Do Now:

1. Looking beyond the “obvious,” in your own words, write down the meaning of the term, world war. - List conditions that might turn a small,

local conflict/skirmish between two countries into a world war. 2. Please hand in your homework.

Aim: What were the causes of the Great War?

Title: The Stage is Set for War

• A military conflict between many nations [think globally]

• While analysis may vary, students ought to mention fighting between the distant colonies of hostile nations, alliances that drag other nations into the war, or meddling by other countries in the affairs of warring nations.

Today’s Focus:

Keeping the abovementioned in mind, in Section 1 we will learn how conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia led to World War I.

Today, April 15, 2013, Major League Baseball commemorates the 66th anniversary of Jackie Robinson breaking the league's color barrier in 1947 (on this very day). Once again, players around the league get the opportunity to don (wear) the familiar No. 42 (Jackie’s No.) in honor of one of baseball's true pioneers of the game.

Why am I telling you this? Plain and simple, whether you are a sports/baseball fan or not, ALL ought to know the Jackie Robinson story, for it’s NOT a “BLACK THING,” nope, goes well beyond race. Mr. Robinson transcended race/color, opening doors for many in ALL sports, professional forums, and every other aspect one can possibly think of in America regardless of race, creed, gender, political affiliation, background, etc. Over time, by merging sports & politics, his tenacious strength and unwavering outlook helped to gradually eradicate various barriers well beyond the baseball field.

Today, I ask that you (while not Mandatory) read an article (or two) or see the new movie, “42,” in the near future, etc., surrounding the trials & tribulations of Mr. Robinson, for he was (and forever will be – in my heart & soul) a true AMERICAN hero, my hero.

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The First World War:

•War involving nearly all the nations of the world

•1914-1918

What?

When?

4 “MAIN” Causes

1. Militarism

2. Alliance system

3. Imperialism

4. Nationalism

World HistoryWorld War I aka: The Great War

Do Now: 1. Carefully review the handout titled, “Would you support

your ally?”

1. To the best of your knowledge and connecting to the HW, students are asked to respond to the questions in their notebooks

2. Afterwards, class discussion:

Aim: What were the causes of the Great War? (Continuing from yesterday’s work)

Title: The Stage is Set for War

OBJECTIVE I (Write it down)

Being in high school you are affected by rivalries with other schools/classmates:

1. What are some specific feelings/emotions you feel toward your rival team/students?

2.How could these feelings relate to how Europeans felt toward each other before World War I?

The Great War1914-1918

• Prior to the summer of 1914, there had been “relative peace” in Europe for 100 years prior to WWI.

But……..

Causes of the War1. What do you

see here?

2. What do the different colors on the map represent?

3. Who is allied with Whom?

4. Why might these Countries make Alliances?

5. What countries might have the greatest or leastneed to join an alliance?

6. What are the advantages of joining alliances? Disadvantages?

Europe at its Peak

• 1914 Western European nation-states were most technologically advanced, wealthiest societies on earth.

• All aspect of life were affected by modernization; transportation, medicine, food production, and housing.

• 25% of world’s population was European.• European’s felt superior. Thought their way of

life was the peak of world civilization

• European countries competed for colonies and thus created empires which served as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and market for products.

• Because these countries wanted these colonies and build their empire, they usually argued and nearly went to war over these disputes.

• 1905 France and Germany over Morocco.

Imperialism

Militarism

• Militarism: the glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war.

• Many countries began to build up their armies to show the rest world not to mess with them.– Britain: navy was two times bigger than the two

next biggest navies (two-power rule)

• Competition between Germany, Britain and Russia for biggest military.

Nationalism• Nationalism: devotion to the interest of one’s

country. (You just love your country no matter what)

• Nationalism and Militarism was used to create tension toward other European nations. France was upset that it had lost some land to Germany that it was trying to regain.

• Germany “The Hymn of Hate”– “Hate by water and hate by land; Hate of heart and hate of the hand; We love as one; we hate as one; We have but one foe alone---England.”

System of Alliances

• Imperialism, Militarism, and Nationalism = inevitable war.

• Nations wanted to protect themselves from fighting alone, created a web of treaties to protect themselves.

• Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

• Triple Entente: France, Russia and Great Britain.

War Breaks Out

1. What do you see here? 2. How are people dressed? 3. Why are some people saluting? 4. Who might the couple in large hats be?5. How do they seem to be feeling? 6. Do they look like popular leaders? Who might not support them? 7. Why?

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The First World War: 4 “MAIN” Causes

• Why? Long term causes:

1. Militarism

2. Alliance system

3. Imperialism

4. Nationalism

(Memory tip: Think MAIN.)

Short term cause: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914. The assassination was the spark that ignited the war.

Nationalism in the Balkans

• People with diverse religions, ethnic backgrounds, languages.(Christians, Muslims, Slavic, Turks, Serbs, Croats)

• As Ottoman Empire declined, new nations were born.

• Russia and Austria competed for control of new nations.

• Austria-Hungary annexes (adds) Bosnia and Serbia resents (doesn’t like) this.

Assassination of the Archduke

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria visited Bosnian capital of Sarajevo.

• 7 assassins from the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist group, plot against him.

• 19 year old, shot the Archduke and his wife.

Austria-Hungary Ultimatum

• Austria-Hungary was very angry at assassination. Germany gives full support to Austria-Hungary.

• Austria-Hungary wanted Serbia to give up all its land. Serbia refused knowing that they had full support of Russia.

