Part I. The Emergence of Human Communities, to 500 BCE.

Chapter 1: From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations

Guided Reading Questions:

1. What are the issues involved in using “civilization” as an organizing principle in world history? Explain the main indicators of civilization.

“Civilization” = an ambiguous term; “uncivilized” often misused.

1. Cities – administrative centers2. Political system with defined territory3. Specialized labor / roles, beyond agriculture4. Status distinctions5. Permanent records kept6. Long-distance trade7. Scientific / artistic advances

2. For the Paleolithic era discuss hunting / foraging, use of tools and fire, and existence in bands.

Paleolithic = Old Stone Age. The Stone Age associated with the development of humans

Stone Age peoples were foragers (hunters and food-gatherers). Developed a variety of tools and learned to use fire – cooking

o Clay cooking pots have been discovered Lived in small bands. Highly mobile – had to move when food supply was exhausted.

3. Explain the Neolithic Revolution. What where the main changes? Where did this take place? How did the Neolithic Revolution relate to technological changes and affect gender relations?

8000 BCE Climate change domestication of plants / animals in some places. More people moved from hunting / gathering to farming

Led to population growth

Shift from hunting / gathering and foraging to agriculture that developed during Stone Age; agriculture and new stone tools arose together. “Neolithic” (New Stone Age)

8000– 2000 BCE. 8000 BCE = defining date for a new period in history “Agricultural Revolutions” = might be a better phrase than Neolithic

o Agriculture was main part of the change; occurred in various parts of the worldo Domestication of animals for food occurred in some places tooo Took place over 100s of generations

Transition to agriculture occurred first in Middle East and then in other regions Women were main gatherers of wild plant food; probably played large role in transition to

farming.

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o Heavy work men4. How did the Neolithic Revolution connect with the domestication of animals? How did animal domestication relate to agriculture?

Animal domestication also spread during these millennia. 2600 BCE, ox-drawn wooden plows used in central Europe – to till heavier soils

o When cattle were yoked to plows, they became essential to grain production.. Animal droppings used for fertilizer.

In the Americas, few species of wild animals became domesticated. Domesticated species from the Eastern Hemisphere could not spread to the Americas

5. Where did pastoralism predominate?

Arid parts of Africa and Central Asia 2500 BCE: Sahara maximum dryness pastoralists replaced farmers, who migrated south. Moving herds made pastoralists as mobile as foragers

6. Why did the Agricultural Revolutions occur? Connection to climate? Why did peoples in what parts of the world not take up farming?

Climate change / ecological crisis shift from hunting / gathering to farming and pastoralism 6000 – 2000 BCE temperate lands warmed up – the era when people in many parts of the world

adopted agriculture.o Possible shortages of wild foods:

Dryness or population growth Grasslands forests, reducing wild foods

Australia, Amerindians, southern Africa, northern Eurasia remained hunters / gathers. Wild food remained abundant. People continued to rely on hunting and gathering.

7. Describe life in Neolithic communities. Spread of agriculture; society and religion; towns; examples of pottery, woven textiles, and metallurgy

Population increased & led to changes in social and cultural life.

Due to a possible ecological crisis, farmers / pastoralists may not have had a higher standard of living than foragers.

Farmers could store food (might not starve), but diet was less varied and nutritious than foragers. But food surpluses might have given farming an advantage over foraging: population growth.

Organization was based on kinship and marriage – nuclear families / clans Could be matrilineal or patrilineal

Religion reflected connection to nature. Pastoralists – tended to worship a sky god Farmers – tended to worship mother earth god

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“Neolithic Goddess.”Found modern-day Turkey – many versions Pregnant / supported by twin leopards Probably represented fertility and power over nature

In some areas farming villages grew into densely populated towns with trade and craft specialization. Bigger dwellings / ceremonial buildings

o Artisans developed in certain towns Fine pottery Woolen cloth Metalworking

Late Neolithic periodo Copper, lead, silver, gold easy to work. Largely ceremonial. Did

not replace stone tools yet. Symbols of status and power.

