Dissertations and Theses in Japanese Language, Linguistics and Literature

Dissertations and Theses in Japanese Language, Linguistics and LiteratureAuthor(s): Frank Joseph ShulmanSource: The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Nov., 1989),pp. 191-237Published by: American Association of Teachers of JapaneseStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/489068 .

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Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese

DISSERTATIONS AND THESES IN JAPANESE LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE

Frank Joseph Shulman

This section, inaugurated with the September 1975 issue of the Journal, continued in the November 1980, April 1982, April 1984-85, November 1984-85, November 1986 and November 1987 issues, and prepared with the assistance of Carol Y. Hochstedler, represents an effort to

provide comprehensive and reliable information about recently com-

pleted doctoral dissertations and master's theses dealing with the lan-

guage, linguistics, and literature of Japan. While the majority of items listed refer to studies undertaken in the United States and other English- speaking countries, we seek to incorporate entries for the research of Eu-

ropean and Asian scholars as well. As in the case of entries appearing in Doctoral Dissertations on Asia:

An Annotated Bibliographical Journal of Current International Research (an annual publication of the Association for Asian Studies, compiled and edited by Frank Joseph Shulman), each entry provides the author's full name, the complete title and subtitle, and the university and calendar year of the completed thesis or degree. Whenever possible the pagi- nation of the thesis typescript is included. Doctoral dissertations whose summaries have appeared in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) are accompanied by the appropriate DAI volume, issue and page numbers

citing the location of the abstract as well as by the University Micro- films International (UM) order number. These theses may be purchased in microform and in xerographic form directly from University Microfilms International, P. O. Box 1764, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. (For prices, please consult the introduction to the latest issue of DAI.) For copies of dissertations and theses not available from University Microfilms International, interested readers should write directly to the libraries of the degree- awarding universities if no other address is indicated.

The present issue of the Journal contains entries in particular for doctoral dissertations completed during the 1987 and 1988 calendar years. Detailed information about earlier dissertations on Japanese language, linguistics, and literature may be found in the following works by Frank

Joseph Shulman: Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doc- toral Dissertations in Western Languages, 1877-1969 (Chicago: American

191



192 Volume 23, Number 2

Library Association, 1970); and Doctoral Dissertations on Japan and on Korea: 1969-1979; An Annotated Bibliography of Studies in Western Languages (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982).

It is our hope that this section will be an ongoing and increasingly authoritative reference source for information about research that is of special interest to readers of the Journal. To attain this objective, it is essential that students, faculty members and institutional centers take the initiative of bringing relevant work to our attention. We ask that all contributions be sent directly to: Frank Joseph Shulman, 9225 Limestone Place, College Park, MD 20740-3943 (USA).




LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS

ALAM, Yukiko Sasaki A theoretical approach to the Japanese verbal system with computa- tional implications. The University of Texas at Austin, 1986 (Ph.D). 283 p. DAI 47, no. 12 (June 1987): 4373-A; UM8705945.

This study presents a set of phrase structure rules for Japanese and an

analysis of the verbal component, both of which are intended to serve as a unified treatment of case assignment. Analyses presented here are ex-

pressed in X-bar schema as well as in the formalism of Lexical Functional Grammar.

The set of phrase structure rules is formulated on the following hypotheses: (a) Japanese phrase structure is strictly binary-branching and head-final, (b) the surface linear order of constituents is base-generated, (c) grammatical relations in Japanese are not defined configurationally, but mainly through cases, (d) Japanese differentiates between logical and constituent sentences. Logical sentences presuppose the presence of a

subject, whereas constituent sentences do not. Finally, (e) the minimal elements necessary to compose a Japanese constituent sentence are a verb, a tense marker and an element indicating the use of the sentence, whereas the minimal elements for a logical sentence are a verb and a subject.

This study also postulates a new syntactic category U(se), which stands for not only 'function words' but inflections. The postulation of this

category permits the claim that Japanese phrase structure consists of the

complement and the head at all levels, thus making it possible for the set of phrase structure rules to be compact.

Comparison is made of the present model of grammar with other hypotheses: the flat structure hypothesis, the move-alpha hypothesis and

case-linking grammar. It is also shown that the present model facilitates an attempt at an overall treatment of the causative construction which has been problematic to other analyses.

In addition, a case theory is presented which is an extension of the work by localist case theorists. Unlike those of case theorists, however, the aspect system supporting the proposed case theory is an extension of the work by Vendler. Based on this theory, lexical entries for verbs are

postulated and designed so that they, together with the proposed phrase structure rules and lexical entries for elements in the category U, make possible a unified treatment of case assignment.

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Volume 23, Number 2

ANIYA, Sosei A categorical approach to fundamental problems in Japanese syntax. University of Washington, 1987 (Ph.D). 267 p. DAI 48, no. 3 (Septem- ber 1987): 639-A; UM8713348.

In the spirit of categorical grammar theorized by Brame (1984, 1985), the author undertakes an investigation of a number of fundamental problems in Japanese syntax, including the particles ga and wa, the alleged multiple-subject construction, and the problem of jibun-interpretation. Hopefully, this investigation leads to a more realistic and natural ex-

planation than has been attained in previous analyses. The intrinsic properties of ga and wa are carefully analyzed. As a result, the former is seen as a particle with "absolute" determinative function, while the latter is viewed as a particle with "relative" determinative function. It is shown that this new point of view provides the key to the solution of the problem of alleged multiple-subject construction. Past analyses of the construction are critically evaluated and dismissed as nonviable. By presenting crucial data not discussed by Shibatani (1977), it is argued that the construction is actually a structure with only a single subject, together with one or more focused constituents. Such construction types are reexam- ined from a new perspective in connection with the intrinsic property of ga.

The last of the fundamental problems investigated centers on the in-

terpretation of jibun. This particular issue has been discussed from various angles, but no satisfactory solution has yet been found. Former analyses are critically reviewed and rejected. The shortcomings of the previous analyses are essentially attributable to their structure-dependent strat-

egy. The breakthrough turns on the rigorous identification of the lexical item jibun itself. Accordingly, a competing analysis is advanced, which

incorporates three varieties of jibun, nonreflexive lst/2nd/3rd person pronouns. This approach provides a natural solution for problems which were recognized but not explained by past analyses. It is also shown that a categorical approach permits a lexically based explanation for other

outstanding problems, including long-standing problems related to the

jibun-interpretations.

194




FUKADA, Atsushi Pragmatics and grammatical descriptions. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987 (Ph.D). 149 p. DAI 48, no. 2 (August 1987): 380-A; UM8711796.

The goal of the dissertation is to argue for the recent position that

strictly distinguishes between grammar and pragmatics and discuss its

consequences. By now it is clear that "raw" linguistic data contain many pragmatic elements, whether they are speech act properties, implica- tures, beliefs and intentions of the speech participants, or what not. In

analyzing such data linguists, in my view, are constantly faced with two

problems; one is how to distinguish pragmatic matters from purely grammatical aspects of the data, and the other is what to do with such

pragmatic elements. The second problem has to do with a proper concep- tualization of the relationship between pragmatics and grammar. In particular, linguists must have a clear conception as to what the proper domain of each field is, and what the exact nature of the mode of their interaction is. This is, in my opinion, one of the outstandingly important empirical issues in current theoretical linguistics.

The first problem concerns ways of determining, in a given situation, what is pragmatic and what is grammatical. If one decides to take the

position that denies the heterogeneous nature of raw linguistic data, this

problem will not arise at all. I will argue, however, that such a position cannot be seriously maintained.

These are the two major issues this study addresses. The arguments in the body of the thesis will take the form of analyses or reanalyses of some problematic phenomena in Japanese and English where one's position on the above issues will have a serious effect on resulting grammatical descriptions of the phenomena. Two highly controversial areas of

Japanese grammar, i.e. passives and causatives, issues concerning honorifics and politeness in general, and an analysis of the English com-

plement-taking verb have are some of the major descriptive issues taken

up in this study. In each case, it will be shown that the position being argued for can provide solutions to the controversies and/or lead to what seems to be the optimal over-all descriptions.

FUKUI, Naoki A theory of category projection and its applications. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986 (Ph.D. in Linguistics). 281 p. Order copies from the Microreproduction Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Concerned with the Japanese language.

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Volume 23, Number 2

HIRATA, Kayoko Temporal properties in Japanese. The University of Arizona, 1987 (Ph.D). 196 p. DAI 48, no. 5 (November 1987): 1189-A; UM8712880.

This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between morphological tense forms of Japanese, such as (r)u ("non-past") and ta ("past"), and their temporal interpretation. The goal of the research reported here is to establish a simple overall theory. The analysis focuses on the following sentence types: simple sentences, complex sentences (without conditional elements), conditional complex sentences and sentences with an embedded clause. We will show here a few examples of problems as to temporal interpretations.

In simple sentences, there are cases which deviate from the norm of "normal" interpretation.

In complex sentences, the antecedent clause in sentences with toki 'when' can take either (r)u or ta forms, while it cannot take the ta form when the antecedent clauses in both sentences are interpreted as non- past.

In regard to conditional complex sentences, there can be a problem in- terpreting ta, as in hypothetical sentence (1) below. The ta of the consequent clause in example (1) cannot be evaluated (interpreted) as being the same as the ta in example (2) where we have an indicative sentence.

(1) Taroo wa benkyoo shi-ta ra, shiken ni pasu shi-ta (no ni). Taro top study do-ta ra exam in pass do-ta (SFP-'wishing'). 'Had Taro studied, he should/would have passed the exam.'

(2) Taroo wa shiken ni pasu shi-ta. 'Taro passed the exam.'

In this account the morphemes (r)u and ta are associated with a single interpretation. Therefore, the difference between simple and complex are attributed to two distinct modes of composition.

In order to solve the problem of simple sentences (which deviate from the norm of "normal" interpretations), a pragmatic (contextual) approach is introduced.

In regard to conditional sentences, interpretations are classified on the basis of truth relations and temporal interpretations of antecedent and consequent. In order to treat the range of observed truth relations, a model of time and worlds is introduced.

To solve the problematic phenomena of relationships between the tense forms and their interpretations, the following method is proposed: (i) Use of a time model; (ii) Analysis of lexical properties; (iii) Sentence composition; (iv) Contextual analysis for pragmatic aspects. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

196




HORODECK, Richard Alan The role of sound in reading and writing kanji. Cornell University, 1987 (Ph.D). 252 p. DAI 48, no. 1 (July 1987): 117-A; UM8709000.

The popular perception of Chinese writing is that it is 'ideographic,' meaning that the symbols used to write Chinese (called 'kanji' in this thesis) stand for meanings, not sounds, and therefore are designed and employed in ways fundamentally different from the symbols in most other writing systems. Why this idea is popular, and whether or not it is true, are the subjects of this thesis.

The claim that kanji are 'ideographic' is tested in two ways. First, the historical development of kanji as a symbol system is examined, and it is shown that kanji, on the whole, are more a phonemic than a mor- phemic representation of language. The acts of reading and writing kanji are then examined. Kanji, it can be shown, consistently provide users with better clues to sound than meaning; 'speech recoding,' furthermore, seems to play at least some role in manipulating any type of script. The likelihood that kanji function as 'ideographs' for modern-day users is therefore small. Whether kanji actually do function as 'ideographs' is then tested empirically by examining the reading and writing habits of native speakers of Japanese.

