DO NOWDO NOW

List at least 10 items that List at least 10 items that you came in contact with you came in contact with before school today that before school today that

contained a mineral.contained a mineral.

What are Minerals?What are Minerals?

The 5 Defining Characteristics of The 5 Defining Characteristics of MineralsMinerals

1.1. Naturally Occurring – this Naturally Occurring – this means they form naturally means they form naturally and are not manmade.and are not manmade.

2. Inorganic – this means 2. Inorganic – this means they were never alive or they were never alive or living.living.

3.3. Definite Composition – Definite Composition – this means that we know this means that we know what they are made of and what they are made of and it can not change. it can not change.

If it does change, then it becomes a different mineral.

4.4. Distinct Physical and Distinct Physical and Chemical Properties – this Chemical Properties – this means that every mineral has means that every mineral has very specific physical and very specific physical and chemical properties used to chemical properties used to identify them. identify them.

If these properties change, then the mineral becomes a different mineral.

5.5. Crystalline Structure – Crystalline Structure – this means that every this means that every mineral is made up of mineral is made up of crystals. crystals.

Sometimes the crystals are large and visible, other times you can only see them with a microscope.

Below is a list of objects.Eight of them are minerals. Can

you find them all?

Sugar Salt DiamondPearl Glass

WaterPaper Wood Sulfur

Clay Talc CopperBrick Sand Gold

What minerals can be found in What minerals can be found in the following objects?the following objects?

Use your ESRT’s (Earth Science Use your ESRT’s (Earth Science Reference Tables).Reference Tables).

ToothpasteSand PaperSheetrockCoffee MugSinker (for fishing)Pencil

MagnetIndian Paint PotMatchesI-pod or cell phoneTable SaltGlassBaby Powder

So, what would your So, what would your life be like without life be like without

minerals?minerals?

Review of Elements and Compounds

• An _______ is the smallest part of and element that can be identified as that element.

• An __________ is a simple substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.For example: You could have two ________ of the _________ Oxygen (O2).

atomatom

elementelement

atomsatoms elementelement

• A __________ is a substance made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined.

• A ___________ is the smallest part of a substance that has all the properties of that substance.

For example: You could have one _________ of the __________ known as water (H2O).

compoundcompound

moleculemolecule

moleculemolecule compoundcompound

All Elements and their physical and chemical properties can be found on the Periodic

Table of the Elements.

How do we read a chemical formula?

• A chemical symbol is a _______________ way of writing the name of an element (see the periodic table). Example: The chemical symbol for Oxygen is _____.

• A chemical formula is a formula that shows the ____________ that make up the ____________. For example: H2O is a chemical formula for the compound water.

shorthandshorthand

OO

elementselementscompoundcompound

• A ____________ is a number in a chemical formula that shows how many of each atom is in one molecule of a compound. For example: in H2O there are ______ atoms of the element Hydrogen (H) and ______ atom of the element Oxygen (O).

subscriptsubscript

two (2)two (2)one (1)one (1)

Practice: Fe3Al2Si3O12

PracticeUsing page 16 of your ESRT’s, match the following elements to their symbols. Write the letter of the correct symbol in the space provided.

________ 1. potassium a. Ca________ 2. sulfur b. Fe________ 3. calcium c. Pb________ 4. iron d. K________ 5. lead e. S

Using page 16 of your ESRT’s, complete the following chart.

Mineral Name Chemical Formula

Total Number of Elements

Present

Total Number of Atoms Present

Total Number of Oxygen

Atoms Present

Magnetite 2

CaCO3 5

Potassium Feldspar

8

How do minerals form?

Remember:• A mineral is ________________

occurring, _________________ (never been alive and not from a living thing) solid formed from __________ or ___________ and having a definite ________________ makeup and __________________ atomic structure.

naturallynaturallyinorganicinorganic

elementselements compoundscompoundschemicalchemical

crystallinecrystalline

1. Be naturally occurring (not manmade)2. Be the same throughout (homogeneous, like milk)3. Made of only ONE element or ONE compound (this can be determined by reading the chemical formula)4. Inorganic (not made of living things)5. Have a definite chemical formula (We just learned this!)

