Doctrine of Demons: How Yahshua Jesus Taught Against the Superstition of Demonic Possession

8/3/2019 Doctrine of Demons: How Yahshua Jesus Taught Against the Superstition of Demonic Possession

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Ldetrgk` db L`hdks1 Cdw Wfcscuf \funct Fnfgkst \c`

Uup`rstgtgdk db L`hdkge _dss`ssgdk.

F cgstdrgefj fkl sergpturfj gkv`stgnftgdk `xpjfgkgkn cdw Wfcscuf A`sus tc`H`ssgfc, lgl kdt austgby f i`jg`b gk l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk, iut tfunct tcft gt wfs fk

ghpdssgigjgty. Burtc`r cgstdrgefj lgsedurs` dk tc` fetufj cgstdry db tc` wdrl l`hdk

fkl cdw gt i`efh` f tgtj` bdr tcds` fbbjget`l wgtc lgbbgeujt lgs`fs`s, wcgec Wfcscuf

wfs prdpc`sg`l td fkl lgl gkl``l eur`.

U`edkl @lgtgdk

Wfcw`c db ^fr Hgkgstrg`s 9?6


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9

Edkt`kts

^cft A`sus fetufjjy tfunct fidut L`hdkge _dss`ssgdk .................................................................. 0

@vgj spgrgts fkl cfkl wfscgkn1 A`sus puijge rìum` fnfgkst tc` i`jg`b db l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk. .... 0

A`sus `lueftgdk db tc` p`dpj` wfs gk Nfjgj``fkl gts sgnkgbgefke`................................................. 3

L`hdk pdss`ssgdk wfs kdt n`dnrfpcgefjjy ukgbdrh ....................................................................... 7

Uuhh`ry db bgrst pfrt .................................................................................................................... 6?

9. \c` cgstdry db tc` wdrl l`hdk, l`hdkgfe, fkl fjj dtc`r t`rhs lgrètjy edkkèt`l td l`hdk

pdss`ssgdk ..................................................................................................................................... 66

Cdw tc` edke`pt db l`hdks fs tc` spgrgts db l`fl h`k efh` gktd pdpujfrgty .............................. 66

_dpujfr Jètur`s fkl Fllr`ss`s Iy Y`v. F. Efhpi`jj 6323....................................................... 66

Cdw `frjy \c`djdngefj sdure`s vg`w`l L`hdkgfes (\c` l`hdk pdss`ss`l) ............................. 6


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Ldetrgk` db L`hdks1 Cdw Wfcscuf \funct Fnfgkst \c` Uup`rstgtgdk db L`hdkge

_dss`ssgdk.

_rdv` fjj tcgkns, cdjl bfst tcft wcgec gs nddl.(G \c`s 0196)

Gt gs l`hdkstrfijy femkdwj`ln`l tcft A`sus, Wfcscuf tc` H`ssgfc, wfs tc` wgsldh db Wfcw`c

(6Edr 619


4/29

), fkl tc` Upgrgt db Cdjgk`ss tdjl

Udjdhdk tcft wc`k h`k lg`l tc`y edujl kd jdkn`r tcgkm dr fet (@ee 716?), y`t hfky db tc`

sup`rstgtgdus C`jj`kgz`l _cfrgs`` t`fec`rs db tc` 6st e`ktury wdujl cfv` fjj i`jg`v` tcft fbt`r

l`ftc tcds` wcd pfss`l fwfy gk fk fknry stft` db hgkl (tcgs i`gkn aust dk` `xfhpj`), edujl

spgrgtufjjy j`fv` tc` nrfv` fkl s``m k`w jdlngkns gk tc` fidl`s db tc` sgkbuj dr sdh`cdw

suse`ptgij` jgvgkn. \`fecgkns fidut tc` spgrgts db tc` l`fl cfvgkn jgb` fbt`r l`ftc wfs kdt pfss`l

ldwk brdh 6st Ufhu`j v`rs` 93, kdr wfs suec t`fecgkn pdpujfrgz`l tcrdunc tc` H`ssgfcs

pfrfij` fidut Jfz`rdus fkl tc` rgec hfk, iut wfs f ldetrgk` fttfgk`l brdh cgstdrgefj c`ftc`kldh,

`gtc`r Nr``m, Ydhfk, Ifiyjdkgfk, Gklgfk dr _`rsgfk= suec gl`fs frrgvgkn bujjy pr`pfr`l wgtc

edhpj`t` l`hdkdjdng`s, prdvgkn tc`gr stfrm ukigijgefj drgngk. Uuec i`jg`bs w`r` sd w`jj b`fr`l

iy tc` p`dpj` gk tc` bgrst e`ktury, tcft tc` Fpdstj`s dk kd j`ss tcfk twd deefsgdks i`jg`v`l A`sus

wfs f wfywfrl spgrgt, fkl tcgs fbt`r tc`y cfl i``k `lueft`l iy Cgh lurgkn Cgs hgkgstry. \c`

kdtgdk db l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk wfs f sup`rstgtgdk tcft wfs v`ry bgrhjy rddt`l gk tc` eujturfj

edksegdusk`ss db tc` bgrst E`kturyfs gt r`hfgks sd edker`t`l `v`rywc`r` tdlfy.

Bdr ir`vgtg`s sfm` c`r` fr` tc` Djl \`stfh`kt sergptur`s tcft edkbgrh tc` ghpdssgigjgty db

pdstcuhdus tcduncts dr cuhfk spgrgtufj `xgst`ke` i`bdr` tc` auln`h`kt1

@ee 313 \c`r` gskd hfk tcft cftc pdw`r dv`r tc` spgrgt td r`tfgk tc` spgrgt= k`gtc`r cftc c`pdw`rgk tc` lfy db l`ftc

@ee 712 Fjsd tc`gr jdv`, fkl tc`gr cftr`l, fkl tc`gr `kvy, gs kdw p`rgsc`l= k`gtc`r cfv` tc`y fky

hdr` f pdrtgdk bdr `v`r gk fky tcgkntcft gs ldk` ukl`r tc` suk.


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0

@ee 716? ^cftsd`v`r tcy cfkl bgkl`tc td ld, ld gtwgtc tcy hgnct= bdr tc`r` gs kd wdrm, kdr

l`vge`, kdr mkdwj`ln`, kdr wgsldh, gk tc` nrfv`, wcgtc`r tcdu nd`st.

_sf 210 Bdr gk l`ftc tc`r` gskd r`h`hirfke` db tc``1 gk tc` nrfv` wcd scfjj ngv` tc`` tcfkms4

_sf 6


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2

\c` feedukt db A`suspuijge rìum` db l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk gs fs bdjjdws1

(Hfr >16-5) \c`k efh` tdn`tc`r uktd cgh tc` _cfrgs``s, fkl e`rtfgk db tc` sergi`s, wcgec

efh` brdh A`rusfj`h. (9) Fkl wc`k tc`y sfw sdh` db cgs lgsegpj`s `ft ir`fl wgtc l`bgj`l, tcft

gs td sfy, wgtc ukwfsc`k, cfkls, tc`y bdukl bfujt. (5) Bdr tc` _cfrgs``s, fkl fjj tc` A`ws, `xe`pt

tc`y wfsc tc`gr cfkls dbt, `ft kdt, cdjlgkn tc` trflgtgdk db tc` `jl`rs.

Kdt`1 tc` Aul`fk _cfrgs``s wfrk`l fnfgkst `ftgkn wgtc ukwfsc`l cfkls bdr vfrgdus rgtufj

r`fsdks, `fec db tc`s` bgklgkn futcdrgty gk pdst \fkfmc t`xts dr eurr`kt drfj trflgtgdks (hdst

bgklgkn fjjusgdk bdr futcdrgty brdh tc` \fkfmc). Dk` `xfhpj` db suec f lèr`` gs bdukl gk tc`

\fjhul Ifvjg Cujjgk 6?2f-i.

\c` feedukt edktgku`s1

(Hfr >16 Fkl wc`k c` wfs `kt`r`l

gktd tc` cdus` brdh tc` p`dpj`, cgs lgsegpj`s fsm`l cgh edke`rkgkn tc` pfrfij`. 63 Fkl c` sfgtc

uktd tc`h, Fr` y` sd wgtcdut ukl`rstfklgkn fjsd4 Ld y` kdt p`re`gv`, tcft wcftsd`v`r tcgkn

brdh wgtcdut `kt`r`tc gktd tc` hfk,gtefkkdt l`bgj` cgh=67 Ièfus` gt `kt`r`tc kdt gktd cgs c`frt,

iut gktd tc` i`jjy, fkl nd`tc dut gktd tc` lrfunct, purngkn fjj h`fts49? Fkl c` sfgl, \cft wcgec

edh`tc dut db tc` hfk, tcft l`bgj`tc tc` hfk.96 Bdr brdh wgtcgk, dut db tc` ]hgklX db h`k,

prde``l `vgj tcduncts, flujt`rg`s, bdrkgeftgdks, hurl`rs, 99 \c`bts, edv`tdusk`ss, wgem`lk`ss,

lè`gt, jfsegvgdusk`ss, fk `vgj `y`, ijfspc`hy, prgl`, bddjgsck`ss1 95 Fjj tc`s` `vgj tcgkns edh`

brdh wgtcgk, fkl l`bgj` tc` hfk.

@xpjfkftgdk1

F v`ry ghpdrtfkt `j`h`kt db tcgs puijge rìum` wfs tcft tc` _cfrgs``s brdh A`rusfj`h

wcd w`r` pr`s`kt, lgl kdt gk fky wfy lgsfnr`` wgtc tc` H`ssgfc s wdrls fidut tc` `bbèts db

`ftgkn wgtc ukej`fk cfkls. Ugke` tc` _cfrgs``s brdh A`rusfj`h lgl kdt i`jg`v` bgrhjy gk l`hdkge


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pdss`ssgdk wrgt-jfrn`, Wfcscuf cfl us`l tc`gr lgsi`jg`b, fs f suppdrt= tcrdunc tc`gr jfem db

l`kygkn Cgs h`ssfn` (tcft l`hdks edujl pdss`ss ydu brdh `ftgkn wgtc ukej`fk cfkls) C`

ecfkn`l tc`gr pr`s`ke` gktd f wgtk`ss bdr wcft C` kdw puijgejy tfunct tc` p`dpj` td i` edrrèt.