In the writing study, analysis is made of 585 kanji errors collected from spontaneously written prose. The number of errors that are clearly meaning-based is minuscule; furthermore, sound-based errors outnumber meaning-based ones more than 20:1. These data convincingly refute the hypothesis that meanings trigger kanji when Japanese write.

In the reading study, the ability of 219 subjects to spot kanji errors embedded in 60 newspaper headlines is measured. Readers regularly fail to notice kanji whose meanings are wrong, and ignore such errors significantly more often when the sound of an error matches that of the proper kanji for the context. These data convincingly refute the hypothesis that

kanji trigger only meanings when Japanese read. The results of these studies are shown to have significance for lin-

guists involved in language teaching, orthography design, and cognitive theories of reading and writing.

IMAMURA, Atsuko Address and reference in rural Japan: Dynamics of social interaction. (See Cultural Anthropology)

197



Volume 23, Number 2

KAWASHIMA, Michiko The development of Japanese connectives of sequence and simulta- neity. University of Alberta (Canada), 1987 (Ph.D). DAI 48, no. 5 (November 1987): 1191-A.

The present study was an attempt to clarify the question of what are the most relevant factors determining the development of Japanese temporal connectives.

Three hypotheses were formulated. Hypothesis 1 tested whether the developmental order of temporal notions can predict the development of Japanese temporal connectives. Hypothesis 2 tested the role of local cues as proposed in Slobin (1982), who argued that certain structures can function as local cues and facilitate the child's acquisition of language. The role of local cues was investigated to provide further evidence to clarify the process of language acquisition from cross-linguistic data. In the present study, the local cue under consideration is grammatical aspect expressed by the V-ru/-ta form in temporal clauses. Hypothesis 3 investigated the effects of task differences reported in the developmental literature of temporal connectives: a better comprehension of connectives in a meaningful condition than in an experimental condition.

The present study adopted two kinds of comprehension tasks: a story comprehension and an act-out task. Ninety-six children, equally divided into the three age groups of 3, 4 and 5 were examined. In addition, ten children each from grades 5 and 6 and ten adults participated in the ex- periments.

The results did not support Hypothesis 1. It was speculated that factors other than conceptual notions are operative in the acquisition of temporal clauses. Hypothesis 2 was supported by the results of ato 'after' clauses, where the V-ta form serves as a local cue into ato clauses, but the V-ru form does not serve such a function in mae 'before' clauses. The results also demonstrated clear task differences. The story tasks generally seem to have succeeded in eliciting unbiased responses when compared with those of the act-out tasks. Thus, the results corroborated Hypothe- sis 3.

The results with grade 5 and 6 children have shown that older children still have problems with a complete understanding of the aspectual system. Aspect may facilitate the processing of sentences such as ato sentences. It was suggested that further studies are needed in order to determine under which conditions grammatical devices such as aspect act as local cues.

198




LARSON, Ben E. An investigation of grammatical differences in writing as found in

Japanese and American professional letters. Northern Illinois Uni-

versity, 1987 (Ph.D). 331 p. DAI 48, no. 10 (April 1988): 2616-A; UM8729548.

This study tried to investigate what differences, if any, exist between American and Japanese professional writing and to see whether or not these affect American and Asian judges' perception of politeness and directness.

Two initial pilot studies were performed rating international rejec- tion letters using (1) 10 native English speaking university instructors and (2) 11 Southeast Asian students here at Northern Illinois University; results showed a clearly defined inverse relationship between politeness and directness.

The main corpus of 44 letters-16 American, 15 Japanese written in

English, and 13 Japanese but professionaly translated-were then rated for politeness and directness by an American and a Southeast Asian group of judges.

Pearson was used for correlation between politeness and directness for the two groups. This same procedure was used for the reject letters and the general letters, too. To ensure that groups were similar, Kruskal- Wallis One-Way ANOVA was used. ANOVA was then used to see whether Western and Asian judges perceived any difference between the three letter groups. Results overall showed an inverse relationship between the two variables for the Asian group while there was a positive correlation between the two for the Western judges.

From each of the two groups' separate original selections, several

categories were obtained: Polite High versus Polite Low; Direct High versus Direct Low; American Rejects versus American General; Japanese- English Rejects versus Japanese-English General; and Polite High and Low for each of the three groups of letters. Several linguistic features were then tested for each of the above groups using Mann-Whitney U Test and Chi Square for the subjective measures.

Results indicated features such as T-Unit length, adjectives, etc., did not seem to affect politeness, whereas pronouns, negations, arrangement, and types of verbs tended to affect judges' perception of politeness, especially Asian ones. Overall, this latter group tended to be much more sen- sitive to politeness than its Western counterpart.

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Volume 23, Number 2

MASUNAGA, Kiyoko Non-thematic positions and discourse anaphora. Harvard Univer- sity, 1987 (Ph.D). 166 p. DAI 48, no. 11 (May 1988): 2861-A; UM- 8800818.

The thesis explores certain discourse relations in natural language. Using Functional Theory notions such as "topic" and "focus," "shared information," etc., and the Government and Binding theory of sentence

grammar, I provide an account of data drawn from Japanese and English. I argue that referential indexes provide the link between expressions in natural language and a non-linguistic cognitive faculty-the registry of referents. The registry may be subdivided in two ways. Pronouns (including demonstratives) and preposed elements in Japanese must refer to entries in the "temporary registry." Only referents which have been mentioned in previous discourse are in the temporary registry. Topics, articles, Case-deletion in Japanese and Yiddish Movement in English all refer to a different subset of registry entries. This subdivision of the registry picks out those referents which the speaker assumes to be "shared information" among the participants in the speech act.

The thesis also provides an explicit account of the notion'"topic." I argue that topics organize sentences in larger units-"conversations." Fur- thermore, the "event" arguments of action verbs, etc., can be topics and this fact provides an account of "neutral description" constructions in Japanese. I suggest that all sentences in Japanese have topics and that the Japanese topic and the English (surface) subject appear in parallel configurations.

The notions "focus" and "defocus" are crucial in the account of Japa- nese demonstrative and Case-deletion and "focus" is also pertinent in

English constructions. Regardless of the direction of theta-role and Case assignment, in

various languages, overt movement is generally to the left. I argue that this generalization follows from the assumption that natural language processing proceeds from left to right.

The thesis uses a current theory of sentence grammar to explore the interaction between the linguistic faculty and other cognitive mecha- nisms. In this way it tries to provide a (partial) response to the question, "How is knowledge of language put to use?"

200




NISHIKAWA, Makoto Japanese lexical phonology and morphology. University of Southern California, 1987 (Ph.D). DAI 48, no. 7 (January 1988): 1754-A. Copies available exclusively from the Micrographics Department, Doheny Library, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0182.

This study presents a formal account of the major morphologically constrained phonological phenomena in Japanese. Much of the discussion concerns noun morphology in Japanese, which receives its first extensive coverage within the framework of Lexical Phonology in this work. It is argued that Japanese morphology requires stratum ordering, and that within Japanese phonology, both tonal and segmental phenomena including High Vowel Deletion, Assimilation, Sequential Voicing, e-Lowering and g-nasalization, correspond to the stratum ordering motivated by the

morphology. It is demonstrated that Lexical Phonology provides a constrained

theory that closely fits the complex facts in Japanese, by showing how

every principle of the theory plays a role in accounting for the Japanese data: the opacity principle, the strict cycle condition, structure-preser- vation and underspecification. As for the domain assignment of rule application, Japanese phonology provides data in favor of the principle of Domain Assignment and the Continuous Stratum Hypothesis proposed by Mohanan and Mohanan (1984), and Mohanan (1982), respectively. A case is also considered where phonological domains are not isomorphic with

morphological domains but require an independent prosodic hierarchy for certain prefixes in Japanese.

It is shown that certain postlexical phonological processes such as Nasal Syllabicization and creation of a prosodic hierarchy need to have access to the hierarchical syntactic bracketing. Based on the discussion of the phenomena of a postlexical implementational rule, High Vowel De-

voicing, and the subsequent accent shift, I argue for the plausibility of Pierrehumbert and Beckman's (1986) treatment of the surface tonal

phonology of Japanese. I also point out the need for some modification of their account, specifically, the L tone following the accented H needs to be associated before postlexical implicational rule application.

Finally, I discuss the level of lexical representation as the intermediate level of representation between the underlying representation and the phonetic representation. I examine several phenomena in Japanese such as the effect of pauses on phonological rules, secret code language, and the orthographic system. Evidence from Japanese supports the im-

portance of the level of lexical representation.

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Volume 23, Number 2

OTAKE, Takashi The temporal organization of Japanese and its acquisition by English speakers. The University of Texas at Austin, 1987 (Ph.D). 162 p. DAI 48, no. 10 (April 1988): 2617-A; UM8728625.

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the temporal organization of Japanese with reference to the mora hypothesis and its acquisition by non-native speakers. It has been claimed that the temporal organization of Japanese is closely related to mora timing. In an attempt to

verify this claim, two kinds of the mora hypothesis have been proposed: (1) a strict version of the mora hypothesis and (2) a weak version of the mora hypothesis. A strict version of the mora hypothesis is a claim that the duration of mora units-(1) a moraic vowel, (2) a CV mora, (3) a moraic first part of a long consonant, and (4) a moraic nasal-are regu- lated so as to become a constant duration. A weak version of the mora hypothesis is a claim that there is a tendency for a syllable duration to move in the direction of equalization of moras. A number of pieces of ex-

perimental evidence have been reported by investigators. However, most evidence reported thus far consists of durational phenomena that have only been investigated in Japanese, and it has not been examined whether they are exclusively observable in Japanese. If the temporal organization of Japanese is truly governed by the mora hypothesis, how can the temporal organization of Japanese produced by non-native speakers be characterized? In order to examine the temporal organization of Japa- nese further, the durational patterns of Japanese produced by native speakers and non-native speakers learning Japanese were compared. We first examined whether the durational phenomena cited as evidence for the strict version of the mora hypothesis could be observed in the temporal organization of Japanese produced by English speakers learning Japa- nese. Then, we examined whether a small lengthening effect of pitch accent, which has been reported as evidence for the weak version of the mora hypothesis, could be observed in the temporal organization of Japa- nese produced by English speakers learning Japanese. The results indicated that the temporal organization of Japanese produced by native speakers and non-native speakers was nearly the same. These results led us to conclude that the temporal organization of Japanese may have

nothing to do with mora timing.

202




QUINN, Charles Joseph, Jr. A functional grammar of predication in classical Japanese. The Uni- versity of Michigan, 1987 (Ph.D). 1125 p. DAI 48, no. 6 (December 1987): 1449-A; UM8720329.