• Minerals MUST meet ALL of the following requirements:

Minerals are formed ________________ by the process

of ___________________ as a result of specific environmental

conditions.

These include three basic ways:

inorganicallyinorganically

crystallizationcrystallization

1. __________ and ________________ of magma.

CoolingCoolingsolidificationsolidification

2. ______________ from water caused by such processes as ____________ (like salt crystallizing as water evaporates),_____________ and ______________.

PrecipitationPrecipitation

evaporationevaporation

Chemical reactionsChemical reactions

Temperature changesTemperature changes

3. ____________ of atoms in existing minerals that are subjected to conditions of high ___________ and __________.

RearrangementRearrangement

temperaturetemperature pressurepressure

How do we identify minerals?

• We identify minerals based on their ________ and ________ properties.

physicalphysical chemicalchemical

1. LUSTER – the mineral can be either ______________ or

_______________ Example: galena is metallic,

quartz is non-metallic

metallicmetallicNon-metallicNon-metallic

2. Hardness – how easily the mineral is scratched. Hardness is measured on a scale from 1

(very soft) to 10 (very hard) called ______________________Mohs’ Hardness ScaleMohs’ Hardness Scale

Mohs’ Hardness Scale

2.53.5

5.5 6.5

Remember: You can only scratch a

mineral with something that is HARDER than the

mineral!

3. _________________ and _______________ describe the way a

mineral breaks. Cleavage is when the break is _____________ and ________________. Fracture is

when the break is _____________ and ________________. Example:

Mica has perfect cleavage, Quartz has fracture

CleavageCleavagefracturefracture

evenevensmoothly flatsmoothly flat

unevenunevenroughrough

4. ____________ can help to identify a mineral. But, be careful because the same mineral can come in many

different colors! Example: Quartz can be clear, white, black, gray,

purple, orange, pink, etc.

ColorColor

5. The streak is the _____________ of the mineral if it is powdered. You powder it by rubbing it on a streak

plate. The color of the streak is always the same no matter what the

color of the mineral is. Example: hematite can be red or silver, but the

streak is ALWAYS brown!

colorcolor

6. The _______________ of a mineral can be used to help

identify it. Some minerals are very dense.

Example: Magnetite

densitydensity

7. The __________ test is used to determine if calcium carbonate is

present. The acid will bubble if the mineral contains CaCO3.

Example: Calcite

acidacid

8. Other TestsMagnetism is another way to help identify a mineral. If the magnet is attracted to the sample, then the

sample contains a significant amount of iron. Two minerals that attract a

magnet are magnetite and hematite (in its metallic form only).

Read through the rest of your notes on how to determine the properties

of a mineral sample. Make sure you understand how to do this as you will have to determine several properties of minerals on the NEW

YORK STATE Regents Lab Practical in June!

Good Luck!

What are mineral resources?

Except for energy from the Sun, pretty much everything else we need comes from the Earth. Natural resources include all of the things that come naturally from the Earth such as water, air, plants, animals, etc. These natural resources are further broken down into groups. One such group are classified as mineral resources.

Mineral resources include ________________,

_______________, and ______________.

mineralsmineralsrocksrocks

Fossil fuelsFossil fuels

Mineral resources are ______________________ natural

resources which means that once they are used up, they are gone and can not be replaced in a short enough time to

be useful to humans.

This means there is a ___________________ supply of our mineral resources. Examples include

oil, gold, copper, and sulfur.

non-renewablenon-renewable

limitedlimited

Fossil Fuels include __________ (petroleum), ______________, and

_____________.

oiloilNatural gasNatural gas

coalcoal

They are the result of compaction and organic chemical changes of the remains of dead plants

and animals in a sedimentary

environment. This is why fossil fuels are only

found in _______________rocks.sedimentarysedimentary

At this time fossil fuels provide about __________ of our energy

needs, but our resources are dwindling fast. As time passes, it is

becoming more important to find alternative forms of energy.

90%90%

What are some alternative forms of energy?List some alternative forms of energy that could be

used for the following necessities.

Necessity Possible Energy Alternatives

Automobiles

Heat

Electricity