Presented as part of the requirement for a BA Honours Award at the University of Gloucestershire

Cecilia Rose Young

April 2014

ARE MODERN DAY BAR AND BAT MITZVAH CELEBRATIONS HAVING AN EFFECT ON TRADITIONAL JUDAISM?

DeclarationThe dissertation is a product of my own work and adheres to the University

of Gloucestershire research ethics handbook. I agree that this Dissertation

may be available for reference and photocopying at the discretion of the

University.

Cecilia Rose Young

April 2014

Word Count: 9,889

AbstractARE MODERN DAY BAR AND BAT MITZVAH CELEBRATIONS HAVING AN EFFECT ON

TRADITIONAL JUDAISM?

Cecilia Rose Young April 2014

There is a lack of knowledge regarding Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations and

their impact on traditional Judaism amongst the public and in particular,

Event Managers. This research paper investigated modern day Bar and Bat

Mitzvah celebrations and analysed the potential factors that may be

influencing the rite of passage to change. The author reached a conclusion

based on analysis of secondary research and collection of primary research

in the form of interviews. The research suggests that there were several

factors which have influenced Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations to change in

recent years. The research paper concluded that although the celebrations

have adapted to modern times, they are not having an impact on traditional

Judaism. The extravagance of Bar and Bat Mitzvahs was identified to be

impacted by a general increase of disposable income, with primary research

finding that celebration is a part of Judaism that has been heightened due to

historical events. Finally, the study presented the results and conclusions for

future research in this field.

AcknowledgementsFirstly, I would like to thank my Dissertation tutor, Chantal Laws, for her

continuous support and encouragement. I would like to thank all of my

lecturers and fellow students for helping me throughout my degree and

placement year.

I would like to thank my Sister, Dad, Step-Dad, Tom, friends and

housemates for supporting me throughout my entire degree. Finally, I would

like to thank my Mum for being my biggest enthusiast and encouraging me to

persevere.

Without these people I would not be where I am today and I am truly

grateful for their support, patience and influence.

Table of Figures

Figure One – Participant Information

Table of ContentsDECLARATION..................................................................................................................................1

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3

FIGURE ONE – PARTICIPANT INFORMATION....................................................................................4CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................................7INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................7

1.0 Chapter Introduction...........................................................................................................71.1 Influence for this research paper.......................................................................................71.2 Rationale for Study..............................................................................................................71.3 Research Aims and Objectives.........................................................................................91.4 Importance of Research.....................................................................................................91.5 Research Approach..........................................................................................................101.6 Structure of Study..............................................................................................................101.7 Chapter Summary.............................................................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................ 11

LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................112.0 Chapter Introduction.........................................................................................................112.1 Literature Review..............................................................................................................112.2 Origins of Judaism............................................................................................................112.3 The Importance of the Torah...........................................................................................122.4 The Holocaust....................................................................................................................132.5 History of Bar and Bat Mitzvah........................................................................................132.5.1 Orthodox Judaism and Celebration.............................................................................142.5.2 Reform Judaism and Celebration................................................................................142.5.3 Conservative Judaism and Celebration......................................................................152.6 Comparable Coming of Age Ceremonies......................................................................152.6.1 Christianity and Coming of Age....................................................................................152.6.2 Quinceanera...................................................................................................................162.7 Modernisation of the Bar and Bat Mitzvah.....................................................................162.8 Celebrity and Social Media Influence.............................................................................172.9 Previous Studies...............................................................................................................172.10 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................18

CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................19METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................19

3.0 Chapter Introduction.........................................................................................................193.1. Primary and Secondary Data Collection.......................................................................193.2 Method Approaches..........................................................................................................203.3 Quantitative VS Qualitative..............................................................................................203.3.1 The Phenomenological Approach................................................................................213.4 Interviews or Questionnaires...........................................................................................213.5 Design of Interviews..........................................................................................................223.6 Piloting................................................................................................................................233.7 Validity and Reliability of Data.........................................................................................243.8 Ethical Researching..........................................................................................................25