\d `jfidrft` dk tc` r`fsdk bdr wcy tc` H`ssgfc sfgl wcft C` lgl, f iddm tgtj`l A`wgsc

Hfnge fkl Uup`rstgtgdk1 F Utuly gk Bdjm Y`jgngdkcgncjgncts tc` sgnkgbgefke` db tc` purpds`s db

cfkl wfscgkn, fkl wcy tc` _cfrgs``s (hdr` spègbgefjjy tcds` wcd i`jg`v`l gk l`hdk pdss`ssgdk)

tddm gt sd s`rgdusjy. \c` edkkètgdk i`tw``k l`hdks fkl ukej`fkk`ss wfs hfl` td s`rv`

ghpdrtfkt cyng`kge `kls. @vgj spgrgts, sdh`tgh`s efjj`l "spgrgts db ukej`fkk`ss," fkl dke`

gl`ktgbg`l iy tc` kfh` ift h`jèc, r`st updk ukwfsc`l cfkls, edktfhgkft` bddls cfklj`l wgtc

tc`h, fkl `klfkn`r tc` jgv`s db tcds` wcd `ft suec bddl. U`v`k deefsgdks wcgec r`qugr` f rgtufj

wfscgkn db tc` cfkls (wcgec l`strdys dr lgsjdln`s tc` l`hdks) w`r` `kuh`rft`l= hdst

ghpdrtfkt fhdkn tc`s` wfs updk frgsgkn gk tc` hdrkgkn, bdr tc` kgnct er`ft`s f spègfj

suse`ptgigjgty td spgrgt edktfhgkftgdk. @v`k dk Wdh Mgppur wc`k kd fijutgdks hgnct i`

p`rbdrh`l, tc` cfkls hust i` wfsc`l gk tc` hdrkgkn. \duecgkn tc` `y`s, `frs, kds` fkl hdutc

wgtc ukwfsc`l cfkls sp`jjs trduij`= kd lduit gt wfs b`fr`l tcft tc` `vgj spgrgts wdujl `kt`r tc`

idly tcrdunc tc`s` drgbge`s. (... gb, gk sp`fmgkn db gkbètgdk, dur vdefiujfry gs hdr` "seg`ktgbge,"

tc` s`ks` r`hfgks tc` sfh`.) \c` l`hdk db ukej`fkk`ss, `kt`rgkn tc` `y`s, edujl efus` dk`'s

njfke` td cfv` f l`vfstftgkn `bbèt updk tc` gkkde`kt pfss`r-iy= gt hgnct `v`k i` r`spdksgij` bdr

tc` jdss db dk`'s h`hdry, fkl ujtghft`jy edhpj`t` jdss db hgkl.(55, \rfect`ki`rn)

Gt efk i` bfgrjy pr`suh`l tcft tc` _cfrgs``s brdh A`rusfj`h w`r` hdr` edke`rk`l wgtc

tc` ir`fmgkn db trflgtgdk/drfj jfw tc`k tc` k`nftgv` `bbèts db eftecgkn f l`hdk brdh `ftgkn bddl

wgtc ukej`fk cfkls. \cgs p`rspètgv` wgjj i` `hpcfsgz`l burtc`r. G hust cgncjgnct tcft wc`k

Wfcscuf spdm` td tc` Fpdstj`s gk tc` cdus` C` bdeus`l dk bddl, fkl cdw gt edujl kdt

edktfhgkft` tc` dk` wcd ft` wgtc ukwfsc`l cfkls, fkl gk ldgkn sd C` `ktgr`jy lgsr`nfrls tc`

`xgst`ke` db `vgj spgrgts fkl tc`gr figjgty td pdss`s, gkst`fl t`fecgkn f vfjufij` j`ssdk scdwgknCgs bdjjdw`rs tcft `vgj edh`s brdh wgtcgk (tc` hgkl).


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F sgl` kdt` fkl pdgkt db gkt`r`st gs cdw tc` `vgj spgrgts db cfkl wfscgkn edujl efus` f

p`rsdk td l`v`jdp tc` @vgj `y`6. Gk tc` fidv` pfssfn` A`sus h`ktgdks tc` `vgj `y`, fkl gt gs ej`fr

tcft C` sur`jy lgl kdt i`jg`v` gk gts `xgst`ke`, y`t C` h`ktgdk`l tcgs sup`rstgtgdk gkt`ktgdkfjjy

ièfus` C` mk`w fidut tc` trflgtgdkfj t`fecgkns surrduklgkn ukej`fk cfkls fkl l`hdkge

pdss`ssgdk wcgec wfs sfgl td efus` gt. \crdunc gts h`ktgdkgkn, C` wgsc`l td prdv` tcft tc` `vgj

`y` wfs kdtcgkn hdr` tcfk cuhfk `kvy gb fkytcgkn ft fjj. G wdujl fjsd jgm` td kdt` tcft tc` `vgj

spgrgts, wcd w`r` sfgl td `kt`r tc` idly fs h`ktgdk gk \rfect`ki`rns t`xt, w`r` iy flhgssgdk db

tc` futcdr `quft`l wgtc sgemk`ss`s efus`l iy tduecgkn suse`ptgij` pfrts db tc` idly wgtc

edktfhgkft`l cfkls, tcgs cfvgkn f edrr jftgdk i`tw``k gl`fs db pdss`ssgdk fkl gjj c`fjtc.

\c` \rfect`ki`rn t`xt edktgku`s1

\c` eustdh db wfscgkn tc` cfkls fbt`r f buk`rfj gs v`ry wgl`spr`fl @bbdrts w`r`

hfl` td bgkl f Igijgefj prè`l`kt bdr tcgs fet, iut tc`r` wfs f n`k`rfj flhgssgdk tcft gt wfs

ldk` td lgsp`j tc` spgrgts db ukej`fkk`ss wcgec ejgkn td dk`s p`rsdk, tc`s` i`gkn tc` l`hdks

tcft bdjjdw tc`h cdh`. (6>7, \rfect`ki`rn).

^` kdw s`` tcft cfkl wfscgkn fkl i`gkn bdjjdw`l dr cfukt`l iy f l`hdk fr` fjsd sykdkyhdus.

Brdh dur 96ste`ktury vg`w w` mkdw cdw julgerdus dr ukigijgefj suec fk gl`f gs, aust fs Wfcscuf

tfunct gt wfs. Brdh tc` Hfrm >16< feedukt w` kdtge` tcft Wfcscuf tdjl tc` p`dpj` tcft tc`y

jfem`l ukl`rstfklgkn. I`jg`b gk l`hdk pdss`ssgdk td Wfcscuf wfs wgtcdut qu`stgdk, idtc bdjjy

fkl gnkdrfke`. Iy ukl`rstfklgkn tcft A`sus cfl edrrèt`l tc` `rrdk`dus i`jg`bs fidut l`hdkge

gkbgjtrftgdk fkl pdss`ssgdk, w` hust burtc`r `vfjuft` tc` fttgtul`s r`nfrlgkn l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk

c`jl iy tc` p`dpj` gk idtc Nfjgj`` fkl Aul`f lurgkn tcgs cgstdrgefj p`rgdl.

A`sus`lueftgdk db tc` p`dpj` wfs gk Nfjgj``

6 \c` ifsge i`jg`b gk tc` `vgj `y` edksgsts db tc` kdtgdk tcft tc`r` fr` p`dpj`, fkghfjs, l `hdks dr ndls wcd cfv`

tc` pdw`r td efus` cfrh td tcds` db wcdh tc`y fr` `kvgdus dr a`fjdus, aust iy jddmgkn ft tc`h (eb Kgecdjsdk

6777163). _`dpj` hfy ièdh` gjj, cfv` feegl`kts, hgsbdrtuk`s, dr `v`k lg`. \cds` wcd pdss`ss tc` `vgj `y` hfy

efus` cfrh td dtc`rs, mkdwgknjy dr ukmkdwgknjy. Udh` p`dpj` fr` kdt fwfr` tcft tc`y cfv` tc` figjgty td cfrhfkdtc`r wgtc fk `kvgdus njfke`. \c` `y` gs i`jg`v`l td i` tc` wgkldw td tc` sduj,pcysgefjjy `xpdsgkn fp`rsdksgkk`r i`gkn. \crdunc tcgs wgkldw `vgj spgrgts/l`hdks `kt`r tc` idly, `hpdw`rgkn tc` a`fjdus dr `kvgdus p`rsdk td

efus` cfrh td dtc`rs (Hdss & Efppfkkfrg 67>219). (p. 6?9>-93 \c` Nr``m `vgj `y`, Fbrgefk wgtecerfbt, fkl

^`st`rk `tckde`ktrgsh Fkfstfsgf Fpdstdjgl`s fkl Wdjfklf Lr`y`r)


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Ifs`l dk cgs stulg`s db tc` r`j`vfkt \fjhulge jgt`rftur`, Efhirgln` rfiigkgefj secdjfr

C`ri`rt Jd`w` edkejul`l tcft lurgkn tc` bgrst e`ktury FL rfiigs gk Nfjgj`` fkl H`sdpdtfhgf

n`k`rfjjy i`jg`v`l gk tc` jgt`rfj `xgst`ke` db l`hdks, wcgj` tcds` gk Aul`f lgl kdt. ... Jd`w` k`xt

suhhfrgz`s tc` r`sujts db cgs bgklgkns1 "Gk gkv`stgnftgkn \fjhulge `vgl`ke` fs td spgrgts, tc`

r`fl`r wgjj kdtge`, ft tc` duts`t, lgbb`r`kt fttgtul`s fldpt`l iy tc` Yfiigs gk l`fjgkn wgtc tcgs

qu`stgdk. Gk sdh` efs`s tc` r`fjgty db l`hdks s``hs td i` tfm`k bdr nrfkt`l fisdjut`jy= gk dtc`rs

gt s``hs, wgtc kd j`ss e`rtfgkty, td i` l`kg`l. Utdrg`s deeur gk wcgec idtc tc`s` fttgtul`s hfy i`

trfe`l sghujtfk`dusjy. \c` r`fsdk bdr tcgs hfy i` bdukl gb tc` kftgdkfjgty db tc` r`spètgv`

t`fec`rs i` sdunct. Gt cfs fjr`fly i``k stft`l tcft Nfjgj`` wfs tc` e`ktr` db _fj`stgkgfk

l`hdkdjdny, fkl gt wgjj fjhdst gkvfrgfijy i` bdukl tcft Nfjgjf`fk t`fec`rs fee`pt`l, wcgj`

Aulf`fk t`fec`rs ràèt`l, tc` `xgst`ke` db spgrgts. \c` kuh`rdus gkstfke`s wcgec tc` K\

burkgsc`s wdujl cfv` i``k ghpdssgij` sfv` gk Nfjgj``= tc`r` gs f strdkn sghgjfrgty i`tw``k tc`s`

fkl tcds` fllue`l iy Nfjgjf`fk Yfiigs. \c` sfh` hust i` sfgl db tcds` Yfiigs wcd efh` brdh

H`sdpdtfhgf. Fkl tc`y w`r` irdunct up gk surrduklgkns gk wcgec sup`rstgtgdk wfs rgb`, tc`gr

t`fecgkn wfs tgkn`l iy f i`jg`b gk spgrgts, fkl gk edhpfrgsdk wgtc tc`h tc` ejfrgty db _fj`stgkgfk

t`fecgkn stfkls dut gk idjl r`jg`b. (Jd`w`, L`hdks fkl Upgrgts (A`wgsc), @keyejdpf`lgf db

Y`jgngdk fkl @tcges, `l.


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6?