Like other structuralist grammars, the traditional codification developed for classical Japanese limits the scope of its analysis to the sentence, and does not lend itself very well to the study of text, or language- in-use. Western analyses of this language are also sentence-oriented, and similarly ill suited to such a task. In order to describe the grammatical side of how a Heian or Nara period text coheres, or induces interpretation as an integrated whole, traditional categories must either be rede- fined or replaced by more flexible perspectives, which take the dynamic nature of discourse into account.

This dissertation takes the predicate in classical Japanese as the minimal grammatical device for the linguistic staging of experience. It correlates the structural parameters of predication-lexical, derivational, inflectional and syntactic-on a single continuum, by explaining these structures as analogues of certain rhetorical "moves" made in the creation of text, or discourse. A number of traditional categories are func- tionally reinterpreted, while others are replaced. Language is viewed as discursive activity, and grammar as a precipitate or distillate of this activity over time. The metaphorical provenance of several syntactic and

morphological devices is examined, and both the stable and the slippery sides of grammatical meaning are shown to follow from a text's simul-

taneously relating to different contexts: interpersonal, ideational and textual.

Derivational operators (jodooshi) and inflections (katsuyoo-kei) are

explained as grammatical reflexes of the act of relating to such contexts. The classical predicate is interpreted as an iconically structured compos- ite of interpersonal, propositional and textual meaning, in which the

layering of different operators mimics the structure of the speech act. Elsewhere, the figure of kakari-musubi is explained as a device for

shifting the focus of a message forward, to its Theme. The clause is ex-

plained as a text in microcosm, a device evolved in the discursive practice of presenting new information against a background of the known.

A better understanding of how information is structured as text in this

language should make us more perceptive readers of the literary works of Nara and Heian Japan.

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Volume 23, Number 2

RICENTO, Thomas Kenneth Aspects of coherence in English and Japanese expository prose. Uni- versity of California, Los Angeles, 1987 (Ph.D). 218 p. DAI 48, no. 7 (January 1988): 1754-A; UM8723190.

The primary goals of this dissertation are to compare certain structural aspects of comparable English and Japanese expository texts which are thought to be coherence markers, and to ascertain the degree to which native speakers of both languages are able to access appropriate formal schemata in reordering scrambled paragraphs of these texts.

The data consist of ten Japanese texts and the English translations of these same texts, and five English texts. The coherence features measured or described are: thematic continuity, paragraph linking, rhetorical patterns, literary conventions, reader/writer responsibility, and cultural values/attitudes. In the experimental portion of the study, 30 bilingual native Japanese speakers and 23 monolingual native English speakers ordered the scrambled paragraphs of the texts and also provided titles and summaries. Rank order correlations (rho) and interrater reliability scores (r) were calculated, and between group comparisons of means were made.

Analysis of the texts revealed cross-linguistic similarities in the relative frequency of cohesion (lexical, referential, conjunctive) markers, and differences in the relative use of paragraph linking devices, transi- tion statements, and topical focus markers. Differences were noted in the relative use of various rhetorical types (Meyer, 1985); certain rhetorical patterns were identified which are particular to Japanese, and other patterns were identified which occur in both languages.

Results from the paragraph re-ordering experiment provide evidence that certain rhetorical patterns are familiar to both native English speakers and native Japanese speakers, while other patterns are familiar only to native Japanese speakers. It was also found that bilingual native Japanese speakers apparently access formal schemata appropriate for English expository prose when reading English translations of Japa- nese texts.

Analysis of titles and summaries provided by consultants revealed no correlation between consultants' ability to correctly re-order the scrambled paragraphs and their understanding of the main point of the text.

204




RI'l-'EKSHOFER, John S. The nominal reference system in the interlanguage of Japanese students writing in English. Columbia University Teachers College, 1987 (Ed.D). 272 p. DAI 48, no. 1 (July 1987): 119-A; UM8710151.

This study asks: What are the characteristics of the Nominal Refer- ence System in the interlanguage of high intermediate to low-advanced level Japanese students writing in English? Is there a spectrum of devel-

opment from use of Native Language-oriented structures and rhetorical devices to those shown in writing more strongly influenced by Target Lan-

guage usage? Is there use of the traditional Japanese narrative form (ki- sho-ten-ketsu) in the text? What effect do factors such as discourse code (restricted or elaborated) and socio-cultural input have on the NRS

system? A contrastive analysis of the Japanese and English nominal reference

systems reveals that strong use of numeratives, demonstratives and noun

phrase repetition is characteristic of NL-oriented texts. As Japanese lacks articles and uses pronominals much less than English, a large out-

put of these items marks a text as TL-oriented. The study gives an Error Analysis of 72 TOEFL compositions written

in Tokyo with a picture cue, directions in Japanese, and a ten-minute time limit. The nature of the test predisposes students to adopt a narrative mode in telling what they see, which to a very large degree relies on a traditional turn-taking story-telling style, ki-sho-ten-ketsu.

Quantitative counts of NRS items show that there is a developmental movement from NL to TL texts. The analysis of individual texts shows certain NRS governing tendencies; ultimately each text remains

unique. By viewing the entire corpus, we can see patterns of production and error, or infelicitous use, which place texts at points along the inter-

language spectrum. The study notes that there is a tendency for NL or TL nominal refer-

ence items to complement one another, both quantitatively and qualita- tively, and that the output and distribution of these items is of concern as much for discourse form as it is for grammar.

The conclusion reached is that an examination of IL writing can shed

light on the organization and meaning of given texts if it looks at both the nominal reference system and the rhetorical structure used.

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Volume 23, Number 2

SAIKI, Mariko Grammatical functions in the syntax of Japanese nominals. Stanford University, 1987 (Ph.D). 323 p. DAI 48, no. 7 (January 1988): 1755-A; UM8723079.

It has been argued that pairs of English words like marry and marriage are systematically related in that they subcategorize for a common array of thematic roles. They have been thought to differ, though, in as much as the deverbal nominal-e.g. marriage above-does not employ the same set of grammatical functions in its syntactic realization as the corresponding verbal form-e.g. marry. This position is referred to as the Thematic Constancy Hypothesis. While the arguments in favor of the above assumptions for English seem sound, this dissertation maintains that in Japanese pairs of verbal forms and corresponding deverbal nominals subcategorize not only for the same set of thematic roles but also for identical arrays of grammatical functions. This notion shall be known as the Functional Constancy Hypothesis.

The formalism used to express the generalizations above is Lexical Functional Grammar. First some basic characteristics of Japanese deverbal nominals are set out. Then arguments are presented in support of the Functional Constancy Hypothesis for Japanese: these are based on major phenomena in Japanese syntax, such as zibun anaphora, the double object constraint, subject to object raising, subject and non-subject honorification, relativization, and tough movement. Some conjectures of a typological nature are advanced.

SNYDER, Wendy Karen Grammatical and processing factors in the first language acquisition of complex structures in Japanese. Cornell University, 1987 (Ph.D). 448 p. DAI 48, no. 4 (October 1987): 917-A; UM8708879.

This thesis examines the relation of Japanese first language acquisition to issues in Japanese linguistics and general linguistic theory. It addresses the parameter of configurationality, arguing that Japanese evi- dences abstract hierarchical configuration even though it also exhibits several non-configurational surface properties such as productive, wide-

ranging null anaphora and free word order. In particular, the thesis con- siders the consequences of this combination of configurational and non- configurational properties for surface processing strategies in Japanese. It tests Japanese acquisition for evidence of the role of such strategies.

In the first part of the thesis three types of Japanese complex structures with embedded relative, kara ('because'), and -te ('. . . ing,' 'having

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.. ed') clauses are studied. While certain Japanese non-configurational properties such as null anaphora allow these three structures to resemble one another on the surface, linguistic analysis shows that they differ critically in terms of abstract configuration and anaphora. Specifically, only the relative clause structure constitutes S under NP embedding, kara clauses are Chomsky-adjoined outside the matrix S, and -te clauses are embedded directly under the VP within the matrix S in their most basic form. While gaps are bound in relative clause structures, they are free in kara structures and often controlled in te structures.

The second part of the thesis presents an acquisition experiment (elicited imitation) in which 40 Japanese children aged 3;6 to 4;5 are tested on structures with embedded relative, kara, and -te clauses that maximally resemble one another on the surface. Results show that in spite of surface similarities, young children differentiate these three types of structures in terms of grammatical factors, in particular anaphora, in accord with the linguistic analysis of relative, kara, and te clause structures consistent with current linguistic theory which proposes that all languages are configurational to some degree. A center-embedding effect is found only for kara structures, suggesting that this effect, previously claimed to result from surface processing strategies and to heavily characterize Japanese first language acquisition, is modulated by configuration.

The results show a sensitivity in first language acquisition to abstract configuration and not exclusively to surface processing strategies alone.

SOKOLIK, Margaret Eileen A cross-linguistic analysis of foreigner talk syntax: English, Japa- nese, and Spanish. University of California, Los Angeles, 1987 (Ph.D). 258 p. DAI 48, no. 6 (December 1987): 1450-A; UM8721059.

This research looks at the relationship between a simplified register of speech known as foreigner talk, and principles of Universal Grammar. Its primary focus is the characterization of Core and Peripheral Gram- mars and how they relate to notions of simplification in human language. The hypothesis was that cross-linguistic strategies of simplification would be related to a theory of core grammar.

Foreigner talk samples were elicited from eighteen subjects, six Eng- lish, six Japanese, and six Spanish speakers, using a set of 21 sentences, ten used in a 1975 experiment by Charles Ferguson, and 11 additional ones created to elicit additional information on certain grammatical features.

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Data were compared on several syntactic features: use of copula, pronouns, main verbs, determiners, and prepositions.

It was found that certain differences in grammatical strategies ex- isted between the languages; however these were clearly related to differences in the core grammars of English, Japanese, and Spanish. Fur- thermore, it was found that while the foreigner talk forms elicited in this study obeyed core rules of the languages involved, these forms could be further mitigated by cultural or cognitive constraints.

STANLAW, James Michael Color, culture, and contact: English loanwords and problems of color nomenclature in modem Japanese. (See Cultural Anthropology).

STERNBERG, Martin Leo Altar The making of a sign language dictionary. New York University, 1986 (Ed.D). 157 p. DAI 47, no. 12 (June 1987): 4361-A; UM8706346.

American Sign Language (ASL) has in the last two decades seen a veritable explosion of research and growth. With all this burgeoning ac-

tivity today, there has been a pressing need for a comprehensive dictionary of ASL.

This dissertation describes the investigator's work on such a dictionary, the first such effort, complete with cross-references, alternate signs for identical semantic units, verbal descriptions of the signs, and paren- thetical information designed as aids in learning the signs.

The main contribution to scholarship of this project is its comprehen- siveness. Signs are presented in standard (citation) and variant forms, and are identified by a numbering system as used in traditional diction- aries. Special-vocabulary signs are included for colloquial and slang ex-

pressions, ecclesiastic terms, and vulgarisms. The Dictionary includes some 5400 discrete entries, with over 8000

line drawings as illustrations. It is over 1200 pages in length and contains an appendix with seven foreign-language indexes, in French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. This is designed to make the Dictionary useful to deaf and hearing persons from other countries. A 1300-item bibliography on sign language is included.

