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DNADNA
Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA is found:In the nucleusIn mitochondria and chloroplasts
Functions of DNA: Control functions of cell by controlling protein production
Pass on hereditary information to the next generation
General Structure of DNAGeneral Structure of DNA Polymer, with many repeating units called Polymer, with many repeating units called
nucleotidesnucleotides Subunits:Subunits:
a five carbon sugara five carbon sugar DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose
a phosphate groupa phosphate group a nitrogenous base a nitrogenous base
AdenineAdenine ThymineThymine GuanineGuanine CytosineCytosine
(guanine, cytosine, adenine thymine)
(Deoxyribose)
General Structure of DNAGeneral Structure of DNANucleotides form
long chains between the phosphate
groups and the #3 carbon of the sugar molecule
This is called the backbone
Structure of DNAStructure of DNAThe bases pair up and are held together with The bases pair up and are held together with
hydrogen bonds:hydrogen bonds:
G (guanine) G (guanine) always pairs always pairs with with
C C (cytosine)(cytosine)
A (adenine) A (adenine) always pairs always pairs with with T (thymine)T (thymine)
G always binds to CA always binds to TP
DA
P
DT
P
DG
P
DC
D
P
D
D
D
P
P
P
T
A
C
G
P
DA
P
DT
P
DG
P
DC
D
PG
C
A
T
D
D
D
P
P
P
A and T as well as C and G are called
complementary base pairs
Humans have about 3 billion (that is 3,000,000,000) base pairs
Structure of DNAStructure of DNA
Two polymer Two polymer chains are chains are
connected by connected by weak weak
hydrogen hydrogen bonds and are bonds and are twisted into a twisted into a double helixdouble helix
Why?
To repair damage and grow, new cells are made.
Each new cell needs to have a complete DNA record
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
The Cell copies its own DNA
Basic Steps of Replication:
•Unwinding – DNA strands uncoil and separate
•Synthesis – complementary sequence of nucleotides are
made along each original strand
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
P
DA
P
DT
P
DG
P
DC
D
PG
C
A
T
D
D
D
P
P
P
unwinding
P
DA
P
DT
P
DG
P
DC
D
PG
C
A
T
D
D
D
P
P
P
Complementary base pairing
A
T
D
D
P
P
P
DA
P
DT
P
DG
P
DC
D
PG
C
A
T
D
D
D
P
P
P
Complementary base pairing
D
PG
C
A
T
D
D
D
P
P
P
P
DA
P
DT
P
DG
P
DC
New strands
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
Each new DNA contains one of the strands from the original DNA and a completely new strand
This is called semi-conservative
replication
DNA Replication: The DetailsDNA Replication: The Details
•occurs at more than one place along the molecule•forms replication bubbles and replication forks•speeds the process – replicates multiple areas at the
same time•Helicase – Enzyme that unwinds and separates DNA
Unwinding and separating
DNA Replication: The DetailsDNA Replication: The Details
RNA Primase adds a starter strip to the DNA
DNA polymerase adds a new nucleotide to the new strand at the #3 carbon
Synthesizing New Strands
DNA polymerase then replaces the RNA bases on the primer strips with DNA bases
The enzyme Ligase joins the ends of the sections
DNA Replication: The DNA Replication: The DetailsDetails
DNA is replicated continuously in one direction and discontinuously in the other
The short strips are called Okazaki fragments
DNA Replication: The DetailsDNA Replication: The Details
Two molecules of DNA are created through replication
http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teaching/genetics/animations/dna_replication.htm
Protein synthesis:
•Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes
•Creates polymers from amino acids by dehydration synthesis
•Is directed by DNA in the nucleus
•Requires RNA – mRNA and tRNA
•Involves two main steps – Transcription and Translation
From DNA to ProteinFrom DNA to Protein
RNA StructureRNA Structure
NucleotideNucleotide Sugar – RiboseSugar – Ribose Phosphate groupPhosphate group Nitrogenous BasesNitrogenous Bases
Adenine, Guanine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Cytosine, UracilUracil
Single stranded - Single stranded - does not form a double helix
RNA StructureRNA Structure
DNADNA RNARNA
Double strandedDouble stranded
Sugar = deoxyriboseSugar = deoxyribose
Bases = A, T, C, GBases = A, T, C, G
Single strandedSingle stranded
Sugar = riboseSugar = ribose
Bases = A, Bases = A, UU, C, G, C, G(Uracil instead of (Uracil instead of
Thymine)Thymine)
Types of RNA:
1) messenger RNA (mRNA): formed during transcription transports code for protein to cytoplasm
2) transfer RNA (tRNA): carries amino acids binds to mRNA during translation, forming protein
3) ribosomal RNA (rRNA): comprised of 2 subunits holds the tRNA and mRNA during translation
RNA StructureRNA Structure
Transcription:
•Cell makes RNA code for amino acid sequences
•Occurs in nucleus
Translation:
•Cell constructs protein molecule using RNA
•Occurs in the cytoplasm
Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis
TranscriptionTranscriptionDNA mRNA
DNA Unwinds
RNA base pairs are added to one side of the DNA
Pairs: C-G T-A A-U
The new RNA strand is called messenger RNA
(mRNA)
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA Processing:RNA Processing:
DNA has spacers between its information areas
The spacers are called introns The information areas are called exons
exon exonexonintron intron
Transcription - Transcription - RNA RNA ProcessingProcessing
•RNA is capped on both ends –
(modified guanine on one end - a string of adenosines called
poly-A on the other)
•The introns are removed
•The exons are spliced together
Ready to move to the Ribosomes!
Translation Translation
mRNA has the mRNA has the coded information coded information
A sequence of A sequence of three bases three bases (codon) codes for a (codon) codes for a specific amino acidspecific amino acid
P
RA
P
RU
P
RG
P
RC
Codon
mRNA
TranslationTranslationThe codons must be translated into the
proper amino acid. (Don’t worry – they made a
chart.)
TranslationTranslation
tRNA (transfer RNA):
•amino acid carriers – brings amino acids to ribosomes one by one
•anti-codon – complementary bases on tRNA that pair to mRNA codon
The anticodon fits the codon of the mRNA
TranslationTranslation
Ribosomes are made up of one large and one small subunit
The mRNA binds where the subunits meet
Sub Units
mRNA
TranslationTranslation
tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome following the order of the codons of the mRNA
Each amino acid is added to the growing polymer by dehydration synthesis
Next amino acid
Ribosomes can form an assembly line and follow each other down the mRNA strand, starting another protein before the first one is finished.
TranslationTranslation
Strings of polypeptides come streaming out of the ribosome units
When the protein is complete, the mRNA and ribosome separate
Protein Synthesis:
Errors in decoding cause mutations that can be passed along to the next generation
A difference of one amino acid changes the shape of normal hemoglobin and causes sickle cell anemia
Translation RecapTranslation Recap
What you need to know:• Characteristics of DNA • Characteristics of RNA • Know the complementary base pairs for DNA and RNA• What is replication, when does it occur (or why is it
important)? • Be able to describe the replication process• Be able to describe the protein synthesis process.
Know the two steps and where each step takes place.• Know the difference between mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
and how each one is used in protein synthesis.