Aul`f dr A`rusfj`h gs rèdrl`l iy Hfttc`w, Hfrm, Jum` dr Adck. Hdr`dv`r, tc` Uykdptges

gkejul` s`v`rfj qufktgtftgv` suhhfrg`s db l`hdk-pdss`ssgdk tcft ghpjy tcft l`hdk-pdss`ssgdk

wfs f edhhdk fkl `v`k ecfrfet`rgstge pc`kdh`kdk gk Nfjgj`` fkl tc` kdrtc`rk r`ngdks. Kd

edhpfrfij` stft`h`kts bdr Aul`fk fr`fs fr` bdukl gk tc` Ndsp`j rèdrls. Bgkfjjy, e`rtfgk

dst`ksgijy pcysgefj pftcdjdngefj edklgtgdks, suec fs ijgklk`ss, l`fbk`ss fkl hut`k`ss, wcgec fr`

sdh`tgh`s fttrgiut`l td l`hdk-pdss`ssgdk gk tc` kdrtc, fr` k`v`r sd ecfrfet`rgz`l gk tc` sdutc,

`v`k tcdunc l`sergptgdks db tc`s` edklgtgdks ld deeur gk t`xts edhh`ktgkn dk tc` Aul`fk

hgkgstry.(6, Ukdi`j`k)

Uuhh`ry

Gt cfs kdw i``k hfl` ej`fr tcft Wfcscuf lgl gk bfet edrrèt tc` i`jg`bs fidut l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk

lurgkn Cgs hgkgstry. \crdunc t`fecgkn tcft `vgj edh`s brdh wgtcgk, dut db f edrrupt hgkls`t, C`

fnr``l wgtc hfky K`w \`stfh`kt `pgstj`s (Afh`s 616


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dkjy ukl`rstddl tc` fetufj efus` db tc`gr lgs`fs`s (sgk, hfks hft`rgfj kftur` dr Wfcw`cs

fjjdwfke`/wgjj), iut C` us`l tcgs pdpujfr t`rh sd tcft tc` p`dpj` db Cgs tgh` wdujl ukl`rstfkl,

fkl edujl r`jft` td Cgh. Wfcscuf cfl gk kd wfy austgbg`l tc` `xgst`ke` db fetufj l`hdks, cuhfk

dr fkn`jge, kdr l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk bdr tcft hftt`r. \c`r` fr` kuh`rdus tr`fth`kts dk wcy fkn`js

efkkdt sgk, fkl cdw Uftfk gs tc` hfks efrkfj kftur` dr fky flv`rsfry bdr tcft hftt`r, iut tc`s`

wgjj kdt i` edv`r`l gk tcgs pfp`r.

9. \c` bdjjdwgkn tr`fth`kts wgjj nd tcrdunc tc` cgstdry db tc` wdrl l`hdk, l`hdkgfe, fkl

fjj dtc`r t`rhs lgrètjy edkkèt`l td l`hdk pdss`ssgdk , fkl wgjj scdw cdw tc`s` t`rhs w`r`

cgstdrgefjjy l`rgv`l brdh pjfe`s dutsgl` db Gsrf`j. Gt wgjj edktgku` td scdw tcft wc`k sfgl t`rhs

w`r` us`l gk Gsrf`j, tc`y r`pr`s`kt`l kdtcgkn hdr` tcfk kfh`s bdr p`dpj` subb`rgkn brdh vfrgdus

lgbbgeujt gjjk`ss`s, dr w`r` l`sergptdrs bdr pfrfij` ifs`l hytcgefj i`gkns bdr `lueftgdkfj purpds`s.

Cdw tc` edke`pt db l`hdks fs tc` spgrgts db l`fl h`k efh` gktd pdpujfrgty

(_dpujfr Jètur`s fkl Fllr`ss`s Iy Y`v. F. Efhpi`jj 6323)

\c` suiaèt db l`hdks, fs bdrhgkn f pdrtgdk db tc` r`fj fktgqugtg`s db tc` wdrjl fs edkkèt`l

wgtc _fnfk, A`wgsc fkl Ecrgstgfk tc`djdny tc` suiaèt db l`hdks, sdh`tgh`s efjj`l l`vgjs, kdt gk

tc`gr bgetgtgdus, iut gk tc`gr tru` ecfrfet`r, gs tcft wcgec G prdpds` td lgseuss= bdr `v`k c`r`, fs gk

`v`rytcgkn `js`, tc`r` fr` tc` bfet fkl tc` bfij`, tc` tru` fkl tc` bfjs`, tc` r`fj fkl tc` ghfngkfry.

\c` `xtrfvfnfkt bfkeg`s db tc` pd`ts, tc` ncdsts fkl spètr`s db tc` lfrm fn`s, cfv` spr`fl tc`gr

sfij` hfktj`s updk tcgs suiaèt, fkl gkvdjv`l gt `gtc`r gk pcgjdsdpcgefj luig`ty dr gk f, ijgkl

gklgserghgkft` gkbgl`jgty. \c` Ecrgstgfk pcgjdsdpc`r gk tcgs l`pfrth`kt, fs gk hdst dtc`rs, bgkls

trutc fkl bfij` ij`kl`l gk tc` sfh` trflgtgdk= fkl tc`r`bdr`, k`gtc`r fw`l iy futcdrgty= kdr

fjjur`l iy tc` bfsegkftgdks db kdv`jty, c` gkstgtut`s fk `xfhgkftgdk gktd tc` h`rgts db tcgs suiaèt,

wcgec, gb tru`, efkkdt iut l``pjy gkt`r`st tc` tcdunctbuj, fkl gb bfjs`, scdujl i` ifkgsc`l brdh tc`

hgkls db fjj.

\cft f ejfss db i`gkns l`sgnkft`l l`hdks cfs i``k fk `j`h`kt db tc` bfgtc, fk diaèt db lr`fl fkl

v`k`rftgdk, db fjj fn`s fkl kftgdks, fs bfr ifem fs h`hdry r`fec`s, kd dk` wcd i`jg`v`s gk f

spgrgtufj syst`h, kd dk` wcd r`nfrls tc` vdjuh`s db lgvgk` gkspgrftgdk, dr wcd gs `v`k dkjy

pfrtgfjjy fequfgkt`l wgtc _fnfk fkl A`wgsc fktgqugty, efk r`fsdkfijy lduit. Iut edke`rkgkn


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tc`s` l`hdks, db wcft drl`r db gkt`jjgn`ke`s, db wcft ecfrfet`r fkl l`stgky, db wcft pdw`rs

gkt`jjètufj fkl hdrfj, tc`r` cfs i``k huec lìft`, fkl tc`r` gs k``l db burtc`r fkl hdr`

sftgsbfetdry `xfhgkftgdk. I`bdr` `kt`rgkn `gtc`r pcgjdsdpcgefjjy dr prfetgefjjy gktd tcgs

gkv`stgnftgdk, gt gs kè`ssfry tcft w` l`bgk` tc` tru` fkl prdp`r h`fkgkn db tc` t`rh l`hdk. \cgs

wdrl, gt gs sfgl, gs db Nrègfk drgngk fkl ecfrfet`r db wcgec, cdw`v`r, w` cfv` kdt bujj fssurfke`.

Gk tcft jfknufn` gt gs wrgtt`k fkl prdkduke`l lfghddk, fkl, feedrlgkn td sdh` `tyhdjdngsts, gs

j`ngtghft`jy l`se`kl`l brdh f v`ry fkeg`kt v`ri, prdkduke`l lfgdd, wcgec h`fks td

lgserghgkft`, td mkdw. Lfghddk, dr l hdk, tc`r`bdr`, sghpjy gklgeft`s f p`rsdk db

gkt`jjgn`ke`----f mkdwgkn dk . \cus, i`bdr` tc` fn` db pcgjdsdpcy, dr tc` gkv`ktgdk db tc` kfh`,

tcds` w`r` efjj`l l`hdks, fs f tgtj` db cdkdr, wcd fbt`rwfrls fssuh`l tc` hdr` hdl`st tgtj` db

pcgjdsdpc`rs. Frgstdtj`, bdr cgs nr`ft j`frkgkn, wfs efjj`l f l`hdk, fs wfs tc` e`jìrft`l

'G'cueylgl`s1 c`ke` fhdkn tc` _jftdkgsts gt wfs bdr sdh` tgh` f tgtj` db cdkdr, Iut tcgs, gt hust i`

dis`rv`l, wfs f spègfj fpprdprgftgdk, jgm` dur us` db tc` wdrls lgvgk` fkl r`v`r`kl. ^c`k w`

fppjy tc`s` tgtj`s td sgkbuj h`k, wcd, ièfus` db tc`gr efjjgkn, dunct td i` kdt dkjy gkt`jjgn`kt, iut

db f lgvgk` fkl e`j`stgfj t`hp`r fkl hdrfjgty, w` us` tc`h iy f spègfj gklujn`ke` brdh tcft

sdv`r`gnk pdktgbb wgtc wcdh gs tc` aus `t kdrhfJdqu`klg ]rgnct fkl kdrh db sp`fmgknX.Iut fs

sdh` db tc` _jftdkgsts `j`vft`l tc` spgrgts db l`pfrt`l c`rd`s, puijge i`k`bfetdrs fkl

lgstgknugsc`l h`k gktd f spèg`s db l`hgndls dr h`lgftdrs i`tw``k tc`h fkl tc` supr`h`

Lgvgkgty, fs sdh` db dur bdr`bftc`rs w`r` feeustdh`l td r`nfrl tc` sdujs db l`pfrt`l sfgkts, tcgs

t`rh i`nfk td i` us`l gk f hdr` n`k`rfj s`ks`. Fhdkn sdh` pcgjdsdpc`rs gt ièfh` tc` tgtj` db

fk diaèt db wdrscgp= wcgj`, dk tc` dtc`r cfkl, gt l`n`k`rft`l gktd tc` n`kgg db pd`try fkl

ghfngkftgdk.

Gk trfegkn tc` pdpujfr trfksgtgdks db wdrls, p`rhgt h`, n`ktj`h`k, td sfy tcft w` fr` kdt td

ghfngk` tcft tc`y e`r`hdkgdusjy flvfke`, jgm` dur kfvfj fkl hgjgtfry dbbge`rs, brdh dk` rfkm td

fkdtc`r, iy sdh` syst`hftge dr edkv`ktgdkfj fnr``h`kt. Dk tc` edktrfry, tc` trfksgtgdks fr`

`xe``lgknjy fkdhfjdus, fkl sdh`tgh`s gkv`rt`l. Gk tcgs gkstfke` tc` t`rh l`hdk" brdh sghpjy

gklgeftgkn f mkdwgkn dk`,ièfh` tc` tgtj` db f cuhfk spgrgt wc`k lgv`st`l db gts ejfy t`k`h`kt,

ièfus` db gts suppds`l gkgtgftgdk gktd tc` sèr`ts db fkdtc`r wdrjl. \cus f s`pfrft`l spgrgt

ièfh` f n`kgus, f l`hgndl, f h`lgftdr, f lgvgkgty db tc` fkeg`kt sup`rstgtgdk, feedrlgkn td gts

fequgr`h`kts gk tcgs stft` db prdiftgdk. Iut w` scfjj i`tt`r ukl`rstfkl tc` bdre` fkl ghpdrt db


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tcgs hyst`rgdus wdrl brdh gts `frjg`st fee`ptftgdk fhdkn tc` `jl`r _fnfks, A`ws fkl Ecrgstgfks,

tcfk brdh tc` spèujftgdks db `tyhdjdngsts fkl j`xgednrfpc`rs. Cgstdrgefj bfets, tc`k, fkl kdt

`tyhdjdngefj spèujftgdks, scfjj lègl` kdt dkjy gts h`fkgkn, iut tc` ecfrfet`r fkl rfkm db tcds`

i`gkns dk wcdh, iy edhhdk edks`kt, tcgs sgnkgbgefkt tgtj` wfs edkb`rr`l.