3.9 Collection of Data..............................................................................................................263.10 Analysis of Data..............................................................................................................263.11 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................27

CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................................28PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS............................................................................28

4.0 Chapter Introduction.........................................................................................................28FIGURE ONE – PARTICIPANT INFORMATION..................................................................................28

4.1 Presentation of Results....................................................................................................294.2 Growth of extravagant celebrations................................................................................294.3 Overshadowing religion....................................................................................................314.4 The Holocaust....................................................................................................................334.5 Celebrity Influence and Social Media Influences..........................................................344.6 Community and competition............................................................................................354.8 Chapter Summary.............................................................................................................36

CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................38CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................38

6.0 Chapter Introduction.........................................................................................................386.1 Summary of Findings........................................................................................................386.1.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................406.2 Limitations of Study...........................................................................................................406.3 Future Research Recommendations..............................................................................416.4 Chapter Summary.............................................................................................................41

Chapter One

Introduction

1.0 Chapter IntroductionThe following chapter will introduce the topic of study and provide a clear

rationalisation as to why this area of research has been chosen. In order to

do this, a study rationale will be completed along with clear identification of

the research aim and objectives.

1.1 Influence for this Research PaperThe author became interested in this area of research following a six month

placement with ‘Uptown Events Ltd’ in London (www.uptownevents.co.uk);

an events company specialising in Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations. Prior to

the placement, the author was relatively unaware of the Jewish religion and

completely inexperienced with regard to Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations,

aside from the knowledge of their lavish reputation within the events industry.

When the placement came to an end, the author was often presented

with people’s negative views and assumptions about the celebration, which

were often incorrect as they were unaware of the hard work and religious

elements within every event. Many people suggested that the extravagance

of the celebrations had developed through competitiveness within some

Jewish communities. Most believed that the competition was based upon

who could afford the finest venue, caterer, entertainment and gifts,

overshadowing the religious reason for the celebration.

Therefore, the author chose to investigate this with an aim to identify

whether these assumptions were true, and also to provide an insight into an

area that had not previously been investigated in such depth.

1.2 Rationale for StudyIn recent years, there has been a significant rise in the popularity of Bar and

Bat Mitzvah celebrations (Washofsky, 2010). Goodstein (2013) suggests that

the traditional significance of the event is often overlooked, with parents

treating the rite of passage somewhat as a graduation ceremony for their

child. He believes that it is now a case of the child reaching his or her age of

maturity (twelve or thirteen) and reading from the Torah, in order to have an

ostentatious party (Goodstein, 2013).

The past decade has seen an increase in children of non-Jewish faith

requesting a Bar or Bat Mitzvah party. In January 2004, Bernstein published

‘You Don’t Have to Be Jewish to Want a Bar Mitzvah Party’ (The Wall Street

Journal, 2004). The article told the story of a young girl of non-Jewish faith

requesting that she be allowed to convert to Judaism, in order to gain the

privilege of having an extravagant party.

Greenberg (2013) suggests that although Bar and Bat Mitzvah

celebrations have not caused a cultural divide between Jews, there is an

underlying problem with the occurrences at the parties. It is believed that the

focus is being drawn towards popular culture, rather than acknowledging the

true greatness of the religious tradition (Greenberg, 2013).

The Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations became particularly opulent at

the beginning of the 20th Century, which led to the overshadowing of the

event’s ritual function (Salkin, 2012). Television programmes such as the

2012 ‘Jewish Mum of the Year’ gave the impression that the most important

aspects to consider in a Bar or Bat Mitzvah celebration included the cake,

venue, clothing, catering, entertainment and guest list (www.channel4.com).

Although the programme was popular, it received a negative reaction from

many members of the Jewish Community, being criticised as displaying a

negative representation of Judaism. Jewish columnist Maureen Lipman

stated; ‘It is very damaging […] It is just the next stage in this culture of

humiliation on television, and I think it’s appalling’ (www.telegraph.com).