The dissertation offers a historical overview of early sign language development, describes notation systems used for sign language dictionar- ies, and gives a detailed account of the development of the Dictionary, including selection and validation of entries. The dissertation discusses the Dictionary's potential value, not only as a standard reference on

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American Sign Language, but also as a research tool for linguists and other scholars of language and anthropology.

TSUKUMA, Yoshimasa The interaction between word and sentence prosody: Acoustic and perceptual studies in Chinese, Japanese and English. University of Essex (United Kingdon), 1985 (Ph.D). 449 p. DAI 47, no. 3 (Fall 1986): 561- C; Copies available through the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Yorkshire, accession no. D65523/86 (BLLO F).

Word prosody has been examined from many different points of view in a number of studies. In spite of work devoted to the understanding of the phonetic aspects of word prosody, its description remains far from complete. This study investigates the acoustic correlates of word prosody in Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin), Japanese and English in relation to various sentence contexts.

Prosody here refers to the use of pitch, intensity and temporal features to convey linguistic information where the latter includes both meaning and the distinctive nuance that characterizes each individual language.

In chapter 1, fO control, said to be the most reliable acoustic and perceptual cue for word prosody, is reviewed in terms of physiological studies.

In chapter 2, the traditional phonological description of word prosody is assessed.

In chapters 3 and 4, acoustic characteristics of word and sentence prosody are reviewed in each language, and their interaction considered.

In chapters 5 and 6, the main body of acoustic experimentation is introduced in each language and the statistical results derived from this work are presented. Results show that the acoustic parameters investi-

gated in each language are each characteristic in a language-specific manner.

In chapter 7, since acoustic differences are not necessarily perceptible to a native speaker, a perceptual study is carried out. This reveals that the stronger the influence of sentence intonation the greater the confusion created.

In chapter 8, the latest theory for cognitive phonetics is presented as a possible explanation of the unique acoustic and perceptual behavior of individual languages, partially supported by the present experimentation.

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Chapter 9 summarizes the results discussed and presents the general conclusions of the study. The conclusions of this study are that, as revealed by the coefficient of variation, in each language acoustic parameters for word prosody are exclusive and moreover, their resistance to the abrasive influence of sentence prosody is individually tuned to the forces they each face. This is the very basis of cognitive phonetics.

VATIKIOTIS-BATESON, Eric Allen Linguistic structure and articulatory dynamics: A cross-language study. Indiana University, 1987 (Ph.D). 250 p. DAI 48, no. 5 (November 1987): 1194-A; UM8717819.

This thesis investigates the possibility that there are universal constraints on the form of speech articulator motion, which may be characterized in terms of an abstract second-order dynamic system whose underlying parameters are inferred from easily observed kinematic variables and their interrelation.

Using reiterant speech, speakers of English, Japanese and French- languages putatively quite different in their temporal organization- produced prosodically and rhythmically intact utterances at two speaking rates. Kinematic analysis of the lower-lip/jaw motion associated with these utterances showed that speakers of all three languages are similar in their overall movement behavior as well as in the way they instantiate language-specific differences in stress, pitch-accent, and speaking rate articulatorily. In all cases, the observed motion can be eco- nomically accounted for through differential settings of two interred dynamic parameters-stiffness and equilibrium position. Kinematic differences between languages are seen primarily in absolute speaking rate differences and in concomitant effects on temporal variability which may be related to language-specific constraints on syllable structure and temporal organization.

The results of this study provide an empirically derived, abstract account of the way that language-specific differences in temporal organization and prosodic structure arise through the appropriate modification of universal parameters of stiffness and equilibrium position. It is suggested that such an account might be useful in empirically substantiating theoretical constructs in current theories of phonology.

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WEHMEYER, Ann Kathryn Variation in a Japanese dialect: A study of verbal morphology. The University of Michigan, 1987 (Ph.D). 217 p. DAI 48, no. 6 (December 1987): 1450-A; UM8720358.

This dissertation is a comparative study of the verbal system of the dialect of Funo village, Hiroshima Prefecture. Attention is focused on the categories of the verbal system which differ semantically and/or for- mally from Standard Japanese, and which display some type of formal variation. The data for the Funo dialect represent twenty-two speakers and consist of conversations recorded in the village and later transcribed.

The first chapter gives a brief history of standard language versus dialects of Japanese. The second chapter discusses the socio-cultural background of Funo and presents a brief outline of the Funo dialect. The third chapter has two sections: the first is a discussion of the differential distribution of da and zya in the copular paradigm, and the second is a comparative analysis of the semantics of the aspectual markers -yoru and -toru. The fourth chapter deals with three features: (1) the reporta- tives -gena and -zyato, the evidentials -gena, mitayoona, -mitaina, and -yoona, (2) the two potential constructions -(r)areru/-eru and yoo Verb, and (3) the six different negative gerund constructions (including -(a)Nkooni). The fifth chapter gives a brief discussion of the social un- derpinnings of honorific systems in Japanese, and describes the honorifics system of Standard Japanese as a preface to a comparative historical analysis of the honorifics system (which includes -nasaru, Nsaru, -(r)areru, and Verb -te zya) of the Funo dialect. The concluding remarks summarize the results of the investigation and indicate those areas where dialect data may provide evidence for arguments used in the lin-

guistic analysis of Standard Japanese. The appendices contain data on the phonetics and the lexicon, maps

of national dialect distribution, and selected texts from the transcribed conversations.

WHITE, Philip Andrew An integration of social and linguistic information in second language acquisition: A case study of English and Japanese conversation. The University of Texas at Austin, 1981 (Ph.D). 193 p. DAI 48, no. 8 (February 1988): 2055-A; UM8717584.

This research is a case study of Japanese and English conversational turn-taking and turn allocation from the viewpoint of a Japanese speaker acquiring English as a second language. The study reviews the literature

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of sociolinguistics and second language acquisition to determine the nature of social information required by an adult for second language acquisition. This review shows that cultural information is as important to the acquisition of a second language as is linguistic information. Yet, social information is neglected in the writings of those who have re- searched second language acquisition in the past. Ethnomethodology in

general and conversational analysis in particular are proposed as the most relevant disciplines for integrating social and linguistic information in second language acquisition.

The two major methods currently in use for second language acquisition, the audio-lingual and cognitive code-learning methods, are reviewed to determine if either reflects the findings of the research reviewed. The conclusion is that neither method integrates social information with linguistic information. Further, the two methods are shown to be two different versions of a single method of acquiring grammatical information. Suggestions are made as to how the two versions might be combined into a single method.

Data obtained from recorded conversations of Japanese native speakers show that the structure of turn-taking and turn allocation is the same in Japanese and English conversation. However, cultural differences such as group identity, dependency, and the use of different techniques to take and allocate turns in conversation prevent the Japanese from holding a meaningful conversation in English. These differences serve as a barrier to the Japanese speaker engaged in English conversation. Grammatical information about the language cannot by itself prevent the Japanese from failing to hold an understandable conversation in English.

Implications of the study for the student, teacher, materials, and research; and suggested exercises to impart knowledge of English conversational practice form the conclusion of the paper.

ARAI, Masae Configurationality in Japanese syntax. McGill University, 1984 (M.A. thesis). 109 p. Order copies from the Canadian Theses on Microfiche Service, National Library of Canada, Ottawa K1A 0N4; available only in microfiche format, ISBN no. 0-315-27289-9.

NGAN, Pearl An introduction to joseigo: The origins and characteristics of women's language in Japan. University of Canterbury [Department of Japa- nese], 1982 (M.A. thesis). i, 52 p. For copies, write to the Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.

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ROSS, Martin John Elroy Japanese lexical phonology and morphology. University of British Columbia, 1985 (M.A. thesis). 85 p. Order copies from the Canadian Theses on Microfiche Service, ISBN 0-315-25913-2.

SUZUKI, Yoshiko The acquisition of Japanese pronouns. University of Calgary, 1985 (M.A. thesis). 122 p. Order copies from the Canadian Theses on Microfiche Service, fiche no. 22075.

YASUTAKE, Yoko English and Japanese word associations and syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift of Japanese children learning English as a second language. University of British Columbia, 1985 (M.A. thesis). 226 p. Order copies from the Canadian Theses on Microfiche Service. ISBN 0-315-26050-5.

LANGUAGE, EDUCATION

HENRICHSEN, Lynn Earl Diffusion of innovations in English language teaching: The English Language Exploratory Committee's promotion of C. C. Fries' Oral Approach in Japan, 1956-1968. University of Hawaii, 1987 (Ph.D). 409 p. DAI 48, no. 10 (April 1988): 2596-A; UM8729420.

The major purpose of this study is to reveal and illustrate the chal- lenges inherent in the process of creating cross-cultural, directed contact change in educational institutions and practices.

It rests on the thesis that creating an innovation is not sufficient to bring about change. Successful, directed contact change requires both a careful analysis of the target setting, which takes into account the potential barriers to change, and an appropriate implementation strategy to overcome them.

To reveal and illustrate these points, a historical case-study approach is employed. The particular case studied is the attempt by the Rockefeller-funded English Language Exploratory Committee (ELEC) to reform English language teaching (ELT) in Japan by promoting Charles C. Fries' Oral Approach.

In addition to published accounts, sources of data include interviews (in Japan and the U.S.A.), Fries' correspondence about his work in Japan, and Rockefeller Foundation documents regarding ELEC. In keeping with

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the nature of this data and the study itself, a qualitative analysis is employed.

Chapter one explains the nature of this study and the rationale behind it. Despite the large number of attempts to reform ELT, few studies have investigated this subject and none dealing with the diffusion of ELT innovations in Japan have been reported.

Chapter two provides background and a chronological overview of the ELEC effort in Japan, from the early exploratory phase until the time Rockefeller support was "phased out."

In order to arrive at conclusions which can make the ELEC story truly useful, however, it is necessary to analyze the ELEC experience. Chapter three develops the "hybrid" model/framework used to conduct this analysis.

Since the first major element in the analytical model is antecedents, chapter four discusses the historical development of various characteristics of the Japanese ELT system.

Chapter five uses the "hybrid" model to analyze the ELEC effort to reform Japanese ELT, noting both facilitating and inhibiting factors.

The final chapter draws conclusions regarding the reform of Japanese ELT and the usefulness of the perspective and model used in this study. It also notes this study's limitations and makes recommendations-for both researchers and would-be reformers.

KAGA, Mariko An investigation of dictation as a measure of Japanese proficiency. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987 (Ph.D). 192 p. DAI 48, no. 7 (January 1988): 1681-A; UM8721669.

Problem. A number of studies of language proficiency have been conducted in the field of second language teaching of English and other Eu-

ropean languages. Many of these studies have found dictation and cloze tests to be highly reliable and valid test methods. Charles Stansfield found in his study in 1977, however, that dictation is only moderately valid when Spanish is used because of its nearly one-to-one correspondence between spelling and pronunciation.

Graduated dictation tests in which the test text is presented gradually from a very short segment, e.g., one word, to a comparatively long segment, e.g., 22 words, were developed by Lin and Cziko as modified dictation. In their separate studies conducted in 1981, Lin and Cziko both found that this method (including the copytest which presents the test text visually instead of auditorily) was highly valid when English was used.