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

The Alliance system leads to war

• Russia supported Serbia. Germany supported Austria-Hungary.

• Within one week, almost all of Europe is dragged into war. – Germany declares war on Russia and France.

• Schlieffen Plan (strategy): France didn’t want to fight both at same time, so it decided to go around Belgium into France through Germany then to Russia.

– Britain declares war on Germany.

II. Tangled Alliances

A) German chancellor Otto Von Bismarck wanted to isolate France and by 1882 had formed the Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

B) Later, in the 1890s, Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II challenged Britain by building up the German navy

C) Britain responded by forming an alliance with France and then Russia, the Triple Entente, in which Britain agreed not to fight with France and Russia, but rather to not fight against them

Alliances – I am lonely, would you mind being my friend? Please!!! - Would you mind fight for me, or with me, or even dying for me? Hmmm!

• Feeling of militarism led European nations to sign secret treaties with each other pledging assistance if the other was attacked.

• Created a system of alliances putting one nation against another.

How and Why WWI happened

Alliances and Fronts of the War

1. What do you see here? 2. Who are the Allied Powers? 3. The Central Powers? 4. Where are the western, eastern, and Italian and Balkan fronts of the war? 5. Which alliance seems to be winning?

The Alliances

• Triple Entente(Allies): Britain, France and Russia

• Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

New Weapons Used in the War

1. What do you see here? 2. Why might the soldiers be wearing gas masks? 3. How are machine guns different from older guns? 4. How might machine guns affect military strategy?

I.-ISMS

C) MILITARISM- the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war; From the 1890s on, nations raced to build up their armies and weaponry and planned to mobilize in the event of war

New Weapons

• Machine gun– British machine gun fired 8 round per second, at a

distance of 2,900 yards.

• Weapons of the Industrial Age– 75 different types of poison-gas bombs– Flame throwers– Tanks

• Casualties– Total losses for WWI exceeded 10 million

Militarism & Arms RaceMilitarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]

in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73% [WOW!!!]

The Reality of Soldiers’ Lives

1.What do you see here?

2. How would you describe the soldier’s face?

3. How old might he be?

4. How might he be feeling?

5. What might he be thinking?

6. You think this picture was takenin the beginning or the middle ofthe war? Why?

Reality of Soldiers’ Lives

• Patriotic Fervor: – Countries entered war optimistic of victory.

• Attitudes change: – people back home received letters that described the

fear and terror of modern warfare. “All around was the continuing threat of instant death. Yet I saw no one fall. I saw men crying, and would have cried myself had I tears.”

• Return Home:– No crowd or heroes’ welcome after the war.

Trench Warfare

1.What do you see here? 2. Why might the soldiers be wearing gas masks? 3. How are machine guns different from older guns? 4. How might machine guns affect military strategy?

Trench Warfare

• Trench Warfare: – use of new weapons made soldiers find new

tactics to succeed in war.– British troops used over 10 million shovels during

war.

• Life in Trenches:– Horrible living conditions: water collected, disease

including trench foot. Trench foot rotted away the skin and usually led to amputation

Effects of the War on the Home Front

1.What do you see here?

2. What are the women doing?

3. Why are women Needed to in factories

4. What new skillsmight women learnworking in industries during the war?

5. How might this affect the traditional role of women?

Mobilizing for Total War

• Total war: – demanded sacrifice on part of civilians back home. – “if all the treasures of our soil that agriculture and

industry can produce are used exclusively for the war effort.”

• New Jobs for Women:– Women employment shifted from the service sector

(domestic servants) to civil and industrial sectors (train conductors, secretaries, bus drivers, bank tellers fire fighters).

Tragedies of the War: the Home Front

1.What do you see here? 2. Where might these people be? 3. How might they be feeling? 4. What might have happened to this family’s home? 5. What might have happened to this woman’s husband’s 6. How is she trying to survive?

Tragedies of War: The Home Front

• Type of injuries suffered by the wounded, such as amputations and burns.

• Popular Culture: music, letters, diaries, editorials and poetry reflected the agony of long, horrific war and the millions of death of soldiers.

The Paris Peace Conference

• Versailles Peace Treaty:– “Allies” met to discuss how to reconcile the

aftermath of the war. – “Big Four”

• Prime minister David Lloyd George (Britain)• President Georges Clemenceau (France)• President Vittorio Orlando (Italy)• President Woodrow Wilson (U.S)

The Paris Peace Conference

1. What do you see here? 2. Who might these people be? 3. Why might they be meeting at the Palace of

Versailles in France? 4. What do you think they are signing? What

terms might the French and British leaders demand from the Central Powers before signing?

Goals for Italy

• President Vittorio Orlando demanded that the allies honor secret treaties that they had signed back at the beginning of the war that promised Italy territory in the eastern Mediterranean (gain territory from Austria-Hungary) in exchange for participation on the Entente (Allies) side.

Goals for Britain (England)

• Protect Britain’s overseas empire and insure its continued influence in the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia.

Goals for France

• President Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany for its role in the war, hoping for a “peace of vengeance.”

Goals for U.S.

• Establish a League of Nations: nations could meet and negotiate their problems, thereby avoiding conflicts like WWI.

France and Britain influence in Treaty of Versailles

• Germany had to:– Return Alsace-Lorraine region to France– Keep area near France called the Rhineland,

demilitarized– Pay war reparations of 32 billion dollars– Agree to war guilt clause

• France and Britain created a severe treaty that punished Germany