\d wcdh, tc`k, fhdkn _fnfk wrgt`rs scfjj w` hfm` dur bgrst fpp`fj4 Ucfjj w` kdt ft dke` efrry

up tc` qu`stgdk td tc` hdst v`k`rfij` C`sgdl, tc` djl`st db Nrègfk ifrls, wcds` styj` `v`k

fkt`lft`s tcft db Cdh`r cghs`jb fjhdst dk` cuklr`l y`frs4 Ucfjj w` kdt fpp`fj td tc`

n`k`fjdngst db fjj tc` ndls, tc` nr`ft tc`dndkgst db Nrègfk hytcdjdny4 ^cd hdr` jgm`jy tcfk c`

td i` fequfgkt`l wgtc tc` fkeg`kt trflgtgdks db l`hdks4 Fkl wcft gs tc` suh db cgs t`stghdky gk

tc` efs`4 C`fr cgh sp`fm gk tc` wdrls db _jutfrec 1 \c` spgrgts db hdrtfjs ièdh` l`hdks wc`k

s`pfrft`l brdh tc`gr `frtcjy idlg`s." \c` Nrègfk igdnrfpcgst kdt dkjy qudt`s wgtc fpprdiftgdk

tc` vg`ws db C`sgdl, iut edrrdidrft`s tc`h iy tc` r`sujt db cgs dwk r`s`frec`s, fvdwgkn cgs

edkvgetgdk tcft tc` l`hdks db tc` Nr``ms w`r` tc` ncdsts fkl n`kgg db l`pfrt`l h`k= fkl tcft

tc`y nd up fkl ldwk tc` `frtc fs dis`rv`rs, fkl `v`k r`wfrl`rs, db h`k= fkl fjtcdunc kdt fetdrs

tc`hs`jv`s, tc`y `kedurfn` dtc`rs td fet gk cfrhdky wgtc tc`gr vg`ws fkl ecfrfet`rs." Q`kderft`s

tdd, gs qudt`l iy Frgstdtj`, `xt`kls tc` t`rh td tc` sdujs db h`k i`bdr` l`ftc, fkl efjjs tc`h

l`hdks wcgj` gk tc` idly. \d tc` nddl l`hdks fkl tc` spgrgts db lè`fs`l c`rd`s tc`y fjjdtt`l

tc` dbbge` db h`lgftdrs i`tw``k ndls fkl h`k. Gk tcgs jgnct Qdrdfst`r, \cfj`s, _ytcfndrfs, _jftd,

_jutfrec, E`jsus, Fpuj`gus, fkl hfky dtc`rs r`nfrl`l tc` l`hdks db tc`gr tgh`s. ^cd`v`r,

gkl``l, wgjj i` ft pfgks td `xfhgk` tc` _fnfk hytcdjdng`s, dk` fkl fjj, wgjj lgsedv`r tcft sdh`

ldetrgk` db l`hdks, fs r`spèts tc`gr kftur`, fidl`s, ecfrfet`rs dr `hpjdyh`kt, gs tc` ujtghft`

bduklftgdk db tc`gr wcdj` sup`rstruetur`= fkl tcft tc` rflgefj gl`f db fjj tc` ldnhftf db tc`gr

prg`sts, fkl tc` bfkeg`s fkl bfij`s db tc`gr pd`ts, gs bdukl gk tcft hdst fkeg`kt fkl v`rgtfij`

trflgtgdk-tcft tc` spgrgts db h`k survgv` tc`gr bfjj`k tfi`rkfej`s, fkl jgv` gk f lgs`hidlg`l stft`

brdh l`ftc td tc` lgssdjutgdk db hft`rgfj kftur`. \d tc`s` spgrgts, gk tc` ecfrfet`r db n`kgg, ndls dr

l`hgndls, tc`y fssgnk`l tc` bft`s fkl bdrtuk`s db h`k fkl eduktrg`s. ^gtc tc`h f c`rd dk `frtc

ièfh` f l`hdk gk cfl`s, fkl f l`hgndl, f kuh`k, f lgvgkgty, gk tc` smg`s. Gt gs kdt wgtcdut

sdh` r`fsdk tcft tc` wgtty fkl gkn`kgdus Juegfk hfm`s cgs lgfjdngst, gk tc` drtcdldxy db cgs fn`,

fsm fkl fksw`r tc` bdjjdwgkn qu`stgdks1- ^cft gs hfk' F hdrtfj ndl. Fkl wcft gs Ndl! Fk

ghhdrtfj hfk. Gk dk` s`kt`ke`, fjj _fnfk fktgqugty fbbgrhs tcft brdh \gtfk fkl Ufturk, tc` _d`tge


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Juegfk l`sergi`s l`hdkgfes fs jukftge, fkl fs stfrgkn wgtc tc`gr `y`s, bdfhgkn ft tc` hdutc, fkl

i`gkn sp`ècj`ss. Gt fpp`frs stgjj hdr` `vgl`kt tcft fjj tc` p`rsdks spdm`k db gk tc` K`w

\`stfh`kt fs pdss`ss`l wgtc l`vgjs, w`r` `gtc`r hfl dr `pgj`ptge, fkl prègs`jy gk tc` sfh`

edklgtgdk wgtc tc` hflh`k fkl `pgj`ptges db hdl`rk tgh`s. Udh` db tc` A`ws, dbb`kl`l wgtc

Ecrgst's lgsedurs`s, sfgl, C` cftc f l`vgj, fkl gs hfl= wcy c`fr y` cgh4 \c` `xpr`ssgdks c` cftc

f l`vgj, fkl gs hfl, w`r` e`rtfgkjy us`l dk tcgs deefsgdk fs sykdkyhdus. ^gtc fjj tc`gr vgruj`ke`,

tc`y wdujl kdt sur`jy fsergi` td cgh ft dke` twd tcgkns tcft w`r` gkedksgst`kt fkl edktrflgetdry.

\cds` wcd tcdunct hdr` bfvdurfijy db Ecrgst, r`pjg`l td tc` efjuhky db cgs `k`hg`s, tc`s` fr`

kdt tc` wdrls db cgh tcft cftc f l`vgj= h`fkgkn tcft tc`y lgl kdt lgsedv`r gk cgs lgsedurs` tc`

rfvgkns db f hflhfk, dr db dk` lgsdrl`r`l gk cgs ukl`rstfklgkn. \c` A`ws fsergi`l td l`hdks

kdt dkjy rfvgkn, iut fjsd tc` h`jfkecdjy hflk`ss db Adck, wcd sèjul`l cghs`jb brdh

gkt`redurs` wgtc tc` wdrjl, fkl wfs lgstgknugsc`l iy fistgk`ke` fkl fets db hdrtgbgeftgdk, tc`y

sfgl, C` cftc f l`hdk. \c` ydutc, wcds` bftc`r fppjg`l td A`sus td eur` cgh, wfs pjfgkjy

`pgj`ptge= fkl tc` lgsdrl`r wfs ftt`kl`l wgtc f l`prgvftgdk db tc` ukl`rstfklgkn, dr jdss db s`ks`,

fkl wgtc tc` sgnks db pcr`kzy. \cgs fpp`frs brdh tc` jfknufn` db cgs bftc`r1 Cfv` h`rey dk hy

sdk, bdr c` gs jukftge, fkl sdr` v`x`l wgtc f l`hdk1 bdr dbt`k tgh`s c` bfjj`tc gktd tc` bgr`, fkl

dbt`k gktd tc` wft`r. Gk tc` gkt`rvfj db cgs bgts, tc` l`hdk wfs suppds`l td l`pfrt brdh cgh.

Gkl``l, `v`rytcgkn r`jft`l gk tc` K`w \`stfh`kt edke`rkgkn l`hdkgfes, prdv`s tcft tc`y w`r`

p`rsdks fbbèt`l wgtc suec kfturfj lgs`fs`s fs fr` kdt ukedhhdk fhdkn hfkmgkl gk tcgs pr`s`kt

fn`. ^c`k tc` syhptdhs db tc` lgsdrl`r`l eur`l iy tc` Ufvgdur fkl cgs fpdstj`s, fs efs`s db

l`hdkgefj pdss`ssgdk, edrr`spdkl sd `xfetjy ft tc` pr`s`kt tgh`, gt wdujl i` fisurl td ghput`

tc`h td f sup`rkfturfj efus`.

Gt gs huec hdr` edksgst`kt wgtc edhhdk s`ks` fkl sdukl pcgjdsdpcy, td suppds` tcft dur

Ufvgdur fkl cgs fpdstj`s fldpt`l tc` vujnfr jfknufn` gk tc` sp`fmgkn db tcds` ukbdrtukft`

p`rsdks, wcd, wgtcdut fky bduklftgdk, w`r` ghfngk`l td i` pdss`ss`l wgtc l`hdks. Gt gs

eustdhfry wgtc tc` sfer`l wrgt`rs, fkl dur Ufvgdur cghs`jb, td sp`fm dk hfky suiaèts gk tc`jfknufn` db tc` vujnfr, tcdunc mkdwk fkl flhgtt`l td cfv` i``k drgngkfjjy nrdukl`l dk f bfjs`

pcgjdsdpcy. ^c`k tc`r`bdr`, tc` sfer`l cgstdrgfks t`jj us, tcft dk` p`rsdk wfs pdss`ss`l iy s`v`k

l`hdks, fkl fkdtc`r iy f j`ngdk, gs gt kdt hdr` prdifij` td suppds` tcft tc`y fldpt`l tc`

pcrfs`djdny db tc` A`ws, tcfk td ghfngk` tcft lgs`fs`s wcgec frgs` ft pr`s`kt brdh kfturfj efus`s,


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w`r` prdlue`l gk fkeg`kt tgh`s iy tc` gkt`rv`ktgdk db l`hdks, dr tcft `vgj spgrgts stgjj edktgku` td