8. Examine carefully the maps on pages 10 and 14. Summarize the main ideas of the maps.

Agricultural Revolution developed in many different parts of the world starting about 8000 BCE Pastoralism / hunting dominated in land less suited for farming

Earliest complex societies arose in river valleys, starting in 4th millennium BCE.

Mesopotamia

9. Describe the geography setting and location of Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia – “Land between the rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates). Rivers central to civilization in region.

Arid region – River flooding was unpredictable. On map on p. 17, locate:

Mesopotamia “Fertile Crescent,” Persian Gulf, Arabian Desert Geography made invasion easy

10. Explain the basic features of Mesopotamian culture, state, economy, and social structure. Note: the material is not presented in the section according to these themes. As you read, think about how information might be reorganized to fit into these three categories.

A. CultureSumerians – 5000 – 4000 BCE

Southern Mesopotamia – created framework for Mesopotamian culture:Temples for deities in cities

Gods were feared; reflected forces of nature. Needed appeasement

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Ziggurat – most visible part of temple. Scientific / technological development:

Writing – cuneiform. Many symbols to learn; few were literate Wheeled carts Bronze – weapons and tools. Metals had to be imported

o Bronze Age – bronze became primary metal for tools Discoveries: Mathematics & astronomy

B. StateVillages and cities predominated in Mesopotamia. City-states mostly evolved from villages.

Irrigation systems – canals & dams. Examples of projects that required coordinated efforts – large #s of organized people.

Government institutions Temple and king’s palace – two main centers of power

o Leading priests played large political and economic roles. Gradually became dependent on the king

o King Bureaucracy of administrators developed under king Babylon – Largest and most important city in Mesopotamia

Hammurabi was one of most famous Babylonian kingso Created Law Code of Hammurabi: severe punishments

Powerful states – armies. 2,000 BCE – horses appeared in western Asia chariots.

C. Economy There was a need for raw materials in Mesopotamia

o Prompted conquest and long-distance trade Merchants were mainly employed by priests and kings

D. Social StructureUrban civilizations (cities) develop social classes: Rise of cities, specialization of labor, centralized power, written records set some above others.

Three main social classes in Babylonia – reflected in Hammurabi’s Law Code 1) Free land owners: Royalty, priests, merchants, some artisans….2) Dependent farmers / dependent artisans, 3) Slaves – captives / debtors. Slavery not as widespread as it would be in Greece / Rome

o Hammurabi’s Law Code: penalties varied with social class. Lowest got most severe punishments.

Gender – Women may have lost standing with shift from hunting / gathering to agriculture

Women had provided food from gathering activities – highly valued work. Mesopotamia – agriculture require heavy, physical work; surplus food allowed families

to have more children. Status of women declined over time – laws came to favor rights of husbands.

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Egypt

11. Describe the geography and climate of the Nile River Valley region. Located at intersection of Africa and Asia Natural isolation – surrounding deserts and marshy seacoast -- protected Material self-sufficiency – natural resources Trade and communication “Upper” and “Lower” Egypt Regularity of flooding & agriculture Due to climate changes in the Sahara migration to the Nile Valley

12. Explain the basic features of Egyptian culture, state, economy, and social structure.

A. CultureDeities connected with nature – polytheism (belief in many gods)Pharaoh – divine; chief priest of EgyptMuch wealth spent on religion / building templesStrong belief in afterlife

Book of the Dead – contained rituals to ensure safe passage Mummification

Advances in medicine, math, engineering, astronomy

B. StateUnified early in historyDynasties developed – centralized political power impressive cultural achievementsPharaoh (King) – central figure of state. Believed to be divine. Absolute power.

Pyramids – royal tombs. Construction with stone tools; bronze was expensive and rare.o Many available workers.

