Do Now: Hand in character Do Now: Hand in character chart HW. Open up to your chart HW. Open up to your Grammar section and answer Grammar section and answer “What elements make up a “What elements make up a complete sentence? What is complete sentence? What is a sentence fragment? What a sentence fragment? What is a run-on sentence?”is a run-on sentence?”

Complete SentenceComplete Sentence• not merely a group of words with a capital

letter at the beginning and a period or question mark at the end

• has three components:

• a subject (the actor in the sentence

• a predicate (the verb or action), and

• a complete thought (it can stand alone and make sense—it’s independent).

Some sentences can be Some sentences can be very short…very short…• You can complete a thought in only

two or three words: John waited.• subject (John), verb (waited), and it

expresses a complete thought• since we can understand the idea

completely with just those two words, it’s independent—an independent clause.

We can expand independent clauses We can expand independent clauses (complete sentences) to contain a lot (complete sentences) to contain a lot more information, like this:more information, like this:

• John waited for the bus all morning.

• John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday.

• Wishing he’d brought his umbrella, John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday.

• Wishing he’d brought his umbrella and dreaming of his nice warm bed, John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday because his car was in the shop.

• Look at these examples. The main thought is still John waited (one main subject, one main verb)

• No matter how long or short the other sentence parts are, none of them can stand alone and make sense.

• *Complete “Sentence Fragment” and “Simple Subjects and Predicates” worksheets

Sentence fragments are Sentence fragments are incomplete sentencesincomplete sentences• may lack a subject, verb, or both• *dependent clause: contains both a subject and a

verb, so they appear to be a complete sentence, but do not express a complete thought

• dependent: they cannot stand on their own• Because his car was in the shop (…What did he do?)• After the rain stops (…What then?)• When you finally take the test (…What will happen?)• Since you asked (…Will you get the answer?)• If you want to go with me (…What should you do?)

Subordinating Subordinating ConjunctionsConjunctions• Because, After, When, Since, If• Functions:

• join two sentences together• make one of the sentences dependent on

the other for a complete thought (make one a dependent clause)

• indicate a logical relationship

Common Subordinating Common Subordinating ConjunctionsConjunctions• Cause / Effect: because, since, so that

• Comparison / Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while

• Place & Manner: how, however, where, wherever

• Possibility / Conditions: if, whether, unless

• Relation: that, which, who

• Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while, until

Dependent and Dependent and Independent Clauses Can Independent Clauses Can Switch PlacesSwitch Places• Because his car was in the shop, John

took the bus.• John took the bus because his car was

in the shop.

How to Find/Fix How to Find/Fix FragmentsFragments• Every dependent clause needs to be attached to an

independent clause• Remember the basics: subject, verb, and complete

thought• Scan your sentences for subordinating conjunctions.

If you find one, first identify the whole chunk of the dependent clause (the subject and verb that go with the subordinator), and then make sure they’re attached to an independent clause.• John took the bus. Because his car was in the shop.• John took the bus because his car was in the shop.

• *Complete independent/dependent clause worksheets

Run-on SentencesRun-on Sentences• two complete sentences (a subject and

its predicate and another subject and its predicate) together in one sentence without separating them properly• My favorite Mediterranean spread is

hummus it is very garlicky.

Ways to fix Run-on Ways to fix Run-on SentencesSentences•You could use a semicolon:

•My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus; it is very garlicky.

•You could use a comma and a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so):

•My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, for it is very garlicky. -OR- My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, and it is very garlicky.

•You could use a subordinating conjunction (see above):

•My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus because it is very garlicky. -OR- Because it is so garlicky, my favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus.

Ways to fix Run-on Sentences Ways to fix Run-on Sentences (continued)(continued)•You could make it into two separate sentences with a period in between:

• My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus. It is very garlicky.•You could use an em-dash (a long dash) for emphasis:

• My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus—it is very garlicky.•You CANNOT simply add a comma between the two sentences, or you’ll end up with what’s called a “comma splice.” Here’s an example of a comma splice:

• My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, it is very garlicky.

Tricks for Finding Tricks for Finding Run-onsRun-ons• Turn sentence into a yes/no question

• Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus?• Turn sentence into a tag question (sentence

that ends with a questioning phrase at the very end)• My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?

• If you can re-write your sentence as a yes/no question or a tag question, then you have a full sentence

Look back at our run-on: My Look back at our run-on: My favorite Mediterranean spread is favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.hummus it is very garlicky.• The yes/no question can only be made with each separate

thought, not the sentence as a whole:• Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus? Is it very

garlicky?• BUT NOT: Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus

is it very garlicky?• The tag question can also only be made with each

separate thought, rather than the whole:• My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?

It’s very garlicky, isn’t it?• BUT NOT: My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus

it is very garlicky, isn’t it?

Copy and fix the following run-Copy and fix the following run-on sentences in your notebookon sentences in your notebook1. I like learning English it makes me tired.2. My sister was taller than me when we

were young now I am the tallest it is fun. 3. I love school, I love learning, my teacher

is nice. 4. Blue is my favorite color it is the color of

the sky and the sea and it reminds me of my favorite insect which is the butterfly.

5. When I get older I want to have a big family I like big families.

6. We usually leave at 11:00 but today is different we are leaving at 10:30.

7. We should get moving there’s no time to waste.