““Do Now”Do Now”““W” of KWLW” of KWL

What do you WANT to know about What do you WANT to know about organic molecules and carbohydrates?organic molecules and carbohydrates?– 5 things (with partner)5 things (with partner)

• 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic organic

moleculesmolecules• 5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and 5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and

building materialbuilding material

5.1 Carbon & 5.1 Carbon & Organic Organic

MoleculesMolecules• Other than water, most molecules of a cell are carbon-based… “bio-“bio-molecules”molecules”– Why are most carbon based?

• Carbon Skeletons!!Carbon Skeletons!!

• Besides bonding with other carbon atoms, carbon may also bond with may also bond with atoms of other elementsatoms of other elements– 2 types of molecules

• organic and inorganic

So what…So what…• The ability of carbon to form up to 4 up to 4

bondsbonds has made it essential for life’s essential for life’s functionsfunctions

• “Skeleton” backbone of any organic molecule (3)(3)

– Carbohydrates (sugars) (NRG)– Lipids (Fats, steroids, cholesterol) – Proteins (AA, hair, fur, muscles) (Storage)

• Enzymes (Tools)

3 Main functions of carbon in Biology

Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

• Organic moleculesOrganic molecules molecules containing carbon

• Examples: sugars, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

• Carbons bonding with otherother elements sometimes take on differentdifferent names– carbon + hydrogen are hydrocarbons

•Important fuels, storing fat in body

– Oxygen and Nitrogen

Inorganic Molecules• Inorganic moleculesInorganic molecules non-carbon

molecules– Examples:

• Ammonia (NH3), water (H20), baking soda (NaHCO3), carbon dioxide (Co2)

Carbon & Functional

Groups• Functional Group – “Functional groups have specific functions that

they consistently do”– predictablepredictable way with other molecules– 4 Functional groups of carbon

• Hydroxyl hydrophilic (attract water…molecules with this group will attract water)

• Carbonyl• Carboxyl• Amino

The Functional Group Structures

• C- OH (Single bond)

• C=OH (Double bond)

•

• C=O AND C-OH

• NH

H

Monomers and Monomers and PolymersPolymersMonomers are small molecular units, multiple

monomers can be used to make polymers • Monomers = letters• Polymers = words• Biomolecules = sentences

– (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

• Every living cells has thousands of Every living cells has thousands of different kinds of polymersdifferent kinds of polymers

• Varieties of polymers differ among Varieties of polymers differ among individuals of the same species…even individuals of the same species…even more some among different speciesmore some among different species

Can we build it? YES we Can!!

• Building and breaking polymers– EVERYTIMEEVERYTIME a monomer is added to a

chain of polymers a water molecule is released!• DEHYDRATION reaction

– b/c it involved removing (DE) water (HYDRATION)

– EVERYTIMEEVERYTIME a polymer is broken down water is added to them• HYDROLYSIS reaction

– b/c it involved added water (HYDRO) to break (Lysis)

Quick Review

1. What is the difference between an organic and inorganic molecule?

2. What are the 4 functional groups?3. Monomers make polymers…what are

examples of polymer Biomolecules?4. What kind of reaction occurs in the

formation of a polymer?5. What kind of reaction occurs in the

break-down of a polymer?

5.2 Carbohydrate

s• Sugar = organic compounds• Sugars contain

– 11 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen• Sugar = carbon skeleton w/ ring

shape– MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides– DisaccharidesDisaccharides– Polysaccharides Polysaccharides

Monosaccharide• Simple Sugars (1 sugar unit)

• Glucose, Fructose, GalactoseGlucose, Fructose, Galactose– Sweet tasteSweet taste

• Straight chains AND rings

• Main fuel supply forMain fuel supply for cellular workcellular work– Cells breakdown glucose & extract stored NRG

– What happens to glucose not immediately What happens to glucose not immediately used?used?

Disaccharides• Formed using dehydration reactiondehydration reaction

– 2 monosaccharides

• SucroseSucrose glucose linked to fructose glucose linked to fructose• Once consumed it is broken down

• Use right away or later on

PolysaccharidesWhat happens to glucose not immediately used?What happens to glucose not immediately used?

• Starch plant cells;plant cells; starch chains coil up like phone chords; serves as sugar stockpilesugar stockpile

• Glycogen animal cellsanimal cells; more highly branched than starch; stored as granulesstored as granules' in liver and muscle cells

• Cellulose plan cells;plan cells; building materialbuilding material; protection, stiffness, cannot be digested by humans (fiber)

All 3 made of glucose monomersAll 3 made of glucose monomers

Hydrophilic• All carbohydrates are hydrophilic hydrophilic

– Due to hydroxyl groups

• Mono & disaccharides easily dissolve

• Cellulose doesn’t really Absorbs water well though

• HydroHydrophobicphobic– Water avoiding molecules

• Boundaries or chemical signals– Boundaries = fats; saturated or

unsaturated– Chemical signals = steroids; cholesterol,

estrogen, testosterone

5.3 Lipids

FatsFats• 3 carbon backbone glycerolglycerol• Attached to 3 fatty acids

(hydrocarbonshydrocarbons)• Saturated fat & Unsaturated Saturated fat & Unsaturated