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The author of the current study hypothesized that the graduated dictation test and the copytest would be valid test methods for Japanese whose orthography and pronunciation are closely related as in Spanish.

Procedure. The experiment was conducted during the fall semester of 1985 at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Seventy-eight subjects were randomly selected from students in the beginning, intermediate, and advanced Japanese classes, students who had taken advanced Japanese previously, and native speakers of Japanese. The subjects were divided into four groups, and each group took graduated dictation tests and copytests prepared by the author. They also took the Educational Testing Service (ETS) Japanese Proficiency Test, which consisted of listening and reading comprehension tests, and an oral interview test based on the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) oral proficiency test.

Conclusion. The scores on the graduated dictation tests and the copytests were correlated with those of the other tests. It was found that both the graduated dictation test and the copytest were highly reliable and valid methods of testing Japanese proficiency. Two scoring methods, the exact- and the acceptable-scoring methods, and two scoring units, the word-by-word and chunk scoring units, were seen to be highly valid.

OTAKE, Yasuko Japanese word processing as an instructional activity for university students learning Japanese as a foreign language. The University of Texas at Austin, 1987 (Ph.D). 247 p. DAI 48, no. 10 (April 1988): 2564- A; UM8728626.

This study evaluated a Japanese word processing program, EgWord, used as an instructional tool for university students learning Japanese as a

foreign language. This research sought to identify strengths and weak- nesses of this word processing program for the recognition, reproduction, and retention of those Chinese characters known as kanji.

A non-equivalent control-group design was employed in this study. The subjects were 28 students enrolled in two second year Japanese courses at the University of Texas at Austin. Before the eight 30 minute treatment sessions started, all subjects completed the three pre-treatment tests

(pencil and paper) to measure their knowledge of kanji. After a five week treatment period, each subject underwent four tasks three times in two months to measure their working knowledge of kanji: (a) listening comprehension tests, (b) translation tests, (c) reading comprehension tests, and (d) essay writing. A control group (C) and an experimental group (E2) were given these tasks with pencil and paper in class. The

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other experimental group (El) used a Macintosh and EgWord in a com- puter lab to take these tests. Two other post-treatment tests (pencil and paper) were given to all subjects to measure their reproduction and reproductive retention of kanji.

Hypotheses regarding no differences between the groups in relation to the reproduction and reproductive retention of kanji were confirmed by pre-treatment and post-treatment measures. With regard to learner's ability to use kanji in taking tests, three measures achieved the level of significance favoring El over E2, whereas one measure significantly fa- vored C over E2. In relation to learners' ability to use kanji in writing an essay, only one measure supported the superiority of the El group. The two other measures supported the null hypothesis.

The results of this study provided a new data base for Japanese word processing use in class for learning kanji. Although the data revealed students very much liked the use of this Japanese word processing program, the limited success suggested the need for further research, perhaps using the technique in other, more innovative ways.

POWER, Michael Anthony Culture-specific typicality judgments and assessment of foreign language acquisition. University of Hawaii, 1987 (Ph.D). 171 p. DAI 48, no. 10 (April 1988): 2585-A; UM8729423.

There have been consistent findings in first language research that category exemplars which are seen as more typical-better examples of a

category-play a special role in language development and use. The present research was undertaken to extend these findings to foreign language learning. Two main questions were addressed. (1) Does the typicality model of categories also apply to a non-western culture? (2) Are the results of English as a foreign language (EFL) proficiency assessment influenced by the typicality (as perceived by the members of the testees' culture) of the category examples used in the assessment instruments?

A category elicitation task and a typicality rating task were admin- istered to Japanese elementary school children in Japan. The children found the tasks meaningful, and there was consistency among their responses on both tasks, supporting the notion that the typicality dimen- sion of the category model may be universal.

Subsequently, a test of English proficiency was constructed using items containing category members judged either typical or atypical by the elementary school children. As anticipated, Japanese high school students performed significantly better on the items containing the typi-

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cal exemplars. However, the mean difference between the item types was small.

An additional study was conducted to investigate the possibility that differences in typicality perceptions between the elementary and the high school students could have influenced the magnitude of the typicality effect. Upon comparison of the typicality judgments of both groups, it was found that although the relative rankings of category exemplars were closely related across the age groups, in general the older students saw all the exemplars as more typical. It is proposed therefore that the typicality effect would be even stronger at lower grades.

Based on the results of these studies, it is suggested that inclusion in

foreign language materials of typical category exemplars would be facil- itative of not only more accurate assessment, but perhaps also of initial

acquisition of the language. Further, it is proposed that future investigations into the role of typicality be expanded to include a wide range of

aspects of foreign language acquisition and use.

TAKAHASHI, Yoshiko Language universals and transfer effects: Acquisition of English vowel durations by Japanese learners. Stanford University, 1987 (Ph.D). 172 p. DAI 48, no. 11 (May 1988): 2826-A; UM8801045.

A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate whether adult

Japanese speakers living in an English-speaking environment would ac-

quire, over time and without explicit instruction, an important phonetic rule of English-the vowel duration contrast before voiced and voiceless obstruents in word final position. The subjects were nine Japanese gradu- ate students at Stanford University. Speech data were collected at five two-month intervals over a period of ten months.

Although this vowel duration contrast has been identified as an important perceptual cue for recognizing the voicing of word final conso- nants in English (Denes, 1955; Port, 1980; and others), the study revealed that despite daily use of English the nine subjects did not acquire the contrast.

An acoustic analysis of the subjects' speech data showed a complex of L1 (first language) transfer and developmental phenomena. Overall, the

subjects had learned to make longer vowel durations but not appropriate contrasts. Instead of approximating the L2 (second language) vowel duration contrast, the subjects substituted the phonetic pattern of their L1. It is speculated that this case of imperfect learning hinders intelligibility.

This and other findings in the study indicate that the subjects' learn-

ing of L2 phonology was a selective process and that the subjects' selec-

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tion of features learned and not learned reflects both the complex interaction of L1 with L2 and language universals. The study suggests that many earlier conclusions about the effects of L1 and about linguistic universals are premature, and that transfer plays a more important role in some areas, linguistic universals in others. What is needed is a closer look at the individual patterns of each feature to be learned, and more thorough in- terlingual comparisons, including phonetic level analysis.

LITERATURE

DRAKE, C. Christopher Saikaku's requiem haikai, A Thousand Haikai Alone in a Single Day: Its context, dynamics, and haibun extensions. Harvard Univer- sity, 1987 (Ph.D). 1198 p. DAI 48, no. 11 (May 1988): 2876-A; UM- 8801086.

When Ibara Saikaku (1642-1693) suddenly wrote a thousand linked verses of haikai as a requiem for the soul of his newly dead wife in the fourth month of 1675, he was starting out on a new literary career as well as a new phase of his life. The requiem, A Thousand Haikai Alone in a Single Day (Haikai dokugin ichinichi senku), brought a number of themes and traditions into collision in a way that was to prove decisive for most of Saikaku's later works, especially his haikai prose (haibun) fictions. The requiem, which has received unduly slight critical attention, is related to Saikaku's physical and literary environments as well as to larger historical trends.

The theory that Saikaku was born into a metalworking family is examined, as are traditional smith economies, narratives, and ways of thinking, all of which may have formed a major source of images and

strategies. Smith approaches to the existential problem of death may have been especially productive in Saikaku's attempt to help his wife's soul in the other world with his haikai. Facing a crisis, Saikaku draws on traditions rooted in oral, often shamanic exchanged-song forms in which each verse "dies" as it is radically dismembered or transformed in the next exchange or link, a dramatic and often humorous approach which results in large-scale violations of renga and renga-style haikai rules and decorum that augment Saikaku's previous Danrin haikai ex- periments. It is argued that this dramatic and elegiac haikai style is next pursued most vigorously in Life of a Sensuous Man, which is seen not only as a collection of erotic episodes but also as a profound and multi-

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planed meditation on life and death and a continuation of the earlier haikai requiem directed by Saikaku at the moving soul of his dead wife. It is further asserted that traces of requiem structure and imagery are in- terwoven through all Saikaku's major haibun fictions, constituting a major source of their ability to denarrate even as they narrate, to describe that which is timeless while they sensuously evoke social and historical acts.

GRAHAM, Masako Nakagawa The Yang Kuei-fei legend in Japanese literature. University of Penn-

sylvania, 1987 (Ph.D). 360 p. DAI 48, no. 3 (September 1987): 651-A; UM8714042.

Yang Kuei-fei, the renowned Chinese beauty, who died tragically in A.D. 756, was the favorite consort of the T'ang Emperor Hsiian-tsung (r. 712-756). Her equivalent in Japanese history is the ninth-century poetess Ono no Komachi. Yang's brilliant career at court and her sudden demise at Ma-wei have inspired literary men in China and Japan and nurtured numerous works in verse and prose on this personality. Po Chii-i's The Song of Everlasting Sorrow was enthusiastically welcomed in Japan during the ninth century, and since then the Yang Kuei-fei theme has been told and retold by the Japanese. To this day, her story has remained one of the most popular Chinese themes in Japan. This study addresses itself to the evolution of the Yang Kuei-fei legend in Japanese literature.

In this dissertation, I shall first examine Yang Kuei-fei in history and her legend in China to determine the historical background of her story and the Chinese role in forging its Japanese version. I shall then

proceed to a chronological analysis of accounts of her in Japanese literature. This analysis assumes the following order: the initial and medieval phases, and the Edo and modern periods. Major topics include

"popularization" of the Yang Kuei-fei theme, the introduction of new characters, and Yang Kuei-fei's deification. Although the present study covers a period extending from the ninth century to the present, the most important features in the evolution of the legend occurred during medieval times (late twelfth to early seventeenth centuries)-all being synthesized in the early seventeenth-century puppet play called the Y6kihi monogatari (A Tale of Yang Kuei-fei), a translation of which I include in this dissertation. During medieval times, Yang Kuei-fei's story took hold in Japanese, and a native literary tradition on this theme was established.

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In a general way the Yang Kuei-fei legend in Japan evolved on two levels: the adaptation of the Chinese legend and the development of an account infused with universal values. These two areas are not always discrete, but often blend in Japan.

HAGIWARA, Takao The theme of innocence in Miyazawa Kenji's tales. The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1986 (Ph.D). DAI 48, no. 3 (September 1987): 652-A.

Miyazawa Kenji (1896-1933), an exceptionally prolific poet and children's story writer, was little appreciated by his contemporaries, but after his death his literary fame grew rapidly. This neglect can be traced to a lack of understanding of Kenji's cosmology which gave rise to his unique sense of innocence. He expressed the sense of innocence not only through his literature, but also through his life.

The first chapter presents a biographical sketch of Kenji. It provides the necessary contextual information for analysing his tales and explores the ways in which he expressed innocence in his life as well. '

The second chapter discusses the relationship between Kenji's ideas of innocence and "the other world" or iku'kan in terms of certain dichoto- mies such as Iwate (nature) vs. Tokyo (culture), art (imagination) vs. life (reality), and life vs. death.