Bureaucrats ran country / collected taxeso Administrators were literate – hieroglyphics record keeping

System of pictorial symbols Used for record keeping and inscriptions Literacy confined to small group of scribes and administrators – long

study required to master hieroglyphics Also used for Egyptian literature

o papyrus (writing material)

Gov’t had a monopoly over long-distance trade & controlled key sectors of economy Lack many real cities – were extensions of palace and central government

o Towns and cities did exist, but most people lived in villages and were farmers.

C. EconomyNile River trade, communication, agriculture

D. Social Structure

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No formal class structure emerged, but there were differences in wealth King / high-ranking officials Lower-level officials, priests, professionals, wealthy farmers Peasants – vast majority of people

Women were subordinate to men, but Love poetry shows lovers addressing each other as equals / emotions of romantic love Law – could own property, inherit from parents Some females priests and female deities

13. Create a chart comparing the culture, state, economy, and social structure of Mesopotamia and Egypt

Mesopotamia Egypt

CultureEnvironment

Technology

Religion

Open to migration and invasion; lacked natural resources

Writing: Cuneiform; scribes

Stone and bronze tools used – metals were imported. Metals not generally available – reserved for the elite.

Knowledge about metallurgy, mathematics, astronomy, & engineering.

Monumental building projects: Ziggurats

Religion Temple worship key; ziggurats. Polytheistic (belief in many gods)

Gods embodied natural forces. Tried to appease harsh deities so that they

would not bring destruction. Belief in afterlife but not necessarily a

positive life to come. Reflected in Epic of Gilgamesh.

Natural isolation; had natural resources unique culture; little to do with other civilizations. Settlers did periodically arrive, though.

Writing: Hieroglyphics; papyrus; literature – many genres.

Stone tools for construction – bronze was expensive and rare. Metals not generally available – reserved for the elite.

Knowledge about medicine, mathematics, astronomy, & engineering.

Monumental building projects: Pyramids

Religion Divine monarch. Much wealth religion. Polytheistic (belief in many gods).

Gods embodied natural forces. Trusted deities that they believed brought

order and prosperity Belief in afterlife – a possible blessed

existence for the righteous. Mummification; pyramids. Egyptian

Book of the Dead.

StateEnvironment

Rulers

Developed in Fertile Crescent, along Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Rainfall insufficient for agriculture; depended on river for irrigation.

Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable floods; source of concern need for irrigation. State had to organize this.

Kings & bureaucracy

Developed along Nile River Valley. Rainfall insufficient for agriculture; depended on river for irrigation.

Nile flooded predictably for agriculture. Eagerly anticipated; not destruction with flooding.

Pharaoh – considered divine central to the state. Administrators were literate – record keeping.

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Unification Not unified early in historyA land of cities

Unified early in history

Economy Agriculture

Trade funded by priests and kings, but controlled by merchants

Agriculture

Gov’t monopoly over key sections of economy & controlled long-distance trade

Social StructureSocial hierarchy

Impact of urbanization on social structure

Women

1. Free land-owners: King, priests, merchants…. Kings not normally considered divine, but

still dominated religious institutions.2. Dependent farmers / artisans

3. Slaves

A more urban society than Egypt and thus more socially stratified: sharp social divisions – seen in class-based penalties in Law Code of Hammurabi

Women had fewer rights than in Egypt loss of rights in 2nd millennium

May have stemmed from a more urban and more social stratification.

Pharaoh – claimed divine origins & central to welfare of entire country & held religious authority over priests.

Influential / wealthy priests; Dependent peasants

Elite classes wealth for expensive mummification

A less urban and less stratified society than Mesopotamia.

Women had more rights and social freedoms than in Mesopotamia

Shown in writing and pictures

Indus Valley Civilization

14. Describe the geography and environment in which the Indus Valley Civilization developed.

Civilization developed along Indus River, modern-day PakistanRiver and monsoon rain flooding two crops a year.

