication

for quotations and close paraphrases,provide a page number as well

In-text citations help readers locate the cited

source in the References section of the paper.


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In-Text Citation: Format for a

QuotationWhen quoting, introduce the

quotation with a signal phrase.

Make sure to include theauthors name, the year of

publication, the page number,

but keep the citation briefdo

not repeat the information.


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In-Text Citation: Format for a

QuotationWhen quoting, introduce the

quotation with a signal phrase.

Make sure to include theauthors name, the year of

publication, the page number,

but keep the citation briefdo

not repeat the information.


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Example of format for aquotation

Ball (2001) posited that the SymbolicConvergence Theory which was introduces at theUniversity of Minnesota in the 1970s, takes its roots from

both rhetoric and social science combining the analysisof language used in texts with the enculturation of thesocietal context in which it is created(p.18).

Bruns Theory of Produsage specificallydiscusses the production and consumption of content in

the context of a society now infiltrated by new medis,where users are now also producers (Braga, 2011,p.37).


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Format for a summary orparaphrase

There are several formats for a summary orparaphrase:

provide the authors last name

and the year of publication inparenthesis after a summary or aparaphrase, e.g.

Typically, fantasy types are represented bycomments that are more abstract, cryptic, or moregeneral than what has initially been characterizedas a fantasy theme (Shields & Preston, 1985).


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include the authors name in a

signal phrase followed by theyear of publication inparenthesis, e.g.

Recently, the history of warfare has beensignificantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987),Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) toinclude womens personal and cultural

responses to battle and its resultant traumaticeffects.


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when including the quotation

in a summary/paraphrase,also provide a page numberin parenthesis after the

quotation, e.g.

According to feminist researchers Raitt andTate (1997), It is no longer true to claim that

women's responses to the war have beenignored (p. 2).


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In-Text Citations: Signal Words

Introduce quotations with signal phrases,e.g.

According to Preston (2008), . (p.3).

Preston (2008) argues that (p.3).


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Signal phrase used to introduce a short quotation,paraphrase, or summary, mention the author's name

either in an introductory signal phrase or in aparenthetical reference immediately following thesignal phrase and containing the publication date


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Use such signal verbs as: acknowledge,contend, maintain, respond, report, argue,conclude, etc..

Use the past tense or the present perfecttense of verbs in signal phrases, e.g.

Jones (1998) foundor Jones (1998) hasfound...


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In-Text Citations: A work with

two authors when citing a work with two

authors, use and in betweenauthors name in the signal phrase

yet & between their names inparenthesis, e.g.

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate(1997), It is no longer true to claim that women'sresponses to the war have been ignored (p. 2).

Some feminists researchers question that women'sresponses to the war have been ignored (Raitt & Tate,1997, p. 2).


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In-Text Citations: A work with 3

to 5 authors when citing a work with three to five

authors,

identify all authors in the signal phrase

or in parenthesis, e.g.

(Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999)

In subsequent citations, only use thefirst

author's last name followed by "et al." in

the

si nal hrase or in arentheses e. .


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In-Text Citations: A work with 6

and more authors when citing a work with six and more authors,

identify the first authors name followed by etal., e.g.

Smith et al. (2006) maintained that.

(Smith et al., 2006)


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In-Text Citations: A work of

unknown authorwhen citing a work of unknown author,

use the sources full title in the signalphrase and cite the first word of the title

followed by the year of publication inparenthesis. Put titles of articles andchapters in quotation marks; italicizetitles of books and reports; e.g.

According to Indiana Joins FederalAccountability System (2008),

or(Indiana, 2008)


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In-Citations: Organizations

when citing an organization, mention theorganization the first time when you cite thesource in the signal phrase or the parentheticalcitation; e.g.,

The data collected by Federal DrugAdministration (2008) confirmed that

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,include the abbreviation in brackets the first time thesource is cited and then use only the abbreviation inlater citations; e.g.,

Federal Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed ...FDAs experts tested


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In-Text Citations: The same last

name/the same name when citing authors with the same last names,

use first initials with the last names, e.g.

(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)

when citing two or more works by the sameauthor published in the same year, use

lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year ofpublication to order the references, e.g.