`kt`r gktd hfkmgkl gk fjj efs`s db hflk`ss, h`jfkecdjy, dr `pgj`psy4

I`sgl`s, gt gs iy kd h`fks f subbgeg`kt r`fsdk bdr rè`gvgkn fky ldetrgk` fs tru`, tcft gt cfs i``k

n`k`rfjjy rè`gv`l tcrdunc tc` wdrjl. @rrdr, jgm` fk `pgl`hgefj lgs`fs`, gs edhhukgeft`l brdh

dk` td fkdtc`r. Gk e`rtfgk egreuhstfke`s, tdd, tc` gkbju`ke` db tc` ghfngkftgdk pr`ldhgkft`s, fkl

r`strfgks tc` `x`rtgdks db r`fsdk. Hfky bfjs` dpgkgdks cfv` `xt`kl`l tc`gr gkbju`ke` tcrdunc f

v`ry wgs` egrej`, fkl bdr f jdkn tgh` hfgktfgk`l gt. Dk fjj suec deefsgdks, tc`r`bdr`, gt ièdh`s

us td `kqugr` kdt sd huec cdw n`k`rfjjy fky dpgkgdk cfs i``k rè`gv`l, dr cdw jdkn gt cfs

pr`vfgj`l, fs brdh wcft efus` gt cfs drgngkft`l, fkl dk wcft `vgl`ke` gt r`sts. Gk `v`ry pfrt db tc`

wdrjl tcft bfjjs ukl`r dur dis`rvftgdks, w` p`re`gv` f bgx`l drl`r db efus`s fkl `bbèts, wcgec gs

kdt lgsturi`l iy fky gkvgsgij` i`gkns= fkl tc` pr`s`rvftgdk db tcgs drl`r fpp`frs td i` `ss`ktgfj td

tc` cfppgk`ss db tc` er`ftgdk. Hfy w` kdt c`ke` edkejul` tcft tc` cuhfk syst`h, gk pfrtgeujfr, gs

ndv`rk`l gk tc` sfh` hfkk`r, fkl suiaèt`l td gkvfrgfij` jfws, wcgec Ndl fjdk` efk edktrdj4

Fr` w` td tfm` gt bdr nrfkt`l tcft Ndl wgjj p`rhgt tc`s` jfws td i` edktrdjj`l, h`r`jy bdr tc` sfm`

db suiaètgkn tc` c`fjtcs, tc` ukl`rstfklgkns, fkl tc` jgv`s db hfkmgkl, td tc` efprge` fkl hfjge`

db `vgj spgrgts4 \cgs fpp`frs utt`rjy r`punkfkt td fjj dur gl`fs db tc` `qugty, tc` nddlk`ss, fkl tc`

h`rey db tc` nrfegdus _fr`kt db hfkmgkl.

9. Frnuh`kts bdr tc` `xgst`ke` db l`hdkgfes. - Gt wdujl fpp`fr tcft, gk tc` tgh` db dur Ufvgdur,

l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk wfs v`ry edhhdk fhdkn tc` A`ws, fkl fjsd gk tc` k`gncidurgkn kftgdks.

Hfky w`r` tc` `vgj spgrgts, tcft A`sus gs r`jft`l gk tc` ndsp`js td cfv` àèt`l brdh pftg`kts, wcd

w`r` irdunct td cgh fs pdss`ss`l fkl tdrh`kt`l iy tcds` hfj`vdj`kt l`hdks. Cgs fpdstj`s, tdd,

fkl tc` bgrst Ecrgstgfks wcd w`r` v`ry fetgv` fkl suee`ssbuj gk tc` prdpfnftgdk db Ecrgstgfkgty,

br`qu`ktjy `x`rt`l dk sghgjfr deefsgdks tc` hgrfeujdus pdw`rs wgtc wcgec tc`y w`r` `kldw`l.

\c` l`hdks lgspjfy`l f l`nr`` db mkdwj`ln` fkl hfj`vdj`ke` wcgec subbgeg`ktjy lgstgknugsc`l

tc`h brdh cuhfk i`gkns. \c` jfknufn` gk wcgec tc` l`hdkgfes fr` h`ktgdk`l, fkl tc` fetgdks

fkl s`ktgh`kts fsergi`l td tc`h gk tc` K`w \`stfh`kt, sc`w tcft dur Ufvgdur fkl cgs fpdstj`s

lgl kdt edksgl`r tc` gl`f db l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk h`r`jy fs f vujnfr `rrdr edke`rkgkn tc` drgngk

db f lgs`fs` dr lgs`fs`s prdlue`l iy kfturfj efus`s. \c` hdr` `kjgnct`k`l efkkdt fjwfys fvdgl

tc` us` db h`tfpcdrgefj `xpr`ssgdks, wcgec, tcdunc bdukl`l dk `rrdr, y`t cfv` i``k sd

`stfijgsc`l gk jfknufn` iy tc` gkbju`ke` db eustdh, tcft tc`y efkkdt i` sull`kjy lgshgss`l.


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6>

Cdw`v`r, gk l`sergptgdks db ecfrfet`rs, gk f kfrrftgv` db bfets, fkl gk jfygkn ldwk syst`hs db

ldetrgk`, w` r`qugr` lgbb`r`kt ruj`s td i` dis`rv`l.

Gb fky p`rsdk, gk edhpjgfke` wgtc pdpujfr dpgkgdks, scdujl tfjm s`rgdusjy db tc` `xgst`ke`,

lgspdsgtgdks, lèjfrftgdks, fkl fetgdks db f rfe` db i`gkns wcdh c` mk`w td i` `ktgr`jy bfiujdus,

w` e`rtfgkjy edujl kdt prfgs` cgh bdr cgs gkt`nrgty= w` hust suppds`, tcft c` `gtc`r `xujts gk grdky

dv`r tc` w`fm er`lujgty db tcds` frdukl cgh, dr tcft c` tfm`s flvfktfn` db tc`gr w`fmk`ss, wgtc

tc` lgscdk`sty fkl s`jbgsc vg`ws db fk ghpdst`r. Gb c` cghs`jb scdujl pr`t`kl td fky edkkètgdk

wgtc tc`h, pfrtgeujfr cdkdurs brdh cgs edkt`hpdrfrg`s, wcft `v`r hgnct i` tc` lgnkgty db cgs

ecfrfet`r gk fjj dtc`r r`spèts, kd p`rsdk wdujl c`sgtft` td irfkl cgh fs fk ghpdstdr. Gk tcgs jgnct

w` hust r`nfrl tc` edkluet db dur Ufvgdur fkl cgs fpdstj`s, gb tc` gl`f db l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk

i` edksgl`r`l h`r`jy fs f vujnfr `rrdr. \c`y tfjm`l fkl fet`l fs gb tc`y i`jg`v`l tcft `vgj spgrgts

cfl fetufjjy `kt`r`l gktd tcds` wcd w`r` irdunct td tc`h fs pdss`ss`l wgtc l`vgjs, fkl fs gb

tcds` spgrgts cfl i``k fetufjjy `xp`jj`l iy tc`gr futcdrgty brdh tc` ukcfppy p`rsdks pdss`ss`l.

\c`y fjsd l`hfkl`l tcft tc`gr futcdrgty fkl lèjfrftgdks scdujl i` i`jg`v`l, gk edks`qu`ke` db

tc`gr p`rbdrhgkn suec hgncty wdrms, fkl tcus trguhpcgkn dv`r tc` pdw`rs db c`jj.

\c` r`fjgty db l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk r`sts dk tc` sfh` `vgl`ke` fs tc` ndsp`j syst`h gk n`k`rfj.

\c`r` gs kdtcgkn ukr`fsdkfij` gk tcgs ldetrgk`, gt ld`s kdt fpp`fr td edktrflget tcds` gl`fs wcgec

tc` n`k`rfj fpp`frfke`s db kftur` fkl tc` s`rg`s db `v`kts, sunn`st, edke`rkgkn tc` i`k`vdj`ke`

fkl wgsldh db tc` L`gty, iy wcgec c` r`nujft`s tc` fbbfgrs db tc` ukgv`rs`. ^` dbt`k bfkey

durs`jv`s fij` td edhpr`c`kl tcgkns td wcgec dur ukl`rstfklgkn gs wcdjjy gkfl`quft`= w`

br`qu`ktjy p`rsufl` durs`jv`s, tcft tc` wcdj` `xt`kt db tc` wdrms db tc` L`gty hust i` w`jj

mkdwk td us, fkl tcft cgs l`sgnks hust fjwfys i` suec fs w` efk ukl`rstfkl. ^` fr` tc`k r`fly,

wc`k`v`r fky lgbbgeujty frgs`s gk edksgl`rgkn tc` edkluet db prdvgl`ke`, td hdl`j tcgkns

feedrlgkn td dur dwk gl`fs, td l`ky tcft tc` L`gty efk i` tc` futcdr db tcgkns bdr wcgec w` fr`

kdt fij` td feedukt, fkl td fss`rt tcft c` hust fet dk `v`ry deefsgdk gk f hfkk`r edksgst`kt wgtc

dur kfrrdw vg`ws. \cgs gs tc` prgl` db r`fsdk, wcgec s``hs td cfv` sunn`st`l tc` strdkn`st

diaètgdks fnfgkst tc` r`fjgty db l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk. Iut tc` L`gty hfy e`rtfgkjy edkkèt dk`

drl`r db cgs er`ftur`s wgtc fkdtc`r. ^` p`re`gv` hutufj r`jftgdks fkl f i`futgbuj edkkètgdk gk

`v`ry pfrt db kftur` wgtcgk tc` spc`r` db dur dis`rvftgdk. \c` gkb`rgdr fkghfjs fr` edkkèt`l

wgtc hfkmgkl, fkl suiaèt td tc`gr futcdrgty, kdt dkjy gk gkstfke`s gk wcgec gt gs `x`rt`l bdr tc`gr


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63

flvfktfn`, iut `v`k wc`r` gt gs tyrfkkgefjjy fius`l td tc`gr l`struetgdk. Fhdkn tc` `vgjs td

wcgec hfkmgkl cfv` i``k suiaèt`l, hgnct kdt l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk i` dk`4 \c` Uupr`h`

I`gkn hfy `hpjdy wcft`v`r fn`kts c` tcgkms prdp`r gk tc` `xèutgdk db cgs purpds`s1 c` hfy

`gtc`r edhhgssgdk fk fkn`j dr j`t jdds` f l`vgj, fs w`jj fs i`kl tc` cuhfk wgjj, dr edhhukgeft`

fky pfrtgeujfr ghpujs` td hftt`r. Fjj tcft r`v`jftgdk hfm`s mkdwk, fjj tcft cuhfk r`fsdk efk

edkaètur`, edke`rk`l tc` `xgst`ke` db vfrgdus drl`rs db spgrgtufj i`gkns, nddl fkl ifl, gs

p`rbètjy edksgst`kt wgtc, fkl bfvdurfij` td, tc` ldetrgk` db l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk. Gt gs

h`ktgdk`l gk tc` K`w \`stfh`kt gk suec jfknufn`, fkl suec kfrrftgv`s fr` r`jft`l edke`rkgkn gt,

tcft tc` ndsp`js efk i` r`nfrl`l dkjy fs pfrts db fk ghpdstur` fkl A`sus Ecrgst i` edksgl`r`l fs f

p`rsdk wcd tddm flvfktfn` db tc` w`fmk`ss fkl gnkdrfke` db cgs edkt`hpdrfrg`s, gb tcgs ldetrgk`

i` dkjy f vujnfr `rrdr. Gk scdrt, gt t`fec`s kdtcgkn gkedksgst`kt wgtc tc` n`k`rfj edkluet db

prdvgl`ke`= fkl tc` prgl` db r`fsdk fjdk`, kdt tc` efktdk db pcgjdsdpcy, sunn`sts diaètgdks

fnfgkst tcgs ldetrgk`. Bfrh`r's @ssfy dk tc` L`hdkgfes db tc` K`w \`stfh`kt= Lr.