15. Explain the basic features of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro’s culture, state, economy, and social structure (Indus Valley Civilization)

A. Culture Metals widely available – more than in Mesopotamia used for tools / every day items and

not just jewelry / ornamentation Writing system

B. State Many sites existed; best know two were the cities Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

o Advanced cities: 2600-1900 BCE Uniform construction, standardized street girds, drainpipes for wastewater,

irrigation, large public buildings suggest a strong central government

C. Economy Widespread trading contacts

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o Access to metals and other resources from Iran & Afghanistan, and Indiao Within Indus Valley, goods moved on rivers

Long-distance trade: Indus Valley to Mesopotamiao Indus Valley merchants served as middlemen, shipping goods to the Persian Gulf

D. Social Structure Possible hereditary occupations with priests predominating

Cities were abandoned around 1900 BCE Ecological disaster / climate change or natural disasters – might possibly have brought

civilization to an end.

Chapter 2: New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200-250 BCE

Early China, 2000-221 BCE

Guided Reading Questions:

1. Describe the environment / geography in which the Shang Dynasty developed. How did environment / geography affect this civilization?

8000 BCE – first Neolithic cultures. Yellow River (Huang He) – agriculture

China is relatively isolated: Mountains, deserts, Pacific Ocean Trade did occur with India and Central Asia

Mountains make overland travel difficult Yellow and Yangzi Rivers allowed for east-west travel

Different environment in north and south China, and different land use, crops, organization of labor Monsoons bring rainfall to south in summer agriculture; rainfall less regular in north

o Civilization developed in north, along Yellow River (Huang He) – irrigation. Demanding environment – unpredictable river floods

Technologies (canals / irrigation), political traditions, religious views that became hallmarks of Chinese civilization

Most productive land in eastern river valleys; natural resource in North China Plain

Grains grew in the north; rice in the southo Agriculture required coordinated efforts of large numbers of people

2. Explain the basic features of Shang culture, state, and social structure.

A. Culture

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Bronze Age: 2000 BCE – 1000 years after Middle East Bronze = sign of status / authority; Bronze vessels used for offerings to ancestors’ spirits

Written records – oracle bones. Used to obtain information from ancestors / gods. Mainly gave information about king, court, and religion

Shang writing system (found on oracle bones) = ancestor of much of modern-day writing systems in East Asia

B. StateKing was seen as the key link between Heaven and earth. Had access to divine power to bring

prosperity and protection – this belief lasted throughout much of Chinese history an effective rationale for authoritarian rule.

Cities: Centers of politics / nobility / religion: Palaces, administrative buildings, shrineso Commoners lived in villages outside cities

C. Social StructureKingWarrior elite: bronze weapons, chariots (from Western Asia)PeasantsSlaves

3. Read “Divination in Ancient Societies,” pages 44-45. Write down the main ideas (skip the Celts)

Many ancient peoples believe gods controlled nature / shaped destinies. People developed divination techniques to learn the will of the gods.

Shang elite – oracle bones Mesopotamia – sacrificed animal organs; astrology Greeks – Oracles

This was a form of technology known only to a class of experts their special knowledge gave them high status in society.

4. The Zhou Dynasty – Explain the following:A. Mandate of Heaven, B. Metallurgy advances made during the end of the Zhou.

Zhou = Followed Shang Dynasty

Mandate of Heaven Monarch was seen as the “Son of Heaven” – the right (mandate) to rule came from Heaven (the

gods) Prosperous times were seen as evidence that Heaven was giving the king a mandate to rule Troubled times (famine, floods, invasion) were seen as evidence that Heaven no longer

supported the king. Used as a justification for rebelliono The concept, which connected religion and politics, served as the foundation of Chinese

political thought for 3000 years.

Technological advances during the end of the Zhou Iron began to replace bronze first steel produced in world

5. Explain the main features of Confucianism and Daoism.

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Last centuries of the Zhou – political fragmentation and warfare, but also great cultural achievements. Confucianism and Daoism were the two most influential philosophies in Chinese civilization.