Chapters 3 and 4 focus on how Kenji uses symbolism in his tales to express his ideas of innocence. In analysing Kenji's symbolism, I have drawn on a wide variety of sources-such as the author's biography, psy- choanalytic theory, various schools of literary criticism, anthropology, and religion. These chapters will clarify that Kenji's innocence is of cos- mic scale and is often (typically?) expressed through mandala-like images in which the center and the periphery interpenetrate. The fifth chapter discusses Kenji's style in its relationship to innocence and ikukan, in particular, his use of Iwate dialect, songs, onomatopoeia, and scientific vocabulary.

The concluding chapter reviews the preceding chapters as well as attempts to provide a synthetic view of innocence in Kenji's life and literature. This chapter argues that Kenji's ideas of innocence are best under- stood in relation to his world view, a view which would explain the structure of the universe in terms of a special type of cyclicity and circu- larity. Indeed, the structure of Kenji's universe may be compared to that of the M6bius strip in which ends are connected to beginnings through a

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simple half twist. I would argue that it is this built-in twist which gen- erates the vital and energetic innocence seen in Kenji's literature as well as in his life. (Abstract shortened with permission of author).

HAYNES, Carolyn Martha Parody in the maiky6gen and the monogurui kyogen. Cornell Univer-

sity, 1988 (Ph.D). University Microfilms no. not yet available.

This study examines thirteen plays from the repertory of kyogen, Japan's comic medieval drama. These are the ten plays in the category known as maikyogen, "dance kyogen" (Tako, Tokoro, Tsuien, Rakuami, Semi, Nushi, Yuizen, Sugoroku, Sazae, and Hamaguri) and the three

monogurui, or "madness," kyogen (Makura monogurui, Kanaoka, and Hoshigahaha). These two groups of plays are often called nogakari, because of their distinctive, parodic relationship to the classical no drama.

The origins of this parodic relationship are believed to lie in ancient rituals, where parodies of a serious dance or performance served an ex-

planatory function. A performance type known as modoki, which follows a serious dance and mimics it in abbreviated, comic form, still exists in some folk performance forms. One of the things which distinguishes modoki from parody as we know it in the West is the fact that modoki forms an integral part of the total performance, immediately following the principal piece and combining with it for an effect which is greater than that of either form taken alone.

In a broad sense, all of ky6gen is modoki, for the short, comic plays have been performed in the interludes between the serious no since at least the fifteenth century. In the case of the nogakari kyogen, however, the modoki element is particularly strong. This study examines the modoki, or parodic, nature of these thirteen plays on the levels of structure, character, theme, language, and performance. The maikyogen overtly imitate the ghost plays of no, showing a ghost who relives in

song and dance his life, death, and present torments in the nether world. While the no depict the ghosts of warriors and court beauties, however, the maikyogen depict humble, even vulgar commoners and silly crea- tures. The monogurui kyogen, like monogurui no, depict the antics and de-

spair of a person obsessed with longing for a loved one. No's beautiful madwomen are displaced, however, by a decrepit old man, a painter in- fatuated with a woman far above his station, and a man who regrets having divorced his wife in a drunken rage.

Some of these kyogen are quite sophisticated in their literary parody of no. Tsuzen is the most thorough-going, for its main narrative is a line-for-line imitation of the battle narrative in the no Yorimasa. Other

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plays, notably the monogurui kyogen, allude to scenes from no. Finally, all of these kyogen are performed with many of no's conventions of song, dance, costuming, and instrumental and choral accompaniment. These conventions are used in various ways, sometimes simply to enhance the artistic quality of the kyogen, sometimes as a deliberate, humorous parody of the no.

The dissertation includes translations of Tako, Tokoro, Rakuami, Semi, Nushi (partial), Makura monogurui, Kanaoka, and Hoshigahaha, and an appendix illustrating the changes Tsuen effects on Yorimasa.

ISHII, N. Sekky6-bushi: a textual study. Cambridge University, 1985 (Ph.D). Listed in ASLIB. Index to Theses with Abstracts Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland and the Council for National Academic Awards. Vol. 35.

The term Sekkyo-bushi denotes a genre of Japanese dramatic mono- logue. The surviving texts date from the Early Edo period, when popular tales were performed in this style by professional chanters, who added instrumental accompaniment, and later puppets, to their performance, for increased dramatic effect. This thesis presents a detailed analysis of selected texts in the context of comparative studies of contemporary and related genres, and investigates the origins, methods and composition, and performance-style of Sekkyo-bushi.

Part I presents synopses of the principal tales, and outlines the development of the genre, in the light of references in contemporary chroni- cles. Although in its earliest form it was probably a type of popular, edi- fying Buddhist preaching, dating from the late Heian period, by the early Medieval period Sekkyo-bushi had become a secular entertain- ment. The development of selected contemporary genres is compared, with special reference to Joruri-an important type of puppet-drama, the early development of which parallels that of Sekkyo-bushi.

Part II offers a detailed structural analysis of the language and themes of the extant texts. The metrical structure of Sekkyo-bushi is analyzed, and compared with that of other genres, notably Ko-Joruri; and the relationship between metre and grammar is explored. The applica- bility of the "Oral Theory" of formulaic composition to Sekkyo-bushi is examined; first using the methods of the originators of that theory, and then in the context of a general critique of those methods. Sekkyo-bushi is shown to be formulaic both in linguistic and thematic aspects; and the texts have been shown to retain this structure throughout the period of

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their publication. This condition contrasts with that of Ko-Joruri and J6ruri texts.

Part III describes the musical annotations in Sekkyo-bushi texts. In the light of observations on modern performance of a similar genre, and comparative studies of contemporary, seventeenth-century genres, a frag- ment of Sekkyo-bushi chant has been reconstructed in staff-notation, and the relationship between language and music examined.

Part IV consists of Postface, and an assessment of the contribution of textual analysis to the understanding of Sekky6-bushi.

LAMMERS, Wayne P. A poetic ideal in a narrative context: Fujiwara Teika and The Tale of Matsura (Matsura no Miya monogatari). The University of Michi- gan, 1987 (Ph.D). 485 p. DAI 48, no. 3: 652-A; UM8712158.

The Tale of Matsura, a courtly tale belonging to the tsukuri- monogatari genre of classical Japanese fiction, is unusual among works of its kind in several respects. It is set around the turn of the eighth century instead of in the Heian period (794-1185). It takes place mostly in China rather than in Japan. It encompasses political matters, including a vio- lent succession struggle, along with the usual affairs of the heart. And in contrast to the essentially verisimilar nature of other extant courtly tales, it is informed by supernatural elements almost from beginning to end.

This dissertation is a translation of the tale along with a discussion centering on two particular concerns: the question of authorship, and the role that the poetic ideal of yoen (ethereal charm or beauty) plays in the tale.

The Mumy6z6shi (ca. 1201) ascribes the tale to Fujiwara Teika (1162- 1241), the most important poet at the turn of the thirteenth century. This ascription is widely accepted today, owing in large part to a study of the style of the poetry in the tale published by Ishida Yoshisada in 1940. Ishida's study leaves substantial room for doubt, however. The present study therefore undertakes a full review and assessment of all of the a- vailable evidence pertaining to the authorship of the tale, and expands upon it in several ways. The study finds that the evidence converges upon Teika with a consistency rarely encountered in investigations of this nature, and concludes that he must indeed have been the author of the tale.

Qualities of the magical, mysterious, ethereal beauty that has been called yoen-a poetic ideal, in fact, that is linked more closely with Teika than with any other poet-can be seen prominently in the tale.

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The present study examines the role this ideal of beauty plays in the work, and discusses some of the differences between the effect that is achieved, or can be achieved, in an extended work of narrative fiction as

opposed to a thirty-one syllable tanka.

McELLIGOTT, P. The life and work of Kobayashi Issa. University of London, 1984 (Ph.D). Listed in ASLIB. Index to Theses with Abstracts Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland and the Council for National Academic Awards. Vol. 35.

This thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter one is a detailed account of the life of Kobayashi Issa. It is divided into the following sections.

1. Background and Early Childhood. 2. Early Years in Edo. 3. His First Return to Kashiwabara. 4. The Journey into Western Japan. 5. The Death of His Father. 6. Life in and around Edo. 1801-1813. 7. Life as a Poet in Shinano. 8. Family Life in Kashiwabara. 9. Conclusion. Haiku verses and prose pieces are introduced in this chapter for the

purpose of illustrating statements concerning his life. The second chapter traces the development of Issa's style of haiku. It

is divided into five sections which correspond to the Japanese year periods in which Issa lived. Each section is preceded by selected translations from his work for that period. These selections are made on the basis of their usefulness to illustrate the development of his style of poetry. In their selection the following Japanese works on Kobayashi Issa are the

major source; (a) "Kobayashi Issa" by Ito Masao, Sanseido Press, 1942. (b) "Kobayashi Issa" by Maruyama Kazuhiko, Ofusha Press, 1965. (c) "Kobayashi Issa" by Kuriyama Riichi, Chikuma Shobo Press,

1970. (e) (sic) "Kobayashi Issa, Mukudori no Haijin" by Kaneko Tota,

Kodansha Press, 1981. (f) "Haikaiji Issa no Geijutsu" by Murata Noboru, Nishi Nihon

T6yobunka Kenkyusho, 1969. The text used for all translations is from "The Complete Works of

Issa" published by Mainichi Shinbunsha in 1978 in nine volumes.

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The development of Issa's style is traced in relation to the major influences upon it, his rural background, his life of poverty, discrimination and loneliness in Edo, the literary influences he was subjected to, his personality and his personal religious faith and its development through the suffering and misfortune he experienced.

Chapter three is a brief account of the history of the study of Issa in

Japan.

POORTER, Erika Gerlinde de Motoyoshi's Sarugaku Dangi: A description and assessment with

annotated translation. State University of Leiden [Netherlands], 1983 (Dr. in de Letteren). 350 p. DAI 47, no. 1 (Spring 1986): Vol. C-entry no. 47/226c. Published as Motoyoshi's Sarugaku Dangi: A Description and Assessment with Annotated Translation (n.p., 1983. 350 p.).

REASONER, Paul Hudson Japanese poetry, objectivity in aesthetics, and the aesthetic. (See Philosophy).

SKORD, Virginia Susan The comic consciousness in medieval Japanese narrative: Otogi-Z6shi of commoners. Cornell University, 1987 (Ph.D). 396 p. DAI 48, no. 7

(January 1988): 1773-A; UM8724169.

This thesis discusses various aspects of those medieval Japanese short stories called otogi-z6shi which center upon the lives and concerns of commoners. Nine stories are presented in annotated English translation, and four in synoptic form. Chapter One introduces the genre of otogi- zoshi, its history, salient features, possible authorial attributions, and discusses the commoner's contribution to and appearance in Japanese literature prior to the appearance of otogi-zoshi. Chapter Two is concerned with stories of upward mobility which may be called comedies; it de- tails their origins in folk tales and analyzes their major thematic concerns of religion, morality, and the family. Chapter Three is devoted to

analyses of the structural similarities between certain stories of upward mobility and religiously-inspired tales of origins, concluding that these

otogi-zoshi may represent a parody of religious literature. A different kind of commoner story is presented in Chapter Four, one which is static, implosive, and essentially ironic in nature, geared toward exposing the

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less felicitous realities of medieval Japanese life. The conclusion, Chap- ter Five, attempts to situate commoner otogi-zoshi within a medieval context governed by two paradigmatic movements of inversion and integration.