^drtcgkntdk's Ghpfrtgfj Gkqugry gktd tc` efs` db tc` Ndsp`j L`hdkgfes= B`jj's gkqugry gktd tc`

C`ftc`k fkl tc` Uergptur` Ldetrgk` db Lf`hdks.

\c` pdsgtgv` `j`h`kt bdukl gk tcgs sèdkl frnuh`kt gs tcft gt mk``js td tc` trutcbujk`ss db

Wfcscuf A`sus t`fecgkns. Ugke` tc` H`ssgfc lgl gk bfet t`fec fnfgkst tc` `xgst`ke` db suec

i`gkns, C` cfs `rflgeft`l tcgs sèdkl frnuh`kt j`fvgkn us wgtc tc` bgrst fkl dkjy tc` bgrst td

ecdds` brdh.

(\cr`` gkqugrg`s dk tc` bdjjdwgkn sergpturfj suiaèts 630< ^fjt`r Ifjbdur)

\cft Ecrgst scdujl fldpt tc` edhhdk jfknufn` db tc` lfy dk tcgs suiaèt, fs w`jj fs dk dtc`rs,

gs e`rtfgkjy kd hftt`r db surprgs`. Kdr ld`s gt bdjjdw tcft iy sd ldgkn c` edkbgrh`l tc` p`dpj` gk

tc` ldetrgk` db r`fj pdss`ssgdks. Gt gs edhhdk, fjwfys fkl `v`rywc`r`, td `hpjdy, dk ngv`k

suiaèts, tc` pdpujfr jfknufn` db tc` lfy, fkl tcft wgtcdut i`gkn c`jl feeduktfij` bdr tc` `rrdrs

brdh wcgec gt tddm gts rgs`. ^` us` tc` wdrl jukfey, iut w` ld kdt i`jg`v` tcft tc` hddk cfsfkytcgkn td ld wgtc gksfkgty= fkl w` sp`fm fjsd db Ut. Fktcdky's bgr`, fkl Ut. Rgtfs' lfke`,

wgtcdut i`jg`vgkn gk tc` pdw`r fkl `xgst`ke` db tc`s` sfgkts, huec j`ss tcft tc`y fr` tc` futcdrs

db tc` lgsdrl`rs i`frgkn tc`gr kfh`s. Fkl sd w` sfy db f hfk tcft 'c` gs dut db cgs c`fl,' ' cfs jdst

cgs s`ks`s,' &e.= wcgec `xpr`ssgdks fr` bfr brdh i`gkn pcgjdsdpcgefj, y`t fr` ukgv`rsfjjy us`l.

^` sp`fm, jgm`wgs`, db 'eftecgkn edjl,' fs gb gt w`r` sdh`tcgkn td i` jfgl cdjl db, dr s`gz`l wgtc


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67

tc` cfkls= db f b`v`r j`fvgkn f pftg`kt, fs tcdunc gt cfl f p`rsdkfjgty = db f lgsdrl`r fttfmgkn cgh,

fs gb gt efh` updk cgh jgm` fk frh`l hfk = wcgec pcrfs`s, feedrlgkn td tc` strget edkstruetgdk db

jfknufn`, fr` nrdssjy gkedrrèt, fkl y`t fr` `v`rywc`r`' eurr`kt. Kdw gt wdujl i` aust fs

ukr`fsdkfij` td edkejul`, tcft ièfus` f pcysgegfk efjjs f e`rtfgk lgs`fs` Ut. Fktcdky's bgr`, c`

tc`r`bdr` i`jg`v`s gt td i` efus`l iy tcft sfgkt, dr ièfus` c` sfys f b`v`r j`fv`s f pftg`kt, gt cfs

fk gklgvglufjgty, fkl nd`s fidut brdh pjfe` td pjfe`, fs td edkejul` tcft ièfus` Ecrgst

fldpt`l tc` pdpujfr jfknufn` db cgs fn` r`spètgkn l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdk, c` r`fjjy i`jg`v`l gt,

dr ièfus` c` r`pr`s`kts tc` l`hdk fs l`pfrtgkn, dr ndgkn dut db tc` gksfk`, c` suppds`l gt td i`

fkytcgkn hdr` tcfk tc` lgsdrl`r.(579, Ifjbdur)

_`rcfps gt wgjj i` sfgl, tcgs r`fsdkgkn, tcdunc pjfusgij`, gs kdt sftgsbfetdry= bdr w` efkkdt tcgkm

tcft Ecrgst wdujl cfv` fldpt`l tc` pcrfs`djdny db cgs tgh`s dk tcgs suiaèt, gb c` cfl kdt

rè`gv`l tc` dpgkgdk gk wcgec gt drgngkft`l. Uuppds` w` nrfkt tcgs, ld w` tc`rìy fvdgl lgbbgeujty

6. Gb w` flhgt tc` `xgst`ke` db l`hdks, w` hust flhgt fjsd tc` edhhdk dpgkgdk tcft tc`y

prdlue`l gksfkgty, bgts, fkl vfrgdus dtc`r lgs`fs`s. Lr. Ifrk`s ukc`sgtftgknjy fldpts tcgs

fisurlgty, gk dppdsgtgdk td fjj h`lgefj seg`ke`. ^cgj` tcft seg`ke` `xpjfgks tc` efus`s db lgs`fs`s,

fkl feedukts bdr tc`h dk kfturfj prgkegpj`s, fkl tr`fts tc`h gk feedrlfke` wgtc tc`gr drgngk, c`

pjfe`s cghs`jb gk lgrèt dppdsgtgdk td gt, fkl fttrgiut`s gksfkgty fkl dtc`r lgs`fs`s td l`hdks.

C`fr cgh1 "^` stgjj s`` f hujtgtul` db efs`s tcft kd hfk efk prdv` kdt td i` prdlue`l iy tc`

pr`s`ke` db fk `vgj spgrgt. ^cd wdujl ftt`hpt td sfy tcft sdh` `vgj i`gkn hfy kdt cfv` huec td

ld gk tc` efs` db hflh`k 4"Edh. dk Hftt.


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9?

\c` dpgkgdks db suec h`k fr` wdrtcy db edksgl`rftgdk, bdr tc`y auln`l brdh f mkdwj`ln` db h`k

fkl lgs`fs`, fkl w`r` kdt swfy`l iy vujnfr sup`rstgtgdks.(575-57


21/29

96

jgv`l `vgj jgv`s, fkl lg`l iy vgdj`kt l`ftcs, w`r` p`rhgtt`l td `kt`r tc` idlg`s db h`k, fkl td

prdlue` tc` `bbèts fsergi`l td tc`h gk tc` pdpujfr er``l = iut tc` bfet fkl r`fj stft` db tc`

pdss`ss`l w`r` fbbjget`l wgtc sdh` pèujgfr lgs`fs`s db hgkl dr idly, wcgec, tc`gr tru` efus`s

kdt i`gkn n`k`rfjjy ukl`rstddl, w`r`, fs gs usufj gk suec efs`s, fsergi`l td sup`rkfturfj pdw`rs =

fkl tcft A`sus fkl cgs fpdstj`s, wgscgkn db edurs` td i` ukl`rstddl iy tc`gr edkt`hpdrfrg`s, fkl

dwgkn td dtc`r r`fsdks wcgec efk i` pdgkt`l dut, w`r` ukl`r tc` kè`ssgty db `xpr`ssgkn

tc`hs`jv`s gk pdpujfr jfknufn`, fkl db s``hgkn td flhgt, dr ft j`fst db kdt l`kygkn, gts

edrrètk`ss. \c`y burtc`r pj`fl tcft tc` bfet, flhgtt`l dk fjj cfkls tcft tc` l`hdk sd fetuft`l tc`

pdss`ss`l, fs tcft wcft`v`r tc`y lgl, wfs kdt td i` lgstgknugsc`l brdh cgs fn`key, r`lue`s tc`

qu`stgdk, sd bfr fs pc`kdh`kf fr` edke`rk`l, td dk` sghpj` gkqugry, kfh`jy, wc`tc`r tc`s`

pc`kdh`kf fr` suec fs efk i` feedukt`l bdr wgtcdut r`sdrtgkn td sup`rkfturfj fn`key. \c`y

fss`rt tcft tc` syhptdhs pr`lgeft`l db l`hdkgfes edrr`spdkl wgtc tc` drlgkfry syhptdhs db

lgs`fs`, fkl `spègfjjy db cypdecdklrgf, gksfkgty, fkl `pgj`psy = tcft tc` sfer`l wrgt`rs

tc`hs`jv`s ngv` gktghftgdks, fs pjfgk fs edujl i` `xpèt`l ukl`r tc`gr egreuhstfke`s, tcft tc`y

`hpjdy`l pdpujfr jfknufn` = tcft edks`qu`ktjy tc`y fr` kdt td i` edksgl`r`l fs t`fecgkn

ldetrgk`s dr fss`rtgkn bfets wc`k tc`y us` suec jfknufn` = fkl tcft tc` ldetrgk` db tc` fn`key db

l`pfrt`l spgrgts dk tc` idlg`s db h`k gs gkedksgst`kt wgtc e`rtfgk pèujgfr fkl `xpr`ss ldetrgk`s

db Ecrgst fkl cgs fpdstj`s.

^gtc r`nfrl td tc` syhptdhs r`jft`l db tc` l`hdkgfes, gt gs urn`l tcft suec p`rsdks fs

w`r` efjj`l l`hdkgfes gk dtc`r eduktrg`s, fkl wcd s``h td cfv` jfidur`l ukl`r prègs`jy tc`

sfh` syhptdhs, fr` rèdrl`l td cfv` i``k eur`l iy tc` us` db h`lgegk`s. C`jjìdrd qudqu`

purnftur jyhpcftgùs `rrdr (U`rì. Ufhhdk. e. 9>. v. 0?>), 'Gksfk` l`jusgdk gs r`h`lg`l iy

c`jjìdr`.' Ads`pcus fkl tc` A`wgsc pcysgegfks sp`fm db h`lgegk`s edhpds`l db stdk`s, rddts,

fkl c`ris, i`gkn us`buj td l`hdkgfes (Nftt`g, b. 2>). \c` eur` db lgs`fs`s iy suec h`tcdls gs

gkt`jjgngij` = iut gs gt rftgdkfj td i`jg`v` tcft tc` spgrgts db l`fl h`k ]efk i` àèt`lX brdh cuhfk

idlg`s iy h`lgefj pr`sergptgdks4 Hfghdkgl`s (gk sfift. gg. 0) sfys, ' fjj mgkls db lgs`fs`s wcgec

fr` efjj`l h`jfkecdjy, tc`y efjj fk `vgj spgrgt' (edhp. Hftt xg. 63= Adck vgg. 9?= x. 9?).