It can be assumed that a high percentage of those of non-Jewish faith

are uninformed about the traditional and historical reasons behind Bar and

Bat Mitzvah celebrations; allowing for many misconceptions and

generalisations to be made based on the grandiose events displayed by the

media.

Dr.Isa Aron and Rabbi Bradley Solmsen (2013) suggest that the

problem is more fundamental than just poor taste and modernization.

Children and families may also be influenced by pop culture, communities,

celebrities or education, so it must not be assumed that modernization is the

solitary cause.

The purpose of this dissertation is to provide clear identification as to

whether modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations are having an effect

on traditional Judaism. This research paper will focus on historical events,

the origins and the development of the celebration. It will also investigate the

potential influencing factors and decipher whether they are having an

detrimental effect to the religion.

1.3 Research Aims and ObjectivesThe key aim and objectives will be identified to ensure that research is

undertaken in the most appropriate and suitable manner, enabling the author

to sufficiently conclude the research title;

Are modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations having an effect on traditional Judaism?

Aim: To investigate modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations and

identify whether they are having an effect on traditional Judaism.

Research Objectives: To outline the factors which could have an influence on the traditional

religious celebration,

To discover why these changes may be occurring through collected

primary research,

To evaluate whether modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations

are having a positive or negative effect on traditional Judaism.

1.4 Importance of ResearchMatthews (2008) believes that religion is one of the primary reasons that we

celebrate special events; along with political, social, educational and

commercial reasons. According to Getz and Wicks (1994; In: Bowdin et al,

2011), it is essential for event managers to understand the historical

meanings of celebrations and their development over time.

This research paper will allow event managers to gain a clear

understanding of the historical origins of Bar and Bat Mitzvah’s. Knowledge

on this celebration will enable managers to successfully understand and

meet the expectations of clients, competently providing the services that are

required (Goldblatt, 2008).

1.5 Research ApproachWhen gathering research, a phenomenological approach will be adopted.

Primary research will be collected through a series of interviews with

carefully selected participants. This approach has been chosen due to the

nature of the research and the assumption that quantitative data will not

provide the author with the required results to reach a sincere and impartial

conclusion.

1.6 Structure of StudyThis paper will be split between five chapters that will form an appropriate

structure. The first chapter will introduce the study and provide a rationale

and justification as to why the topic was chosen, the second chapter will

review the literature surrounding Judaism and Bar and Bat Mitzvah

celebrations. Chapter Three will examine possible research methods and

justify the chosen approach and will also discuss how the data will be

gathered and analysed. Chapter Four will provide a presentation of results

and an analysis of the primary research data collected in relation to the

secondary research gathered in Chapter Two. In the fifth chapter, a

conclusion will be drawn as to whether modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah

celebrations are effecting traditional Judaism and how the findings equate

with previous research identified in the literature review. Chapter Five will

also provide an insight in to any research limitations and outline potential

recommendations for future research.

1.7 Chapter Summary Chapter One has provided a detailed introduction to this research paper;

whilst identifying the aims and objectives and thesis focus. A study rationale

has been completed to justify the reasoning for this study.

Chapter Two will provide a review of the appropriate literature relating

to this study, enabling the author to identify key themes throughout.

Chapter Two

Literature Review

The Bar Mitzvah celebration is a widely celebrated, widely criticised and rarely analysed event in Jewish life. (Schoenfeld, 1984:2)

2.0 Chapter IntroductionThis chapter will identify and explore current literature relating to the

research topic. The origins of Judaism and history of the Bar and Bat Mitzvah

will be discussed to provide an insight into the reasoning for the celebration.

This will be followed by an explanation of potential influences that are viewed

as factors that may change or affect the religion. Finally, the key themes

unearthed in the literature will be acknowledged.

2.1 Literature ReviewTo understand the topic of study it is essential to recognise the current

literature supporting the aims and objectives of this paper. A literature review

allows the researcher to gain a comprehensive understanding of the

research topic, relevant literature, previous studies and key issues

surrounding the subject (Hart, 1998). Related theories will be acknowledged

through critical analysis of significant literature and key themes will be

identified.