STARRS, Roy Anthony The mask and the hammer: Nihilism in the novels of Mishima Yukio. The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1986 (Ph.D). DAI 48, no. 1 (July 1987): 129-A; Order copies from the Canadian Theses on Microfiche Service, National Library of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A ON4, Canada; available only in microfiche format.

This thesis analyzes some of the major novels of Mishima Yukio in the light of their underlying nihilist world-view. There are primarily three levels to the analysis: philosophical, psychological and moral/ political, to each of which a chapter is devoted. In the treatment of each of these "levels" the focus is not merely on the nihilism per se but on the aesthetic consequences of the nihilism in Mishima's art of fiction. An

attempt is also made to place Mishima, as a "nihilist writer," within the international context of the nihilist literary/philosophical tradition. The study aims not to provide an all-inclusive survey of Mishima's career but to penetrate to the very core of his creative inspiration through an in-depth analysis of his most important works.

Chapter one, "The Tragic Mask," analyzes three of Mishima's major works, Confessions of a Mask, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion and The Sea of Fertility, in terms of their nihilist philosophy, paying particular attention to its expression in "experiences of nothingness" which form the climaxes of the novels, and to the structural discipline which his use of this philosophy confers on the novels.

Chapter two, "The Void Behind the Mask," analyzes the same works in terms of their "nihilist psychology," and the active/passive tensions which characterize this psychology are treated in Freudian, Adlerian and specifically Japanese terms. The psychology of Mishima's characters is found to be largely a projection of his own "nihilist

psychology." Chapter three, "Hammer to Mask," finds that Mishima's right-wing

extremism and his glorification of terrorist violence place him squarely in the "active nihilist" moral/political tradition. But his active nihilist side was in continual danger of being undermined by his passive nihilist side, his sense of the futility of all action. The resultant tensions are found to form the basis of the moral-political dialectic of his major novels.

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WIDIGEN, Michiko Ishii Characteristic features of traditional Japanese poetry. Stanford University, 1987 (Ph.D). 190 p. DAI 47, no. 12 (June 1987): 4384-A; UM8707761.

The first chapter of this thesis explores basic theoretical assumptions through a framework of Japanese critical views against a general background of major Western criticism-primarily of mimetic views and the concept of logos. Traditional Japanese poetry is shown to be essen-

tially a lyrical expression of kokoro in response to one's encounter with the world and that this lyrical expression is intended for the exchange of kokoro.

Subsequent chapters explicate traditional poems in the spirit of someone responding to them upon encountering them and elucidate signif- icant aesthetic features of lyricism. The selected poems represent three

genres: z6 no uta ("Poems of Miscellaneous Subjects"), banka ("Elegy"), and koi no uta ("Love Poems"). These poems are also selected for the purpose of illuminating the lyrical complexity of Japanese poetry.

CLEARY, Richard James The deep music of tradition in the works of Koda R6han. University of British Columbia, 1983 (M.A. thesis). Order copies from the Ca- nadian Theses on Microfiche Service, National Library of Canada, Ottawa K1A ON4; available only in microfiche format, fiche no. 65024.

COLMAN, Ann Cecilia "The Town of Mockingbirds" by Mori Reiko: Biography of author, translation and discussion. University of Canterbury [Department of

Japanese], 1984 (M.A. thesis). 101 p. Order copies from the Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.

KINJO, Gillian Theresa "Rivers of the Soul" by Miyamoto Yuriko: Biography of the author, translation, discussion. University of Canterbury [Department of

Japanese], 1982 (M.A. thesis). 74 p. Order copies from the Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.

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KLEIN, Susan Blakely Ankoku But6: The premoder and postmoder influences on the Dance of Utter Darkness. Cornell University, 1987 (M.A. thesis). 144 p. Or- der copies from Interlibrary Services, Cornell University Libraries, Ithaca, NY 14853.

LINNEN, Catherine Margaret Ruth Hayashi Fumiko and The Town of an Accordion and Fish: A biography of Hayashi Fumiko, and a translation and analytical study of the imagery and diction in The Town of an Accordion and Fish. University of Auckland, 1981 (M.A. thesis). For copies, write to the University of Auckland Library, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.

PHAM, Thien Truong Tanizaki Jun'ichiro and the art of storytelling. University of British Columbia, 1985 (M.A. thesis). 148 p. Order copies from the Canadian Theses on Microfiche Service, National Library of Canada, Ottawa K1A ON4; available only in microfiche format, fiche no. 23653.

PLAXTON, Walter John The Akutagawa Ryuinosuke Prize: from 1935 until 1980. University of Auckland, 1981 (M.A. thesis). vi, 158 p. For copies write to the Uni- versity of Auckland Library, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.

It is now almost half a century since the Akutagawa Prize was founded, and since then, it has become one of the most well-known annual literary events in Japan.

It is to find the reasons for the success of the Akutagawa Prize that an attempt has been made, in the following pages, to investigate the background events leading up to its establishment in 1935, and to follow the course of the prize during the years until the present. Chapter one deals with the establishment of the prize. Chapter two, which follows the trends of the prize from 1935 until 1980, is divided into four periods, in accordance with the practice of Japanese literary critics, when dis- cussing the history of the Akutagawa Prize. Chapter three looks at three winning works in close detail, while Chapter four examines the selection procedures for the prize. Finally, Chapter five presents some conclusions regarding the Akutagawa Prize.

It has been found that the early success of the prize, particularly before it had built up much momentum, was due, as much as anything else, to the financial and business acumen of its founder, Kikuchi Kan. Within

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two or three years of its establishment, the prize was made financially independent of the Bungei Shunji Company. Another important factor in the prize's success is its ability to change with the times. With the ex- ception of proletarian literature, literary trends have at all times been reflected in the choice of prize-winners. Some awards have in fact been trend-setting, as far as the choice of winner is concerned. In addition, it has been found that the great proliferation of literary prizes has in no small part been due to the success of the Akutagawa Prize.

RIEGER, Naoko Alisa Enchi Fumiko's literature: The portrayal of women in Enchi Fumiko's selected works. Universitit Hamburg [Federal Republic of Germany], 1986 (Inaugural-Dissertation). 218 p. Published as Enchi Fumiko's Literature: The Portrayal of Women in Enchi Fumiko's Selected Works. Hamburg: Gesellschaft fur Natur- und V6lkerkunde Ost- asiens, 1986. v, 218 p. (Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und V6lkerkunde Ostasiens, Bd. 103).

SHERLOCK, Eric Thomas Kokoro as ecological insight: The concept of heart. University of Bri- tish Columbia, 1984 (M.A. thesis). 160 p. Order copies from the Ca- nadian Theses on Microfiche Service, National Library of Canada, Ottawa K1A ON4; available only in microfiche format.

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE

FLANAGAN, Kathleen Theresa The Orient as pretext for aesthetic revolution in modern poetry in English. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1987 (Ph.D). 220 p. DAI 48, no. 9 (March 1988): 2331-A; UM8728497.

From the 1890's to the 1930's, many British and American poets imi- tated Chinese and Japanese verse forms in their own poetry. When Ezra Pound in 1915 published Cathay, renditions of Chinese poems based on notes by scholar Ernest Fenollosa, he did not begin or end an "Oriental" trend. He was, in fact, typical in his insistence on making the Orient an ideal category and appropriating it for his own literary and cultural

purposes. Such late nineteenth-century scholars as Ernest Fenollosa, Her- bert Giles, and Lafcadio Hearn saw the East as a peaceful, meditative, and spiritual alternative to a Western society that they found largely aggressive and acquisitive. Many poets followed their lead, and came to

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use Far Eastern culture as a goal for Western civilization, as well as a jus- tification for the changes they wanted brought about in English poetry.

Wallace Stevens, W. B. Yeats, Vachel Lindsay, and Hart Crane have each at least one poem which uses the Orient as the "other," an ideal that Western art or philosophy might attain. Even poets who travelled to the Far East found it difficult to disentangle themselves from the myths and misconceptions rooted in Western literary traditions. While the most extensive use of the Orient is apparent in the work of Pound, Amy Lowell, and John Gould Fletcher, poets at one time connected with the Imagist movement, the idea of the Orient affected many new poets of the early twentieth century.

Poets chose Chinese and Japanese culture and literature to justify their individual poetic credos, ignoring possible Western models, as well as facets of the Orient that did not meet their needs. Despite pretentions to the contrary, translations of Chinese and Japanese verse made by Bri- tish and American poets appropriated the Far East in that English poetics, not Far Eastern versification, wielded the greatest influence. Chinese and Japanese poetry and art were used to legitimize many of the poetic stances we now associate with modern poetry-concrete visual imagery, objectivity, and cadenced, rather than rhymed, verse forms.

JACKSON, Earl Dewayne, Jr. Heresies of meaning: Strategies of immanence and transcendence in modern poetry in Japan, Europe, and America. Princeton University, 1987 (Ph.D). 368 p. DAI 48, no. 3 (September 1987): 644-A; UM8713017.

In the present study, a comparative examination of the concepts of poetic modernism in early twentieth century Japan and late nineteenth- early twentieth century Europe and America, I hope to suggest one possible method of textual comparisons that does not require one textual tradition to become the center, norm, or standard for the other. Although the methodology employed will not be exclusively aligned with the typological conception of Comparative Literature advocated by Dionyz Durisin, a clear distinction will be maintained between the genetic approach and the typological approach with a decided prominence of the latter.

In the preliminary discussion of what the term "modernism" implies in the Japanese and Western poetic traditions, I will begin by typifying the Western tradition as essentially "transcendent" and the Japanese tradition as essentially "immanent" in their respective orientations. Once these two "types" have been sufficiently identified, I hope to

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demonstrate that the processes at work in Japanese modernism are set in motion by the introduction of transcendence-based texts into a fundamentally immanence grounded aesthetic, epistemological, and semiotic

system. The conflict between transcendence and immanence will be explored

in two parts. The first part, a study of direct literary contact, is an examination of the creation of the Japanese Symbolist movement. The second

part is a comparative study of two poetic "conceptions" reflected in two bodies of works which arose completely independently: shasei "sketch-

ing from life," and Dinggedicht "thing poem." Both parts of the study will attempt to illuminate underlying typo-

logical differences between the textual systems of Anglo-European and

Japanese "modern" poetics first by tracing the thematic transformations which the concept "symbol" undergoes within the Japanese context, and

secondly through a contrastive analysis of two separate approaches to basically the same problem: the representation of the object poetically, and the artistic valuation of the real.

LOUI, Shirley Mescher Murasaki and Proust: Time and again-a comparison of the Tale of Genji and A la Recherche du temps perdu. Washington University, 1987 (Ph.D). 380 p. DAI 48, no. 7 (January 1988): 1763-A; UM8722462.