6. ^gtc r`nfrl td tc` twd l`hdkgfes ft Nflfrf (dr dk`, feedrlgkn td Hfrm fkl Jum`), gt gs

edkejul`l tcft tc`y w`r` hflh`k, wcd bfkeg`l tcft tc`r` w`r` wgtcgk tc`h gkkuh`rfij` spgrgts

db l`fl h`k. Feedrlgknjy tc`y lw`jt fhdkn tc` tdhis fidut wcgec tc` sdujs db tc` l`fl w`r`

i`jg`v`l ]gk tc` \fjhulX td cdv`r, w`kt kfm`l, w`r` ukndv`rkfij`, erg`l fjdul, fttfem`l


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99

pfss`kn`rs, i`ft tc`hs`jv`s, fkl cfl gk tc`gr pcr`ksy irdm`k `v`ry ecfgk iy wcgec tc`y cfl

i``k idukl. Utr`kntc fjhdst sup`rcuhfk gs f edhhdk ftt`klfkt db gksfkgty. \c` suia`et gs

gjjustrft`l iy ^`st`gk, gk `xtrfets brdh Nr``m h`lgefj wrgt`rs. _. F@ngk`tf, Fetufrgus, Ef`jgus

Fur`jgfkus, fjsd t`jj tcft suec p`rsdks bfkeg`l tc`hs`jv`s td i` ndls, l`hdks, wdjv`s, ldns, &e. =

c`ke` tc` lgsdrl`r wfs sdh`tgh`s efjj`l ]Nr``m wdrls j`bt uktrfksjft`lX. \c`gr qu`stgdk, 'Frt

tcdu edh` td tdrh`kt us4' r`b`rs td tc` eru`j tr`fth`kt db tc` gksfk` gk tcds` tgh`s, fkl wcgec

tc`y cfl kd lduit scfr`l, gk tc` `kl`fvdurs db h`k td ' tfh` ' tc`h. Idtc Hfrm fkl Jum` tc`

pcysgegfk l`sergi` tc` l`hdkgfe fs ... gk 'cgs rgnct hgkl,' wc`k c`fj`l, wcgec ghpjg`s pr`vgdus

gksfkgty (s`` fjsd Hftt. xgg. 99 = xv. 93 = xvgg. 63 = Jum` vgg. 96 = vggg. 9 = gx.


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95

5. \c` syhptdhs db `pgj`psy gk tc` ydutc l`sergi`l Hftt. xvgg. 60, fr` tdd `vgl`kt kdt td

i` femkdwj`ln`l. Gb tc` dpgkgdk db r`jftgv`s gs td i` pr`ss`l, gt scdujl i` kdtge`l tcft gk tcgs efs`

tc` bftc`r sfys cgs 'sdk gs jukftge.' Gt wfs hdst prdifijy f efs` db edhigk`l `pgj`psy fkl jukfey,

wcgec cfs i``k edhhdk gk fjj fn`s. @pgj`psy wfs fsergi`l td tc` ... hddk gk tcds` tgh`s. \c`

jgt`rfj gkt`rpr`tftgdk db pdpujfr jfknufn` wdujl tc`r`bdr` r`qugr` us td i`jg`v` tcft c` wfs

'hddkstruem,= fs w`jj fs f l`hdkgfe. F eurgdus gkstfke` db tc` gkbju`ke` db pdpujfr hdl`s db

sp``ec, `v`k dk tcds` wcd fr` edksegdus db gts gkedrr`etk`ss, gs dbb`r`l gk tc` efs` db

Cgppderft`s, wcd tcdunc c` wrdt` f iddm td prdv` tcft `pgj`psy gs kdt f sfer`l hfjfly ... gs

k`v`rtc`j`ss gk tc` cfigt db fppjygkn td gt tcft v`ry fpp`jjftgdk. Gk tc` sfh` wfy f j`frk`l

pcysgegfk stgjj sp`fms db jukfey, Ut. Fktcdky's bgr` = fkl p`rsdks db `lueftgdk sp`fm db tc` rgsgkn

fkl s`ttgkn db tc` suk, bfjjgkn stfrs fs w` fjj us` pcrfs`s l`rgv`l brdh tc` rgt`s fkl r`jgngdk db

n`ktgj`s.


24/29

9. Gt efkkdt i` prdv`l tcft fjj tc` l`hdkgfes mk`w A`sus td i` tc` H`ssgfc.

3. Gt gs flhgtt`l tcft A`sus fllr`ss`s tc` l`hdks, iut tc`k gt hfy i` sfgl tcft cgs ldgkn sd

cfs r`b`r`ke` pfrtjy td tc` p`rsdks tc`hs`jv`s gk wcdh l`hdks w`r` suppds`l td i`, fkl pfrtjy

td tc` iystfkl`rs = bdr tc` sfh` r`fsdk tcft c` rìum`l tc` wgkls gk fk fulgij` vdge`, fs fjsd tc`

b`v`r. Gt gs fjsd r`hfrmfij` tcft tc` efs` db tc` l`hdkgfe (Hfrm v.3), gt gs sfgl - ]nr``mX, tc` hfk,

]nr``mX, kdt ]nrmX. \c` sfh` wdrls deeur gk Jum` vggg, 5?.

7.^gtc r`nfrls td dur Jdrl's r`pjy td tc` s`v`kty, gt wgjj kdt i` urn`l tcft gt wfs gkt`kl`l

db f jdefj bfjj db Uftfk brdh c`fv`k, ukj`ss gt hfy i` suppds`l td fjjul` td cgs prgh`vfj

`xpujsgdk = iut tcgs s`ks` gs sefre`jy r`j`vfkt td tc` deefsgdk. Gb, tc`k, tc` jgt`rfj s`ks` i`

kè`ssfrgjy l`pfrt`l brdh, f ecdge` hust i` hfl` dut db tc` vfrgdus bgnurftgv` gkt`rpr`tftgdks db

wcgec tc` wdrls flhgt = fkl tfmgkn tc` wdrl Uftfk c`r` gk gts n`k`rge s`ks`, db wcft`v`r gs

gkghgefj dr dppds`l td tc` Ndsp`j, A`sus hfy i` ukl`rstddl td sfy, G bdr`sfw tc` njdrgdus r`sujts

db ydur hgssgdk gk tc` trguhpc wcgec wdujl ftt`kl gt dv`r tc` hdst bdrhglfij` distfej`s. C`fv`k

gs dbt`k us`l gk tc` s`ks` db pdjgtgefj cdrgzdk (Gsf. xvg. 69, 65 = Hftt. xxgv. 97). \d i` efst brdh

c`fv`k td c`jj gs f pcrfs` bdr tdtfj ldwkbfjj (Jum` x. 60 = Y`v. xgg. >-7). Ege`rd sfys td Hfrm

Fktdky, Wdu cfv` curj`l ydur edjj`fnu`s ldwk brdh c`fv`k. Uftfk gs c`r` us`l trdpgefjjy. Dur

Jdrl ld`s kdt, tc`r`bdr`, fss`rt tc` r`fj dp`rftgdk db l`hdks.

6?. Gk tc` r`butftgdk db tc` ecfrn` tcft c` efst dut l`hdks iy I``jzìui, tc` prgke` db tc`

l`hdks, c` sghpjy frnu`s wgtc tc` _cfrgs``s updk tc`gr dwk prgkegpj`s, fkl 'auln`s tc`h dut db

tc`gr dwk hdutc,' wgtcdut fssuhgkn tc` trutc db tcds` prgkegpj`s.

66. \c` bfet c` s``hs td fss`rt r`spètgkn tc` wfkl`rgkn db l`hdks tcrdunc lry pjfe`s

(Hftt xGg.


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c` `xcdrts cgs fpdstj`s td ditfgk. _rfy`r fkl bfstgkn wdujl s`rv` td `kfij` tc`h td p`re`gv` tc`

lgvgk` sunn`stgdk wcgec feedhpfkg`l `v`ry hgrfej`, fkl wcgec tc` fpdstj`s cfl kdt p`re`gv`l

updk tcgs deefsgdk, tcdunc ngv`k tc`h, ièfus` tc`gr fkghfj kftur` cfl kdt i` subbgeg`ktjy

suilu`l.

69. \c` fppjgeftgdk db tc` t`rh Uftfk td tc` efs` db tc` wdh`k, wcd cfl f spgrgt db

gkbgrhgty, gs pjfgkjy td c`gnct`k tc` fktgtc`sgs i`tw``k tc` jddsgkn db fk dx brdh cgs stfjj, fkl

jddsgkn tc` lfunct`r db Firfcfh wcdh Uftfk, fs tc`y i`jg`v`l, cfs idukl `gnct``k y`frs.

65. \c` diaètgdk tfm`k brdh tc` suppds`l edks`qu`ke` db `xpjfgkgkn tc` efstgkn dut db

l`hdks td sgnkgby kd hdr` tcfk tc` eur` db lgs`fs`s, tcft gt t`kls td jdw`r tc` lgnkgty db tc`

Ufvgdur's hgrfej`s, l`p`kls updk tc` r`fl`rs edhpj`xgdk db hgkl, dur prgdr mkdwj`ln` db tc`

r`jftgv` lgnkgty db hgrfej`s, fkl sdh` dtc`r tcgkns p`rcfps, db wcgec w` fr` kdt edhp`t`kt

auln`s.

Gt r`hfgks td i` dis`rv`l, tcft tc` tc`dry db l`hdkgfefj pdss`ssgdks gs dppds`l td tc`

mkdwk fkl `xpr`ss ldetrgk`s db Ecrgst fkl cgs Fpdstj`s. \c`y t`fec us tcft tc` spgrgts db tc` l`fl

`kt`r f stft` edrr`spdklgkn td tc`gr ecfrfet`r, kd hdr` td r`turk td tcgs wdrjl (Jum` xvg. 99, &e. =

xxggg. 65 = 5 Edr. v. 6 = _cgj. g. 96). ^gtc r`nfrl td tc` bfjj`k fkn`js, tc` r`pr`s`ktftgdks db tc`gr

edkbgk`h`kt fr` tdtfjjy dppds`l td tc` kdtgdk db tc`gr wfkl`rgkn fidut tc` wdrjl fkl tdrh`ktgkn

gts gkcfigtfkts (9 _`t. gg. < = Aul`, v`r. 2). Gb gt i` sfgl tcft A`sus lgl kdt edrrèt tc` pdpujfr

dpgkgdk, stgjj c` kdwc`r` l`kg`s tcft tc` pc`kdh`kf gk qu`stgdk frds` brdh lgs`fs`s dkjy. C`

tddm kd sgl` = gt wfs kdt cgs prdvgke`, Gt wfs kdt kè`ssfry td fttfem tc` hgsedke`ptgdk gk f

bdrhfj hfkk`r = gt wdujl i` suppjfkt`l wc`k`v`r cgs ldetrgk` r`spètgkn tc` stft` db tc` l`fl

wfs `hirfe`l. \d cfv` ldk` sd wdujl cfv` `knfn`l dur Jdrl gk prdjgx frnuh`kts wgtc f p`dpj`

gk wcdh tc` kdtgdk wfs sd l``pjy rddt`l, fkl cfv` j`l cgh fwfy tdd huec brdh tc` purpds`s db

cgs hgkgstry. 'Gt wfs dk` db tc` hfky tcgkns c` cfl td sfy, iut tc`y edujl kdt tc`k i`fr tc`h.' Gt gs

bgkfjjy urn`l tcft tc` fktgl`hdkgfefj tc`dry ld`s kdt l`trfet brdh tc` lgv`rs` futcdrgty db tc`

Ufvgdur, tc` r`fjgty db cgs hgrfej`s, dr tc` gkt`nrgty db tc` cgstdrgfks.

