Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. This apicomplexan protozoan has been found in nearly all animals and most birds; cats are the definitive host and required for completion of the sexual cycle. Animals shed oocysts in the feces; the oocysts enter another host by way of the nose or mouth; and the parasites colonize the intestine. Toxoplasmosis also can be transmitted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat, congenital transfer, blood transfusion, or a tissue transplant. Originally toxoplasmosis gained public notice when it was discovered that in pregnant women the protozoan might also infect the fetus, causing serious congenital defects or death. Most cases of toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic. Adults usually complain of an “infectious mononucleosis-like” syndrome. In immunoincompetent or immunosuppressed individuals, it frequently results in fatal disseminated disease with a heavy cerebral involvement. Acute toxoplasmosis is usually accompanied by lymph node swelling (lymphadenopathy) with reticular cell enlargement or hyperplasia. Pulmonary necrosis, myocarditis, and hepatitis caused by tissue necrosis are common. Retinitis (inflammation of the retina of the eye) is associated with the necrosis due to the proliferation of the parasite within retinal cells. Currently toxoplasmosis has become a major cause of death in AIDS patients from a unique encephalitis with necrotizing lesions accompanied by inflammatory infiltrates. It continues to cause more than 3,000 congenital infections per year in the United States. Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is by serological tests. Epidemiologically, toxoplasmosis is ubiquitous in all higher animals. Treatment of toxoplasmosis is with a combination of pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and sulfadiazine. Prevention and control requires minimizing exposure by the following: avoiding eating raw meat and eggs, washing hands after working in the soil, cleaning cat litterboxes daily, keeping personal cats indoors if possible, and feeding them commercial food. Lansing M.Prescott.2002.Microbiology 5th.Mc Graw Hill Companies:Philadelphia. page 967 (ebook)
ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the protozoan
Toxoplasmagondii. This apicomplexan protozoan has been found in
nearly allanimals and most birds; cats are the definitive host and
required for completion of the sexual cycle. Animals shed oocysts
in thefeces; the oocysts enter another host by way of the nose or
mouth;and the parasites colonize the intestine. Toxoplasmosis also
canbe transmitted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat,
congenitaltransfer, blood transfusion, or a tissue transplant.
Originallytoxoplasmosis gained public notice when it was
discoveredthat in pregnant women the protozoan might also infect
the fetus,causing serious congenital defects or death.Most cases of
toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic. Adults usuallycomplain of an
infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome.In immunoincompetent or
immunosuppressed individuals, it frequentlyresults in fatal
disseminated disease with a heavy cerebralinvolvement.Acute
toxoplasmosis is usually accompanied by lymphnode swelling
(lymphadenopathy) with reticular cell enlargementor hyperplasia.
Pulmonary necrosis, myocarditis, and hepatitiscaused by tissue
necrosis are common. Retinitis (inflammationof the retina of the
eye) is associated with the necrosisdue to the proliferation of the
parasite within retinal cells. Currentlytoxoplasmosis has become a
major cause of death inAIDS patients from a unique encephalitis
with necrotizing lesionsaccompanied by inflammatory infiltrates. It
continues tocause more than 3,000 congenital infections per year in
theUnited States.Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is by
serologicaltests. Epidemiologically, toxoplasmosis is ubiquitous in
allhigher animals. Treatment of toxoplasmosis is with a
combinationof pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and sulfadiazine.
Preventionand control requires minimizing exposure by the
following:avoiding eating raw meat and eggs, washing hands after
workingin the soil, cleaning cat litterboxes daily, keeping
personal cats indoorsif possible, and feeding them commercial
food.
Lansing M.Prescott.2002.Microbiology 5th.Mc Graw Hill
Companies:Philadelphia. page 967 (ebook)
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