The resemblance of Murasaki Shikibu's eleventh century novel, The Tale of Genji, to Marcel Proust's turn-of-the-century work, A la Recherche du temps perdu, has often been suggested but rarely addressed at any length. Utilizing the literary and art historical perspectives of commentators such as Georg Lukacs (The Theory of the Novel), Arnold Hauser (The Sociology of Art), and Benjamin Rowland (Art in East and West), this literary study/comparison centers on the presence of the fine arts in each text and the ways in which that presence illuminates other similarities of content and authorial perspective.

Key areas of comparison include the salon and natural worlds of the texts and the manner in which art infiltrates each as both method and

message. For example, "The Picture Competition" chapter of Genji and the Guermantes dinner passage of the Recherche provide settings for a socio-aesthetic comparison of the two fictional and historical societies; and specific characters from each text, Gilberte Swann and Akashi Lady, serve as a focus for the texts' metaphorical use of nature and gardens. In addition, thematic similarities emerge from the authors' analogous social positions in their respective worlds, and from their parallel psychological and aesthetic concerns.

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Overall, Genji and the Recherche are found to be profoundly and mu-

tually reflective in their presentations of tenth century Japan and belle epoque France. Close comparison brings into balanced focus the "medie- vality" which Sartre attributed to Proust's vision, and the "modernity" which many commentators have ascribed to Murasaki's. The conclusion of the study manifests a fresh, East-West application of the universalist literary philosophy originated earlier in this century by Auerbach and Curtius.

NATOLE, Richard Wenceslau de Moraes: The evolution of a writer. New York Univer- sity, 1987 (Ph.D). 264 p. DAI 48, no. 11 (May 1988): 2890-A; UM- 8801557.

This is an examination of the life and writings of Wenceslau de Moraes whose impressionistic works endeavored to link the West with the East. His growth as a writer can be traced through his career as a sailor, a diplomat, and a self-imposed exile in Japan which provided the background for his literary development and his eventual accom- plishments as a writer.

Through a careful study and analysis of his work, it is possible to see the evolution of a man who became disillusioned with the materialism of the West and sought the tranquility of the Orient to ease the discon- tent he felt in his own life. The works that are studied include: Traqos do Extremo Oriente, Dai-Nippon, 0 Culto do Cha', Cartas do Japao, Paisagens da China e do Japao, 0 Bon-Odori em Tokushima, O-Yone'e Ko-Haru, Relance da Historia do Japao, Relance da Alma Japonesa, Os Seroes no Japao.

Moraes' early works record the first-hand experiences of a man who is enamored of his subject, Japan. As he spends more time in Japan, Moraes sheds the role of novice and begins to create works which reflect his impressionistic skills. His diplomatic service spans the years 1899 to 1913. These years recall Japan's militancy as it surged forward to achieve par- ity with other nations in the modern world.

The real turning point in Moraes' evolution as a writer comes in 1913, when he moves to Tokushima on the island of Shikoku. His writing now reflects the influence of Buddhism. The ideas of East and West blended within his personality and mind, allowing him to explore new areas where few Westerners had trod before him. In his effort to forge a link of understanding between peoples, Moraes was able to penetrate the essence of Japan.

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TONER, Ritsuko Hirai The literary use of folktale in medieval Japan and Europe: A comparative analysis of literary transformations of the Catskin Cin- derella tale in Oguri-hogan and Chaucer's The Man of Law's Tale. University of Southern California, 1987 (Ph.D). DAI 48, no. 4 (October 1987): 920-A. Copies available exclusively from the Micro- graphics Department, Doheny Library, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089- 0182.

This work examines the literary use of the Catskin Cinderella folktale in the medieval Japanese and English narratives Oguri-hogan and Chaucer's The Man of Law's Tale. Through such comparative method-

ologies as symbolic anthropology, psychoanalysis, and theory of literary response, the literary or aesthetic effects that those medieval narratives, which are herein referred to as "romances," have on their readers are examined.

These effects are examined from both perspectives of literary analysis, form and content. While such symbolic narrative elements as water, fire, confinement, and journey are analyzed in light of the identical elements which are found in the female initiation ritual, the narrative structure is also enlightened by the three-fold structure of the rite of passage, which was originally proposed by Arnold van Gennep and rede- fined by Victor Turner and Bruce Lincoln. As a foundation of comparative analysis between folktale and literary (romance) elements, Axel Olrik's

Epic Laws are employed and applied to both genres. My analysis com-

pares both the conscious and unconscious effects that the texts create for their readers, particularly women, so that we may better understand how the writers have produced their literary affect and effect from the

non-literary raw material of the folktale and ritual.

Application of psychoanalytical theory reveals that the readers of the folktale achieve a sublimation of their oedipal guilt in the course of

reading/listening, and this effect is also present in the chosen romances. Yet, due to the artistic elaboration, the literary effect and affect are more aesthetically achieved by the readers of the romances. The liter-

ary effects are also viewed on the societal level at large. In the process of

elaborating the female characters, the writers elevate the heroines to the figures of sacrificial goddesses whom women of each culture emulate, namely, the Virgin Mary and Kannon.

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YAMADA-BOCHYNEK, Yoriko Haiku East and West: A semiogenetic approach. Ruhr-Universitit Bochum [West Germany], 1984 (Dr.). Published as Haiku East and West: A Semiogenetic Approach (Bochum: Studienverlag Brock- meyer, 1985. 581 p. [BPX, 1]).

THEATER

DUBROVSKAIA, M. IU. Muzyka v traditsionnom teatre IAponii (na materiale No i Kabuki). [Russian: Music in Traditional Japanese Theater: Based on Materials from Noh and Kabuki.] Vsesoiuznyi nauchno-issledovatel'skii institut iskusstvoznaniia, 1985 (Kandidat nauk in Art Criticism).

IURKOVA, T.A. Novaia iaponskaia drama "singeki" i A. P. Chekhov. [Russian: The New Japanese Drama Shingeki and A.P. Chekhov.] Institut vostoko- vedeniia Akademii nauk SSSR, 1985 (Kandidat nauk in Philological Sciences: Literature).

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

IMAMURA, Atsuko Address and reference in rural Japan: Dynamics of social interaction. University of Pennsylvania, 1987 (Ph.D). 604 p. DAI 48, no. 3 (Sep- tember 1987): 684-A; UM8714060.

The primary objective of the study is to present a comprehensive description of the relationship between linguistic address and reference on the one hand, and social context of speech on the other. Based on one year's field research in Toono City, Iwate-ken, northeastern Japan, the author examines a variety of linguistic forms used in self-reference, second person address, and third person reference, using the theoretical framework of the ethnography of speaking.

Material was collected in four ways: (1) Interviews, (2) Tape record- ing of conversations, (3) Participant observation, (4) Questionnaire. The

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author lived with a farming family in a hamlet of twenty-four households and concentrated on that hamlet and three other hamlets for detailed investigation.

The ethnographic description of Toono is given first, including: history, geography, subsistence, population, political structure. The social structure of the four focal hamlets is presented, with special emphasis on household, doozoku (kinship group based on the main house and branch house relationship), and shinrui (kindred). The primacy of household in the community structure is noted. The traditional descent group, doozoku, while present, is seen as gradually merging with a more diffuse network of kin, shinrui.

Four categories of linguistic forms comprise the repertoire of address and reference: (1) Personal Names, (2) Personal Pronouns, (3) Kinship Terms, (4) House Names. The function of these terms is primarily that of status attribution, rather than description of specific social relation-

ships. Kinship terms are examined from three perspectives: (1) Usage among relatives, (2) Usage as household status terms, (3) "Fictive" usage among unrelated people. House names of yagoo are examined tomprehen- sively, i.e. their development and classification as well as their function of identifying specific households in a small face-to-face community.

Variation in terminological usage based on sex, age, social context, etc. is considered as evidence of dynamism in the relationship between language and social structure. Changing nature of the contemporary Japa- nese rural community is clearly reflected in the terms of address and reference, as residents adapt to a new life consisting of the two worlds of "inside" and "outside."

STANLAW, James Michael Color, culture, and contact: English loanwords and problems of color nomenclature in modem Japanese. University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign, 1987 (Ph.D). 663 p. DAI 48, no. 2 (August 1987): 429-A; UM8711884.

This study extends the Berlin and Kay investigations of nomenclature principles by examining how numerous English loanwords are incor-

porated into the Japanese color vocabulary. It is found that both universalist and sociolinguist approaches do not adequately account for the data gathered in Japan from 91 informants, of various ages and occupa- tions. An alternative model, using an enhanced theory of concept-defini- tion, is used to explain how Japanese colors are categorized.

Other, specific, findings include the following: English loanwords

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seem to be replacing native Japanese terms in reverse order of the evolutionary sequence posited by Berlin and Kay, starting with the categories PINK, ORANGE, and GREY. The Japanese data, with its unique writing system, and many monolexemic, unanalyzable terms, shows that the notion of "basic" color term is problematic. An explanation of the order of the universal evolutionary sequence is offered based on the interactions of hue and brightness as color terms become encoded. Data from a variety of sources, including interviews and the popular media, show that people draw on a variety of physical, affective, social, and personal features when selecting labels for a color category.

PHILOSOPHY

REASONER, Paul Hudson Japanese poetry, objectivity in aesthetics, and the aesthetic. Univer- sity of Minnesota, 1987 (Ph.D). 271 p. DAI 48, no. 3 (September 1987): 669-A; UM8713091.

This thesis develops and argues for an objectivity theory of aesthetic judgments, where the objectivity of judgments in an artistic tradition is grounded in conditions which apply across traditions (e.g. competent critics, attention to the relationship between nonaesthetic features and aesthetic qualities of works of art). The theory is developed on the framework of an objectivity theory in Western aesthetics, the theory of Frank Sibley. Modifications result from analysis of the theory itself and application of the theory cross-culturally, the latter due to taking seriously the professed universal voice of theories such as Sibley's.

The cross-cultural application of the theory uses Japanese poetry, specifically the poetry and critical writings of the 17th century haiku poet Basho and his disciples, with emphasis on the aesthetic principle makoto (sincerity). The examination of Japanese poetry performs two roles in the overall argument: first, it satisfies a necessary condition of the correctness of the objectivity theory under consideration by showing that the theory successfully picks out, as objective, a tradition which has strong empirical claims to objectivity; second, the nature of makoto necessitates a revision in the initial formulation of the aesthetic in the objectivity theory.

This revision broadens the notion of the aesthetic by emphasizing the complex nature of some nonaesthetic features and also showing that some nonaesthetic features upon which aesthetic qualities depend are

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outside of the work of art. Based on an analysis of the aesthetic quality makoto, a class of aesthetic qualities called Intentional-Aesthetic qualities is put forward. This classification, when focused on the question of the intentional fallacy, allows guidelines to be formulated as to the ap- propriateness of appeal to authorial intention within criticism. Fur- thermore, this classification of Intentional-Aesthetic qualities offers a theoretical model for the analysis of other types of aesthetic qualities, which may also be dependent upon complex nonaesthetic features, some of which may be outside the work of art itself.



Documents

Dissertations and Theses in Japanese Language, Linguistics and Literature