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Do Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter clockwise?
What your brain just did…
What is the structure of the brain?
BrainOver 100
Billion Cells
Each part works with others to control what think feel and
do.
Comprised of three major parts•Lower Brain•Mid Brain
•Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex•(upper brain)
What does the brain look like?
• Tightly compressed macaroni
• Studying uses more energy than jogging
• Uses 20% of your oxygen
• Is protected in multiple ways.
• Tightly compressed macaroni
• Studying uses more energy than jogging
• Uses 20% of your oxygen
• Is protected in multiple ways.
Corpus CallosumBroad, thick band running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers.
Connections between left and right sides of brain.
Highway of information – it is the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the I-84 of your brain!
Brain Stem
Mid Brain
Lower Brain
Upper Brain
What is the Upper Brain?• Cerebral Cortex: outermost layer of
brain covers the cerebrum – gray matter.
• Higher level thought• 100 Billion nerve cells• It is the most highly developed part of
the human brain and is responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language.
• It is also the most recent structure in the history of brain evolution
Why is the cerebral cortex so important?
Why is the cerebral cortex so important?
• Personality: makes us “human”• “Seat of the soul”• Example: when faced with severe brain injury
to frontal lobe– personality sometimes changes completely
• Strokes, tumors – sometimes causes this
What does the mid brain do?
Possible connection?
What does the lower brain do?
Hemispheres
• Brain divided into two sides• Fissure: groove along center• Right: controls left• Left: controls right
• Brain divided into two sides• Fissure: groove along center• Right: controls left• Left: controls right
Right Brain or Left Brain?
You have inherited 1,000,000 dollars! Congratulations! You are moving to new house you are having made and have to pack your things in boxes.
1. How will you pack your priceless glassware that Aunt Edna left you in her will to make sure they don’t break? If any of them break, the money has to be given to a distant cousin. Describe in a few sentences how you will pack the glasses?
Where does the brain sit?
How is the brain protected?• Protected by the thick
bones of the skull• Cerebral Cortex covering• Suspended in
cerebrospinal fluid• Isolated from the
bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the brain.
• Protected by the thick bones of the skull
• Cerebral Cortex covering• Suspended in
cerebrospinal fluid• Isolated from the
bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the brain.
• The delicate nature of the human brain makes it susceptible to many types of damage and disease.
• Infection of the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but is very serious when it occurs.
• Multiple Sclerosis-mylen, insulation for nerves, is impaired.
• Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Chorea = CNS diseases
• The delicate nature of the human brain makes it susceptible to many types of damage and disease.
• Infection of the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but is very serious when it occurs.
• Multiple Sclerosis-mylen, insulation for nerves, is impaired.
• Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Chorea = CNS diseases
Phineas Gage: Neuroscience’s Most Famous Patient
SummaryThere are three parts to the brain on a horizontal level•Upper Brain: higher level thinking•Mid Brain: (Limbic System)vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation•Lower Brain: primitive functions, aggression, fight or flight•Brain Stem: autonomic functions•Two hemispheres – right hemisphere controls left, left hemisphere controls right•Brain Dominance Theory: Right brain dominant – art, language, creative. Left brain – logical, math, organized
What is a stroke?• A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your brain stops. Within
minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke. The more common kind, called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. The other kind, called hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain. "Mini-strokes" or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), occur when the blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted.
Symptoms of stroke are• Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body)• Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes• Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination• Sudden severe headache with no known cause• If you have any of these symptoms, you must get to a hospital quickly to begin treatment. Acute
stroke therapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening by quickly dissolving the blood clot or by stopping the bleeding. Post-stroke rehabilitation helps individuals overcome disabilities that result from stroke damage. Drug therapy with blood thinners is the most common treatment for stroke.
NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Do Now:
Make a happy faceMake an angry face
Make a sad faceMake a fearful face
How do you know how to do that?
Make a happy faceMake an angry face
Make a sad faceMake a fearful face
How do you know how to do that?
Face Blindness Test
Fissure: groove along middle of brain
Frontal Lobe::reasoning, personality,Thought, complex thoughts
Parietal Lobe: sensory stripMotor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement
Occipital Lobe: interprets visual information
Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing
Prefrontal Lobe::personal memories
Cerebellum: balance, coordination
Reticular Activating System: alertness
Cerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter)
Do Now:This is a G rated activity–
touch the area where your corpus callosum (under the fissure) is
Now touch your frontal lobe.Now your Parietal lobe
Now your Temporal lobeNow your Occipital lobe
Now your CerebellumNow your Medulla Oblongata
What are some other parts of their brain and their purpose?
What are some other parts of their brain and their purpose?
Brain stem: internal physical state of bodyMedulla Oblongata: breathing, heartbeatPons: regulates brain during sleepThalamus: relay station between senses and cerebral cortexCerebellum: balance and movementLimbic system: emotions, memoryHippocampus: long term memoryAmygdala: aggression, emotion, motives, (very active during adolescence)Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, body temperature
Reading: Disorders of the Brain• Attention Deficit Disorder• TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury• Alzheimer’s Disease• Dementia with Lewey Bodies:• Although, where Alzheimer’s disease usually begins quite
gradually, DLB often has a rapid or acute onset, with especially rapid decline in the first few months.