Confucianism Confucius – a philosopher; not a religious teacher or priest. Not concerned with religion. Achieve harmony in society through rituals, proper behavior, proper interactions with others Goal was to make society function smoothly at every level A hierarchy of relationships Children expected to be “filial” – respectful of parents (called “filial piety”) Confucianism became dominant political philosophy and the core of the educational system for

government officials

Daoism Founded by Laozi (Little is know of him; might not have even existed) Opposed ritual, hierarchy, education; civilization and society are corrupting There is no absolute morality or meaning to life The Dao is the “path” or “way” of nature – individuals should strive to conform to this

Throughout Chinese civilization, many people have drawn on both of these philosophies

Nubia (Skip the section on Celtic Europe following Nubia)

6. Examine the map on page 52 to gain a sense of Nubia’s locationBriefly explain:

A. The region of Nubia, and trade with Egypt (exchange of goods, cultural ideas, and technology).

B. What does the image on page 38 (Wall Painting of Nubians Arriving in Egypt) reveal about trade between Egypt and Nubia?

Nubia was a region on the upper Nile, south of Egypt Region served as a trade link between the Mediterranean and tropical Africa Rich with natural resources: gold, metals

Trade with Egypt expanded due to Nubia’s location & wealth and Egypt’s desire for Nubian gold Trade was mutually beneficial to both Nubia and Egypt

o Goods from tropical Africa flowed through Nubia to Egypto Egypt took over Nubian mines at times – supplied gold to the Middle East

Nubians adopted Egyptian culture, language, and religiono Nubian documents have been found written in hieroglyphics; mummified Nubian remains

found in modesty pyramids

The image on page 38 (Wall Painting of Nubians Arriving in Egypt)Shows an advanced Nubian society

Technology (wheeled vehicles) and domesticated animalsDemonstrates social hierarchy -- class differences.

Some Nubians well dressed: jewelry and fine clothes; others more plainly dresses and steering the chariot / tending to the animal

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Different skin tones might imply ethnic diversityDemonstrates why Egyptians valued Nubia – gold Implies frequent trade between the regions: Nubians shown travelling to Egypt; image is on the tomb of an Egyptian administrator in Nubia. Nile River made this trade easy.

The First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavín

7. Examine the map on page 59 to see the locations on these two civilizationsBriefly explain:

A. The isolation of the people of MesoamericaB. Olmec and Chavín civilization (Skip the section called Celtic Europe, pages 54-58)

People in the Americas were isolated from the rest of the world for 1000s of years Agriculture developed over centuries. Corn became especially important.

Olmec = the first early Mesoamerican civilization, 1200-400 BCE Urban centers; an elite class Skilled artisans – jade used a lot Merchant class engaged in long-distance trade Religious rituals

o Polytheistic (belief in many gods)o Human and animal characteristics were blendedo Shamans -- priestso Human sacrifice / bloodletting

Astronomy – calendar Culture influence over a large area:

o All Mesoamerican civilizations that came after the Olmec were influenced by their culture – The Maya, for example.

Chavín was the first major urban civilization in South America – Andean region Influenced the region for centuries Benefitted from trade routes among distant ecological zones.

o Possible trade with Mesoamerica Monumental building projects: constructed roads, bridges, temples, irrigation Textiles were produced Class distinctions developed:

o King and priests Jaguar-man = most common image (a religious image) on pottery, textiles,

sculpture Developed metallurgy @ 500 BCE

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Conclusion

8. Environment and Organization: Focus on impact of environment of growth of strong state.Religion and Power: Connection between religion and elites.

A Tale of Two Hemispheres: Take careful notes.

Environment and OrganizationRiver-valley civilizations (China, Mesopotamia, Egypt) – great flood-prone rivers / lack of regular rainfall powerful institutions to organize many people for irrigation projects

China: authoritarian gov’t = a recurring feature in history since ShangNubia: Need for protection from desert nomads & Egyptian rulers strong state

Power & wealth came from trade with sub-Saharan Africa & Egypt, and resources (gold)Olmec and Chavín: Organized networks bring together resources unity.

Religion and PowerElites used religion to increase powerShang: Rulers = intermediaries with heaven. Bronze vessels – ancestors. Oracle bones – divinationNubia: Powerfully influenced by Egypt. Temples, pyramids, gods, beliefs on Egyptian modelOlmec and Chavín: Ritual displays in urban centers, where elites lived. Olmec shamans.