Bdr burtc`r `xpjfkftgdk db l`hdkge pdss`ssgdk fkl tcds` suppds`ljy l`hdk pdss`ss`l efjj`l

l`hdkgfes, w` wgjj fjjul` td tc` bgrst e`ktury Frfhfge p`rspètgv` dk tc` hftt`r, td nfgk `v`k

nr`ft`r ejfrgbgeftgdk fkl jgnct dk tc` suiaèt.

L`hdks fkl H`ktfj Gjjk`ss brdh f 6ste`ktury Frfhfge Uyrgfe stfkl pdgkt


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\d sfy tcft l`hdks w`r` efst dut db sdh`dk` gs td sfy tcft tc`y w`r` eur`l db f h`ktfj gjjk`ss,

dr fk gjjk`ss wcgec wfs kdt ukl`rstddl ft tc` tgh`. _`dpj` jgvgkn gk tc` bgrst e`ktury t`kl`l td

ijfh` `v`rytcgkn wcgec tc`y edujlktukl`rstfkl dk tc`s` ghfngkfry i`gkns efjj`l "l`hdks.

H`ktfj gjjk`ss i`gkn cfrl td ukl`rstfkl wgtc tc`gr j`v`j db h`lgefj mkdwj`ln`, tc` p`dpj` spdm`

db tcds` fbbjget`l fs "l`hdk pdss`ss`l. Gk Djl \`stfh`kt tgh`s, fk `vgj dr ukej`fk spgrgt

r`b`rr`l td f trduij`l h`ktfj stft` (Aul. 7195= 6 Ufh. 6216). Ud cuhfk gkbgrhgtg`s fkl sgemk`ss`s w`r` l`sergi`l fs i`gkn

sykdkyhdus wgtc l`hdk pdss`ssgdkfkl gklw`jjgkn `vgj spgrgts.

^c`k w` r`fl db ukej`fk spgrgts erygkn dut gk Fets 31>, tc` @fst`rk (Frfhfge) t`xt r`fls1

Hfky wcd w`r` h`ktfjjy fbbjget`l erg`l dut. \cgs gs i`efus`, feedrlgkn td N`drn` Jfhsf

ukej`fk spgrgts gs fk Frfhfge t`rh us`l td l`sergi` jukftges(5). Gt scdujl i` kdt`l tcft Jfhsf

wfs f kftgv` Frfhfge sp`fm`r wgtc f bgk` ukl`rstfklgkn db Frfhfge t`rhs. C` nr`w up gk f

r`hdt` pfrt db Murlgstfk wcgec cfl hfgktfgk`l tc` Frfhfge jfknufn` fjhdst ukecfkn`l sgke`

tc` tgh` db A`sus. Gt's sgnkgbgefkt tcft Jfhsf's `xt`ksgv` wrgtgkns gklgeft` tcft c` bfgj`l td s`` gk

tc` t`fecgkns db A`sus fkl _fuj fky suppdrt bdr tc` pdpujfr edke`ptgdk db ... l`hdks c` gksgst`l

tcft tc` U`hgtge fkl Frfhfge t`rhs us`l iy tc`h cfv` i``k hgsukl`rstddl iy ^`st`rk r`fl`rs

fkl hgsus`l gk drl`r td j`kl suppdrt bdr tc`gr edke`ptgdks db ... l`hdks. ( Ud wfs bujbgjj`l wcft


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cfl i``k spdm`k iy tc` prdpc`t @scfgf, wcd sfgl, tcft c` scdujl tfm` dur nrg`bs, fkl i`fr dur

gkbgrhgtg`s. (\c` K`w \`stfh`kt, Hurldem)

_cgjd fkl dtc`r wrgt`rs edhh`kt cdw tc` l`hdkpdss`ss`l w`r` jfunc`l ft fkl hdem`l

`spègfjjy iy ecgjlr`k gklgeftgkn tcft l`hdk pdss`ss`lp`dpj` r`b`r td tc` h`ktfjjy gjj rftc`r

tcfk tc` pcysgefjjy sgem. ... \c` "l`hdk pdss`ss`lhfk gk Hm. 6195 sgts gk tc` sykfndnu` fkl

tc`k sull`kjy ser`fhs dut scdwgkn c` wfs h`ktfjjy fbbjget`l. _`dpj` tcdunct tcft A`sus wfs

hfl fkl sfgl tcgs hust i` ièfus` C` cfl f l`hdk C` cfs f l`hdk, fkl gs hfl(Ak. 6?19?=

>1679?= 3109). \c`y tc`r`bdr` i`jg`v`l tcft l`hdks efus`l hflk`ss. (L`hdks fkl Ugemk`ss1

\c` r`fj L`vgj, 9?3-9?7)

N`drn` H. Jfhsfs iddm, K`w \`stfh`kt Jgnct, wcgec ngv`s tc` Frfhfge vg`w fklukl`rstfklgkn db glgdhs us`l gk tc` K\. Dk tc` suiaèt db \c` Pkej`fk Upgrgt gk tc` pfssfn` gk

Hfrm 6195-9>, c` sfys, \c` Frfhfge wdrl rdmcf tfhtcf h`fks tc` ukej`fk spgrgt, ]wcgec

h`fksX f p`rsdk wcd gs ukrujy, gksfk` dr cfs fk `vgj gkejgkftgdk. \c` t`rh spgrgt gk Frfhfge

fjsd h`fks gkejgkftgdk, rcùhftgsh, t`hp`r, prgl` dr f p`rsdk ... ^rdkn gkejgkftgdk gs

edksgl`r`l ukej`fk. ]Gk tcgs pfssfn`X A`sus rìum`l tc` gksfkgty fkl tc` hfk wfs r`stdr`l.

\c` h`ktfjjy lgsturi`l hfk ]wcdX spdm` dut, G mkdw wcd ydu fr`, Cdjy Dk` db Ndl, ]spdm`X

sfrefstgefjjy (pp. 03-07). Jfhsf sfys tcft tc` ukrujy hfk gk tc` sykfndnu` edujl kdt edktrdj cgs

fkn`r tdwfrl A`sus bdr Cgs sp`fmgkn dut fnfgkst tc` r`jgngdk db tc` sergi`s fkl _cfrgs``s.

Dk f sètgdk r`nfrlgkn= \c` Jukftges fkl tc` Uwgk` (Hfrm 3156), c` stft`s tcft, Efst dut gs

fk Frfhfge pcrfs` wcgec h`fks td r`stdr` td sfkgty, td r`hdv` tc` efus` wcgec prdlue`s

gksfkgty (Hgtec`jj, Nr`ft`r-`hhfku`j.drn)

@klgkn r`hfrms1 F efjj td r`p`ktfke`

Gt gs tc` futc`ktge Ecrgstgfks luty td t`st fjj tcgkns fkl cdjl bfst td tcft wcgec gs tru`, fkl tcgsh`fks ràètgkn pfnfk `xpjfkftgdks bdr pc`kdh`kdk tcft cfv` fjr`fly i``k `xpjfgk`l gk tc` Djl

\`stfh`kt, dr `xgsts eurr`ktjy gk tc` K`w \`stfh`kt gb `v`k gk f stft` tcft cfs td i` qu`stgdk`l

lu` td sd hfky fppfr`kt edktrflgetgdks. Gk drl`r td nrdw, w` hust rfgs` durs`jv`s brdh tc` lust

db gnkdrfke`, fkl ukl`rstfkl dur Er`ftdr bdr wcd C` sfys C` gs. \c` tru` Ecrgstgfk gs dk` wcds

br``l brdh tc` prfetge` db sup`rstgtgdk, c`/sc` gs f cuhfk db sup`rgdr hgkl fkl spgrgtufj str`kntc,


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fkl tcgs gs ièfus` c`/sc` mkdws tc` trutc fidut `v`rytcgkn tcft k``l`l td i` ukl`rstddl, bdr

jgvgkn p`rbètjy i`bdr` tc`gr Ndl. Ijgkl j`fl`rs cfv` j`fl Gsrf`jgt`s td lddh brdh tc` stfrt, fkl

tc`s` sfh` ijgkl uk`lueft`l gl`fs fr` tcds` tcft wgjj j`fl ydu gktd tc` `xfet bdjjy= fkl gb kdt gktd

l`struetgdk vgf f jgb` db wdrrygkn dv`r ghfngkfry tcgkns. Hfky n`k`rftgdks cfv` jgv`l fkl lg`l

i`jg`vgkn gk tc` `xgst`ke` db l`hdks, fkl tc`s` sfh` n`k`rftgdks cfv` b`fr`l tc`gr ghfngkftgdks,

jgm` f nrdup db s`jb j`l ecgjlr`k, tcgs gs dppds`l td r`spètbujjy b`frgkn tc` dkjy jgvgkn Er`ftdr

Wfcw`c wcd edktrdjs fjj tcgkns gkejulgkn lgs`fs` fkl l`ftc.

\c` j`ssdk prdvgl`l gs td kdt bdjjdw gk tc` bddtst`ps db trflgtgdk fkl sup`rstgtgdk gb gt ld`skt

fjgnk wgtc sergpturfj bfet. \c` sergptur` sfys Fkl tc` tgh`s db tcgs gnkdrfke` Ndl wgkm`l ft= iut

kdw edhhfkl`tc fjj h`k `v`rywc`r` td r`p`kt, fkl tcgs tgh` gs kdw. Gb ydu cfv` r`fl tcgs

gkbdrhftgdk fkl fr` tcdrduncjy edkvgke`l, r`p`kt db gldjftry, fs wgtc i`jg`vgkn gk jg`s, bfgjgkn td

ld ydur luty tcdunc kè`ssfry stuly, fkl tc` nrfktgkn db r`v`r`ktgfj b`fr td bfjs` l`hdks (pfnfk

ndls). Y`turk td Wfcw`c tcrdunc tc` ijddl db A`sus wcd lg`l bdr ydur bfgjgkns, prdvglgkn tc`

spgrgtufj fkl pcysgefj sfergbge` bdr sgk. Fsm Ndl bdr burtc`r wgsldh sd ydu efk mkdw ydur

Er`ftdr fkl jgv` tc` wfy C` gkt`kl`l ydu td.

Fjj njdry i` td Wfcw`c tc` Bftc`r, tc` Udure` db Fjj jgb`, fkl Cgs ed-`t`rkfj Udk, wcd gs tc`

er`ftdr db fjj jgb`, Jdv` td Wfcscuf A`sus tc` H`ssgfc.

Ecgjlr`k m``p ydurs`jv`s brdh sup`rstgtgdks.

Ij`ssgkns gk Wfcw`c.


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Y`b`r`ke`s

Ifjbdur, ^., fkl D.F. Umgkk`r. \cr`` Gkqugrg`s dk tc` Bdjjdwgkn Uergpturfj Uuia`ets1 G. \c`_`rsdkfjgty db tc` L`vgj= Gg. \c` Lurftgdk db tc` _ukgsch`kt @xpr`ss`l iy tc` ^drls@v`r, @v`rjfstgkn, @t`rkfj, &E.= Ggg. L`hdkgfefj _dss`ssgdks. F. \dhpmgks, 630

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