• While the specific symptoms in a person with DLB will vary, core features of DLB are: 1) fluctuating cognition with great variations in attention and alertness from day to day and hour to hour 2) recurrent visual hallucinations. 3.)REM Behavior Disorder
Fissure: groove along middle of brain
Frontal Lobe::reasoning, personality,Thought, complex thoughts
Parietal Lobe: sensory stripMotor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement
Occipital Lobe: interprets visual information
Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing
Prefrontal Lobe::personal memories
Cerebellum: balance, coordination
Reticular Activating System: alertness
Cerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter)
Dr. Oliver SaksIn 1966 Dr. Sacks began working as a consulting neurologist for Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx, a chronic care hospital where he encountered an extraordinary group of patients, many of whom had spent decades in strange, frozen states, like human statues, unable to initiate movement. He recognized these patients as survivors of the great pandemic of sleepy sickness that had swept the world from 1916 to 1927, and treated them with a then-experimental drug, L-dopa, which enabled them to come back to life. They became the subjects of his book Awakenings, which later inspired a play by Harold Pinter ("A Kind of Alaska") and the Oscar-nominated feature film ("Awakenings") with Robert De Niro and Robin Williams.
What are Neurons?What are Neurons?
Myelinated neurons are found in the peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons), while non-myelinated neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord.
Synapses, neurotransmitters, neurons…oh my!
Synapses, neurotransmitters, neurons…oh my!
lhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html
Reuptake
• The main objective of a Reuptake Inhibitor is to substantially decrease the rate by which
neurotransmitters are reabsorbed, leaving a large gain in the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse.
• Example: Antidepressant drugs often use ssris (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) to
cause a GAIN in amount of serotonin in brain.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/madneuron.html
Serotonin OverdoseSerotonin OverdoseClass Drugs
AntidepressantsMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),[1] TCAs,[1] SSRIs,[1] SNRIs,[1]bupropion,[6] nefazodone,[7]
trazodone[7]
Opioidstramadol,[1] pethidine,[1] fentanyl,[1] pentazocine,[1] buprenorphine[8]oxycodone,[9] hydrocodone[9]
CNS stimulantsphentermine,[10] diethylpropion,[10] amphetamine,[3][10] sibutramine,[1]methylphenidate,[10]
methamphetamine,[10] cocaine[10]
5-HT1 agonists triptans[1][10]
Psychedelics Ecstasy Crystal Meth Meth] LSD[11][12]
Herbs St John's Wort,[1] Syrian rue,[1] Panax ginseng,[1]
Nutmeg[13]
Others
tryptophan,[1] L-Dopa,[14] valproate,[1] buspirone,[1] lithium,[1] linezolid,[1][15]
dextromethorphan,[1] 5-hydroxytryptophan,[7] chlorpheniramine,[10] risperidone,[16]olanzapine,[17] ondansetron,[1] granisetron,[1] metoclopramide,[1] ritonavir[1]
What did we learn?
• Myelin: fatty sheath that covers nerves similar to an electrical wire – lesions can cause neurological symptoms
• Neurons: Motor = brain to body, Sensory = body to brain, Interneuron=connections between nerves, Receptors=receive neurotransmitter
• Neurotransmitters: electrical/chemical messages passed along by neurons
• Serotonin: happy chemical• Dopamine: movement• Acetylcholine: sleep, attention• Endorphins: natural morphine
DO NOW:
Reading: What are reflexes?1. Read article2. Answer questions for
“reading” …you will answer the “listening” questions at the end of class and hand in.
What are reflexes?
•A reflex is an involuntary or automatic, action that your body does in response to something - without you even having to think about it.• There are many types of reflexes and every healthy person has them. In fact, we're born with most of them…and most of them fade by age 6 months.•Some infant reflexes that show up in adulthood can be signs of neurological disease.
Why do we have reflexes?
• Reflexes protect your body from things that can harm it.
• For example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, a reflex causes you to immediately remove your hand before a "Hey, this is hot!" message even gets to your brain
• Other examples of protective reflexes are blinking when something flies toward your eyes or raising your arm if a ball is thrown your way. Even coughing and sneezing are reflexes. They clear the airways of irritating things
What are the reasons for reflexes?
• Evolutionary Perspective?• Survival Instinct?• Reflexes take place without traveling from
brain (motor neurons) to sensory neurons
• They use inter-neurons to communicate without direct motor neurons!
How are reflexes different than reactions?
Common Reflexes
Babinski(foot)
Moro(startle
Tonic(fencing)
Rooting(sucking)
Pupillary(eyes – constriction
Or dilation)
Galant(leaning against
side of spinethat is stroked)
Pupillary Response
Babinski ReflexBabinski Reflex
• Babinski's reflex occurs when the big toe moves toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked.
• This reflex, or sign, is normal in younger children, but abnormal after the age of 2
• The presence of a Babinski's reflex after age 2 is a sign of damage to the nerve paths connecting the spinal cord and the brain
Babinski on Infant
Babinski Explanation
Moro ReflexMoro Reflex
• It is normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age
• Absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system.
• Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects
• It is believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newborns
Moro
Tonic (Fencers) ReflexTonic (Fencers) Reflex
• known as the “fencing reflex" because of the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which resembles that of a trained fencer.
• Beyond the first months of life may indicate that the child has developmental delays, at which point the reflex is atypical or abnormal. For example, in children with cerebral palsy the reflexes may persist and even be more pronounced.
Tonic
Knee Jerk or (DTR) reflexKnee Jerk or (DTR) reflex• The reflex that the doctor checks by tapping your
knee is called the patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex. It is also known as a deep tendon reflex (DTR) This tap stretches the tendon and the muscle in the thigh that connects to it.
• A message then gets sent to the spinal cord that the muscle has been stretched.The spinal cord very quickly sends a message back to the muscle telling it to contract. The contraction of the muscle causes your lower leg to kick out.
Knee Jerk (Patellar) Reflex
Causes of Abnormal Knee Jerk ResponseCauses of Abnormal Knee Jerk Response
• Hyperactive (knee jerks too much): ALS, brain tumor, stroke, liver disease, hypocalcemia (low calcium), hypomagnesemia (low magnesium), hypothermia, multiple sclerosis, preeclampsia, spinal cord lesion and tetanus.
• Hypoactive (knee doesn't jerk enough): botulism, nerve inflammation, peripheral neuropathy, polio, untreated syphillis, diabetes, alcoholism, arthritis, etc.
Galant Reflex
• ://www.medicalvideos.eu/video/eb2712fc2afd7dd/Galant-Reflex--Clinical-Pediatrics
Reflexes seizures & headaches?
• Migraines: blood vessel based, often preceded by signs• Cluster: mostly male, one eye – occurs at intervals• Tension: often frontal/occipital based – muscles• Seizures: Grand Mal, Petit Mal, Idiopathic, Absence – often
preceded by signs• Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic)• Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of neurological
disease• Absence of reflexes in infancy – neurologicial problem• Normal adult reflexes protect us.
• Migraines: blood vessel based, often preceded by signs• Cluster: mostly male, one eye – occurs at intervals• Tension: often frontal/occipital based – muscles• Seizures: Grand Mal, Petit Mal, Idiopathic, Absence – often
preceded by signs• Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic)• Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of neurological
disease• Absence of reflexes in infancy – neurologicial problem• Normal adult reflexes protect us.
What have we learned?What have we learned?• Cerebral Cortex – covers your brain, gray matter• Hemispheres-each half of the brain that has different roles.
Hemisphere dominance is a theory…what do you think?• Corpus Callosum: The Newburgh Beacon Bridge of the
Interstate 84 of your brain• Frontal Lobe: reasoning, higher level thought processes• Parietal Lobe: motor strip, sensory strip• Temporal Lobe: hearing, speech• Occipital Lobe: sight• Medulla: autonomic functions• Cerebellum: balance, coordination• Pons and RAS: sleep, recognition of faces• Prefrontal lobe: seat of the soul, personal memories
• Cerebral Cortex – covers your brain, gray matter• Hemispheres-each half of the brain that has different roles.
Hemisphere dominance is a theory…what do you think?• Corpus Callosum: The Newburgh Beacon Bridge of the
Interstate 84 of your brain• Frontal Lobe: reasoning, higher level thought processes• Parietal Lobe: motor strip, sensory strip• Temporal Lobe: hearing, speech• Occipital Lobe: sight• Medulla: autonomic functions• Cerebellum: balance, coordination• Pons and RAS: sleep, recognition of faces• Prefrontal lobe: seat of the soul, personal memories
• Lower brain: primitive reactions• Midbrain: smell, emotion (limbic system)• The blood brain barrier protects your brain from
infection• Myelin: fatty sheath that covers nerves similar to an
electrical wire – lesions can cause neurological symptoms
• Right Brain/Left Brain Theory (R=holistic L= analytical• Neurons: Motor = brain to body, Sensory = body to
brain, Interneuron=connections between nerves, Receptors=receive neurotransmitter
• Lower brain: primitive reactions• Midbrain: smell, emotion (limbic system)• The blood brain barrier protects your brain from
infection• Myelin: fatty sheath that covers nerves similar to an
electrical wire – lesions can cause neurological symptoms
• Right Brain/Left Brain Theory (R=holistic L= analytical• Neurons: Motor = brain to body, Sensory = body to
brain, Interneuron=connections between nerves, Receptors=receive neurotransmitter
• Neurotransmitters: electrical/chemical messages passed along by neurons
• Serotonin: happy chemical• Dopamine: movement• Acetylcholine: sleep, attention• Endorphins: natural morphine• Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro,
Fencers (Tonic)• Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of
neurological disease• Normal adult reflexes protect us.
• Neurotransmitters: electrical/chemical messages passed along by neurons
• Serotonin: happy chemical• Dopamine: movement• Acetylcholine: sleep, attention• Endorphins: natural morphine• Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro,
Fencers (Tonic)• Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of
neurological disease• Normal adult reflexes protect us.