A Tale of Two HemispheresWhy did powerful civilizations appear many centuries later in the Western Hemisphere than in the Eastern Hemisphere?

Eastern Hemisphere:o Far larger number of wild plant and animal species suited to domesticationo Natural east-west axis of Europe and Asia all for relatively rapid spread of domesticated

plants / animals: similar climate zones along the same latitudes settled agriculture sooner than in Western Hemisphere

o Settled agriculture population growth, political, social, and technological development Western Hemisphere (Americas):

o Far fewer wild plant and animal species to be domesticatedo North-west axis of the continents made it harder for the domesticated plants / animals to

spread – variations in climate at different latitudeso So, the development of complex societies came about more slowly

Chapter 3: The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 BCE You will only be responsible for limited selections from chapter 3.

Guided Reading Questions:

1. Iron Age (page 69) – Define this term. Why was iron important?

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The period during which iron was used primarily for tools and weapons, instead of bronze. Early first millennium for many societies in Eastern Hemisphere

Advantages: A single metal, not an alloy Many sources of iron ore Hardness – tools / weapons had harder, sharper edges than bronze tools / weapons

2. Who were Hittites and what new technologies did they employ? (page 72)

From Anatolia (Turkey) – created empire New technologies: horse-drawn chariots; iron tools and weapons econ & military advantages.

3. Israel, 2000-500 BCE (pages 84-90) – You will not be responsible for all of this information. Examine the maps on page 85 for the location of Israel Define and explain the following:A. Israel

o The land of Cannan (see map p. 85) occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium. Modern-day state of Israel was founded in 1948

B. Hebrew Bibleo A collection of sacred books reflecting the concerns and view of the Israelites

C. “Covenant” and “Chosen People” (page 85)o The Israelites entered a covenant of pact with their god, Yahweh. They would be his

“chosen people” if they would only worship him.D. First Temple

o A sanctuary built by King Solomon in Jerusalem in the 1oth century BCE. A central shrine for he Israelites

E. Monotheismo The belief in one god (as opposed to polytheism, the belief in many gods). The core

Israelite beliefo Israelite monotheism was eventually passed onto the Christianity and Islam

F. Diasporao Assyria and Babylon conquered Israel at different times.o Communities of Israelites / Jews were dispersed, scattered, kicked out of their homeland.

The Diaspora continues to this day.

4. Phoenicians -- Who were they and where were they located? What regions did they explore and colonize? Development of alphabetic system. Refer to the maps on pages 85 and 93.

Semitic-speaking people living on the coast of modern-day Lebanon and Syria. 1st Millennium BCE Explored Mediterranean – widespread commerce that spanned Med. Sea. Founded Carthage (modern-day Tunisia) and other colonies in the western Mediterranean. Developed “alphabetic” system of writing with about 24 symbols – each symbol represented a

sound. Consonants only.o The Greeks later added symbols for vowels 1st truly alphabetic system of writing.

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Part II. The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 BCE – 600 CE.

Note: Part II deals with Classical Civilizations.

Chapter 4: Greece and Iran, 1000-30 BCE

Ancient Iran, 1000-486 BCE

Guided Reading Questions:

1. The Achaemenid Persian Empire: Explain the geographic setting and the rise of the empire. Also include notes on patriarchy and social class.

2. How did Persia project military power through (include information on as many of the following points as you can)

Diplomacy Developing supply lines Building fortifications, defensive walls and roads Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local population or

conquered peoples

3. Discuss the techniques Persia used to administer its empire. What administrative institutions did Persia use to organize its citizens?