FatFat

Saturated FatSaturated Fat• All the carbon atoms All the carbon atoms

in the fatty acid in the fatty acid chains form chains form singlesingle bonds with each otherbonds with each other – other bonds ALL contain

hydrogen

• Most animalanimal fats, butter, lard

• SolidsSolids at room temperature

Unsaturated FatUnsaturated Fat• Less than the maximum Less than the maximum

number of hydrogen number of hydrogen atomsatoms in one or more of in one or more of its fatty acid chainsits fatty acid chains

• Some carbons have double bonds causes kinks in chain

• Fats in fruit, veggies, Fats in fruit, veggies, fish, olive oilfish, olive oil

• Liquid at room temp

Steroids

• Lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms 4 fused rings4 fused rings

• Steroids differ in the kinds & locations of functional groups attached

• Classified as lipids because they are hydrophobichydrophobic, differ greatly in structure

• Chemical signals (estrogen & testosterone) pg

99 • Small variation with BIG difference in function

– Cholesterol required in formation of other steroids… too much is bad

StructureStructureWhere its foundWhere its found

ExamplesExamplesFunctionFunction

OtherOther

Homework

Quiz Friday on 5.1-5.3Quiz Friday on 5.1-5.3

Review Sheet Review Sheet Tomorrow!Tomorrow!

READ THE SECTIONS!!READ THE SECTIONS!!

What did we talk about yesterday?

• What is the name of compounds that contain carbon?

• What are the 3 types of carbohydrate “sugars?”

• What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?• What RXN occurs when building a polymer/

breaking?• What organism makes cellulose? • What organism makes glycogen?• What are the 4 Functional Groups?

Quick Review

•What does hydrophobic mean?What does hydrophobic mean?•What is the structure of a lipid?What is the structure of a lipid?•What is the difference between What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated saturated fats and unsaturated fats?fats?

•What is the structure of a What is the structure of a steroid?steroid?

5.4 Proteins5.4 Proteins• Molecular tool kit for cells• Functions of Proteins

– Structure Polymer constructed from 20 AA monomers

– Make up hair, fur, muscles, nutrient storage, antibodies & many other functions (enzymes)

– Different structure causes different function

Amino Acids (AA)(AA)• All AA have 3 things

in common– Central carbon atom

bonded to• Amino groupAmino group• Carboxyl groupCarboxyl group• Hydrogen AtomHydrogen Atom

•UniqueUnique side group side group

– This is what differentiates the 20 AA from each other

Building ProteinsBuilding Proteins• Create proteins by linking AA together

into chains = polypeptide chain (multiple)– Done using dehydration reactiondehydration reaction b/w

amino group of one and the carboxyl of another

– AA are “letters,” only 20– Each proteins has a unique sequence of AA

Protein ShapeProtein Shape• Proteins cannot function as a single

chain• Functional proteins consist of one or

more polypeptide chains precisely twisted, folded, and coiled

• Influence shape: – environment (water…yay or nay),

temperature, pH•Unfavorable environment denaturation•Loose shape = loose function

5.5 Enzymes5.5 Enzymes• Are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

– Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the level of activation energy

• NRG needed to start a chemical a RXN• Allow for reactions to occur at normal temperature• PAGE 103 PAGE 103

• Each cell is like a Each cell is like a mini chemical factorymini chemical factory needed to carry out different needed to carry out different reactionsreactions

Activation Energy

• Start-up energy needed to weaken Start-up energy needed to weaken chemical bonds chemical bonds

• with with catalystscatalysts ( (enzymesenzymes))• Provide a way for reactions to occur at the cells Provide a way for reactions to occur at the cells

normal temperaturenormal temperature

•Enzymes lower the amount of energy Enzymes lower the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occurrequired for a chemical reaction to occur

• Enzymes are specific “puzzle pieces”Enzymes are specific “puzzle pieces”

EnzymesEnzymes• Are chemical reaction specific

– Puzzle piece fit • Reactant is substrate

– What is being reacted on

• Enzyme hold it in place– At active site, changes slightly

• Can also speed RXNs by accepting 2 substrates adjacently – Breakdown larger molecules more easily

pH, temperature affect enzyme too.. they ARE proteins

Reflection ActivityReflection Activity• Complete 5.5 Concept Checks

Chapter Objectives• Identify carbon skeletons and functional

groups• Relate monomers and polymersRelate monomers and polymers• Process of building and breaking polymers• Identify 3 polysaccharides and their Identify 3 polysaccharides and their

functionsfunctions• General characteristics of lipids• Structure and Function of sugar, fats, Structure and Function of sugar, fats,

steroids, proteins, AAsteroids, proteins, AA• Factors that influence protein shape• How enzymes affect activation NRGHow enzymes affect activation NRG• How enzyme shape affects functions