Smiths (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants


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In-Text Citations: Personal

communicationwhen citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.,include the communicators name, the fact that

it

was personal communication, and the date ofthe

communication. Do not include personal

communication in the reference list, e.g.

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her

students

had difficulties with APA style (personal

communication, November 3, 2002).or


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In-Text Citations: Electronic

sourceswhen citing an electronic document, whenever

possible, cite it in the author-date style.

If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate

and identify paragraph number/paragraphheading; e.g.

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over

Mattersection, para. 6).


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Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in anothersource, name the original source in your signalphrase. List the primary source in your reference listand include the secondary source in the

parentheses.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).

Note: When citing material in parentheses, set offthe citation with a comma, as above.


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References: Basics Invert authors names (last name first

followed by initials).

Ayala, C. O. J. (2009). Communicare.

Lucena City: Lucena Quality Printers.

Alphabetize reference list entries the lastname of the first author of each work.


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Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

Italicize titles of longer works such as books andjournals.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes aroundthe titles of shorter works such as journal articlesor essays in edited collections.


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Capitalize only the first letter of the firstword of a title and subtitle, the first wordafter a colon or a dash in the title, andproper nouns. Do not capitalize the firstletter of the second word in a

hyphenated compound word.

Ayala, C. O. J. (2009). Communicare: A manual in speech and oral

communication. Lucena City: Lucena Quality Printers.


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Reference List: Author/Authors Single Author

Last name first, followed by author initials.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social

development. Current Directions in

Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.


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Two AuthorsList by their last names and initials. Use theampersand instead of "and."

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Moodmanagement across affective states: Thehedonic contingency hypothesis.Journal ofPersonality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.


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Three to Six AuthorsList by last names and initials; commas separateauthor names, while the last author name ispreceded again by ampersand.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., &

Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than

whether it is high or low: The importance of stability

of self-esteem.Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.


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More Than Six Authors

If there are more than six authors, list thefirst six and then "et al.," which stands for

"and others." Remember NOT to place a

period after "et" in "et al.

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D.,

DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing

labs and the Hollywood connection.Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.


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Organization as Author

American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary(10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster. NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources

with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's titleinstead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics asappropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the twosources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993)and ("New Drug," 1993).


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Two or More Works by the Same AuthorUse the author's name for all entries and list theentries by the year (earliest comes first).

Berndt, T.J. (1981).

Berndt, T.J. (1999).


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When an author appears both as a sole author

and, in another citation, as the first author of a

group, list the one-author entries first.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on

students' adjustment to school. Educational

Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends'influence on adolescents' adjustment to

school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.


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Articles in Periodicals

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year).

Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages.


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Article in Journal Paginated by VolumeJournals that are paginated by volume begin withpage one in issue one, and continue numberingissue two where issue one ended, etc.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing

psychology journal articles.Journal of

Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,

893-896.


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Article in Journal Paginated by IssueJournals paginated by issue begin with pageone every issue; therefore, the issue numbergets indicated in parentheses after thevolume. The parentheses and issue numberare not italicized or underlined.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The

New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.


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Article in a Magazine

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in

today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.


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Article in a Newspaper

Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp.precedes page numbers for anewspaper reference in APA style.Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2;

multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4or pp. C1, C3-C4.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen

state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.


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Article from an online

periodicalBernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web.A List Apart: For

People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from

http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human

rights.Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001,

from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html


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Online Newspaper Article

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry

handbook linked to drug industry. The New

York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com


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Electronic BooksElectronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases,or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using isonly provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is notdirectly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," ratherthan "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it.

De Huff, E.W. Taytaystales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales.

Retrieved from

http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/

taytay.html

Davis, J. Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from

http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-

9780931686108-0

APA is a complex system of citation which is


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APA is a complex system of citation, which isdifficult to keep in mind. When compiling thereference list, the strategy below might be

useful:

Identify a type source: Is it a book? A journalarticle? A webpage?

Mirror the sample.

Make sure that the entries are listed in the

alphabetical order and the subsequent linesare indented.


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Thank you!

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Documenting Research En103