Centralized government Legal system and bureaucracy

4. Read “Persian and Greek Perceptions of Kingship” (pages 114-115). Answer the questions.

5. How did Persia promote trade and maintain a strong economy?

6. What was Zoroastrianism and why was it significant?

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The Rise of the Greeks

7. The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 BCE. Discuss the following:A. The impact that geography had on Greek city-statesB. Political and religious developments

8. Discuss Greek intellectual achievements / the focus of early philosophers

9. Read “Ancient Astronomy’ (pages 132-133). Take notes on main ideas that relate to Greek philosophers and Aristotle / Alexander the Great / Ptolemy

10. Explain the significance of Sparta and Athens

11. How did the Persian Wars affect Greece? Be brief.

12. How did Athens project military and economic power? Refer to the section “The Height of Athenian Power” (Athens as an Empire).

13. Discuss the height of Greek cultural achievements

14. How did inequality operate in Classical Greece? Consider democracy, slaves, and women.

15. What brought about a decline of Greek city-states? What impact did the Macedonians have as they created a new empire? Discuss Alexander’s significance and techniques he used for ruling and gaining support over conquered peoples.

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The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323-30 BCE

16. Describe the main characteristics of the Hellenistic Age.

Conclusion17. Take careful and organized notes on the main points in the conclusion.

Chapter 5: An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 BCE – 600 CE

Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire

Guided Reading Questions:

1. How was Rome aided by its location and the environment?

2. How did social relations, social classes, and gender relations function in Rome?

3. Discuss the techniques Rome use to administer its empire. What administrative institutions did Rome use to organize their citizens? Discuss centralized government, legal system, and bureaucracy under the Republic (p. 142) and the Failure of the Republic & the Principate (p. 147-150)

How did social tensions and economic difficulties stem from concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites?

4. How did Rome project military power through: Diplomacy Developing supply lines Building fortifications, defensive walls and roads Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local population or

conquered peoples To answer these questions, refer to the following sections:

o Map on p. 144o “Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean” (pages 145-147). The Republic.o “Romanization and Citizenship” (subsection p. 151). The Principate.

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o “Defense” (subsection p. 155). The Principate.

5. Discuss the Roman economy. How did The Roman Empire promote trade and maintain a strong economy?

Refer to the sections “A Republic of Farmers” (p. 142) & “An Urban Empire” (p. 150-152) Pax romana; Romanization.

6. Discuss the rise and expansion of Christianity. Explain the relationship between Christianity and Roman society.

7. Explain some of Rome’s main technological achievements. Aqueducts and arches. Why were these important to the empire? Refer also to image on p. 153.

8. What brought about the transformation and ultimate division of the empire? Discuss the Third Century Crisis, economic problem, Diocletian & Constantine. What external problems resulted from security issues along the frontiers, including the

threat of invasions?

The Origins of Imperial China, 221 BCE-220 CE

9. Explain Qin unification of China and Shi Huangdi.

10. Into what regions did the Han Empire expand?

11. How did the Han deal with the Xiongnu nomads on their northern frontier? (This conflict is discussed first under the Qin)

12. How did the adoption of Confucianism affect the Han?

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13. Discuss the structure of Chinese society – family, gender, social class.

14. Discuss the techniques Han China used to administer its empire. What administrative institutions did Han China use to organize their citizens? Discuss centralized government, legal system, and bureaucracy.

Refer to the information about Confucianism (p. 162 top) and the subsections called “Chang’an” and “Scholars, Merchants, and Soldiers” (p. 163).

15. From the section “New Forms of Thought and Belief” (p. 163-164) discuss key changes and advancements.

Scholars, science and technology, roads, and religion

16. From information throughout the chapter answer the following: How did Han China project military power? How did Han China promote trade and maintain a strong economy?

17. What brought about the collapse of the Han Dynasty? How did social tensions and economic difficulties stem from concentrating too much wealth

in the hands of elites? What external problems resulted from security issues along the frontiers, including the

threat of invasions?

Conclusion

18. Compare and contrast the fall of Rome and Han China. Consider the following: What were the notable differences in the fall of Rome and Han China? Be sure to discuss

the division of Rome, east and west.

19. Read the “Treatment of Slaves in Rome and China” (pages 148-149). Answer the questions.

20. Discuss the labor systems, including slavery, in Rome and Han China.

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