DNA Technology •  How is DNA fingerprinting used to identify a person? 

• What is the use of polymerase chain reactions (PCR)? 

• How is bacterial transformation used in medicine? 

• How is gel electrophoresis used in DNA technology?

Vocabulary

• Polymerase Chain Reaction • Gel Electrophoresis • Bacterial Transformation • DNA Fingerprinting 

Polymerase Chain Reaction 

• Used to make many copies of small pieces of DNA

What is the use of polymerase chain reactions (PCR)?

DNA Fingerprinting 

• Uses gel electrophoresis to observe the patterns that are unique to each person

How is DNA fingerprinting used to identify a person?

Gel Electrophoresis • a technique used to separate the DNA

fragments according to their size

How is gel electrophoresis used in DNA technology?

Bacterial Transformation • Bacteria can pick up DNA from their

environment and incorporate it into their DNA

How is bacterial transformation used in medicine? 

BiotechnologyProvides:• Improved food products• Medical advances• An enhanced environment

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Biotechnology Breakthroughs• Insulin (1982)

– First commercial biotech product– Reliable, inexpensive source of

insulin• Rice

– Enriched with beta-carotene and iron• Bananas

– Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

Biotechnology Breakthroughs• Potatoes with higher solid content• Garlic that lowers cholesterol• Fruits and vegetables that reduce

risks of cancer and heart disease

Environmental Benefits

• Reduced pesticide use• Lower energy requirements• Cleaner water• Less soil erosion

Genetic Engineering and Bioethics • How has genetic engineering influenced food and 

medicine?

• How is cloning currently used in food and medicine? 

• How is stem cell research being used to benefit humans? 

• What are the bioethics issues surrounding stem cell 

research and cloning? 

• What is the relationship of evolution to biological 

resistance? 

Vocabulary

• Cloning • Transgenic animals • Stem Cells • Bioethics • Biological Resistance

Cloning 

How is cloning currently used in food and medicine? 

• A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fusedThe resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

•Making an identical copy of an organism

Transgenic animals • made by introducing genes from one species

into the genome of another organism.

Transgenic animals may be created to exploit the attributes of new genes (for example, genes for faster growth or larger muscles).

Agricultural scientists have engineered a number of crop plants with genes for desirable traits.

Stem Cells 

• Is an unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells 

How is stem cell research being used to benefit humans?

Biological Resistance

• Genetically based resistance to pests, disease, drought, etc.

What is the relationship of evolution to biological 

resistance? 

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Herbicide Resistant Crops

• Soybeans: Roundup Ready• Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link • Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready • Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

+ CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

Bioethics 

• study of the controversies brought about by advances in biology

What are the bioethics issues surrounding stem cell research and cloning? 

How has genetic engineering influenced food and medicine?

Chromosomes and Mutations and Biological Resistance

• How do mutations affect evolution? 

• What are genetic diseases that are caused by 

mutations? 

• What are the different types of mutations that can 

occur in organisms? 

• What is the relationship of evolution to biological 

resistance? 

Vocabulary• Single gene mutations • Polygenic mutations • Chromosomal mutations • Mitochondrial DNA mutations • nondisjunction • insertion • substitution • deletion • chromosomal translocation • mutagenic factors (radiation, chemical) • biological resistance • point mutation • frame shift mutation

Gene Mutations• Change in genes caused by change in

structure of the DNA • DNA bases may be substituted, added, or

removed to cause gene mutation • When genes are added or removed, the

mutation is called a frame shift mutation • Adding or Removing a genes is called a point

mutation

point mutation VS. frameshift mutations • A point mutation is a simple change in one base

of the gene sequence.– Original                The fat cat ate the wee rat.– Point Mutation   The fat hat ate the wee rat.

• In a frame shift mutation, one or more bases are inserted or deleted.– Original          The fat cat ate the wee rat.– Frame Shift    The fat caa tet hew eer at

mutations 

  

Single gene and Polygenic •A permanent change in DNA

•Single gene mutation deals with 1 gene and polygenic mutations deal with more than 1 gene

Chromosomal mutations• Mutations in a cells’ chromosome

Mitochondrial DNA mutations• Mutations in the chromosome of

mitochondrial DNA

nondisjunction 

• Sister chromatids do not separate properly during meiosis

• Results in gametes that do not have the correct number of chromosomes

•Inversion occurs when a piece of a chromosome breaks off & reattaches to the same place but in the reverse order

Inversion 

(Mutations) insertion

• Results in the addition of extra DNA • Insertions can cause frameshift mutations, and general result in a nonfunctional protein. 

– Original   The fat cat ate the wee rat.– Insertion The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.

(Mutations) Substitution 

• Mutation results from genes or single nitrogen bases being switched.

•Duplications occur when a section of a chromosome is doubled

(Mutations) Duplication 

(Mutations) deletion• Mutations that result from sections of DNA being deleted. • Deletions occur when the end of a chromosome breaks

off & is lost• These can be small, such as the removal of just one "word," or longer deletions that affect a large number of genes on the chromosome. 

• Deletions can also cause frameshift mutations. In this example, the deletion eliminated the word cat.

– Original       The fat cat ate the wee rat.– Deletion      The fat ate the wee rat.

chromosomal translocation 

• Translocation occurs when a chromosome segment breaks off & attaches to a different chromosome

• Parts of a chromosome braking off and reattaching during crossing over in meiosis.

mutagenic factors

• chemical or physical agents that change DNA to cause mutations.

• (radiation, chemical) 

1. What are the different types of mutations that can occur in organisms? 

2. What  are  genetic  diseases  that are caused by mutations? 

3. How do mutations affect evolution? 

What is the relationship of evolution to biological resistance?