2.2 Origins of Judaism Although the Jewish population is constantly rising, Judaism is still one of the

least followed religions in the world (Ehrlich, 2010). Judaism dates back to

2,000 BC in Israel with Abraham and the Hebrews (www.religionfacts.com).

God prophesied that Abraham, originally named Abram, would one day be

the leader of great people and land if he performed as he was guided to do

so (www.bbc.co.uk).

Jews believe that God’s plan was to determine his covenant through

Abraham, who is recorded as the first person in history to be named a

Hebrew (Wilson, 1989). Therefore Abraham is known as the ‘Father of the

Hebrew Nation’, and looked to as an inspiration by many Jewish followers

due to his trust and obedience to the word of God (Wilson, 1989).

2.3 The Importance of the TorahAccording to Kaminsky and Lohr (2011) the Torah, written in Hebrew, refers

to the first five books of the Jewish Bible ‘The Tanakh’; an acronym for

Torah, Neviim and Ketuvim. These five books tell the story of the creation, of

Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph and Moses (Wood, 2002).

Within the Torah there are six hundred and thirteen rules, known as

‘mitzvot’ in Judaism; these are the rules that were given to Moses by God

(Wood, 2002). The first ten mitzvot in the Torah are known as the Ten

Commandments;

1. I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.

2. You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself an idol…

3. You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the LORD your God…

4. Remember the Sabbath day…5. Honour your father and your mother…6. You shall not murder.7. You shall not commit adultery.8. You shall not steal.9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.10.You shall not covet…

(Zucker, 2005)

These rules are a guideline for how Jewish people should live.

Orthodox Jews believe that the mitzvot within the Torah cannot be altered,

whereas Conservative Jews believe that they can be modified to befit

modern times (Cato, 2008). The Torah is a significant aspect to consider

when discussing Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations; it is what the child will

read from in the ceremony to establish their acceptance to adulthood

(Isaacs, 1992).

According to DuBois and Rosh (2004) the ceremony involves the Bar

or Bat Mitzvah chanting a blessing, reciting a portion of the Jewish scripture

which comprises the text of the Prophets, and ends with the reading of the

week’s Torah portion. It is viewed as an honourable action to pronounce the

blessings from the Torah before and after your recital (Musleah, 1997).

It is imperative to provide a descriptive analysis of the Torah and its

importance for both Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, in order to gain a comprehensive

understanding of the Jewish rite of passage.

2.4 The Holocaust Many authors, such as Goldberg (1995), believe that the effects of the

Holocaust have encouraged Jews to celebrate their survival through prayer,

celebration and holiday. Reform Jews believe in ritually acknowledging the

Holocaust through prayer and celebrations such as Yom Kippur, the most

holy day of the year in Judaism (Greenspoon, 2010). According to Ross

(2004) the Holocaust reaffirmed the Jews’ expectations of fulfilling the

message of Exodus;

‘Choose life and good, so that the Jews and our descendants will live’

(Deuteronomy, 30:15-19. In: Ross, 2004).

Due to the Holocaust, many Jews want to reconnect with their religion

and tradition, celebrating with their families, synagogues and communities

(Belcove-Shalin, 1995).

2.5 History of Bar and Bat MitzvahIt is important that Event Managers understand the history of Bar and Bat

Mitzvah celebrations as Berridge (2007) believes that event management is

founded on religious celebrations.

The coming of age ceremony in Judaism is known as a Bar or Bat

Mitzvah Celebration; when a Jewish child accepts adult responsibility for

remaining faithful to the religion (Chattman, 2007). The terms ‘Bar Mitzvah’

and ‘Bat Mitzvah’ mean the son or daughter of the commandment; to

become a Bar or Bat Mitzvah is to become a child of the commandment.

Bloch (1980) expresses that the term Bar or Bat Mitzvah has been adapted

to modern times and now relates to the celebration, rather than the traditional

meaning.

The first Bar Mitzvah ceremony has been dated back to the 1800’s in

Eastern Europe (Bob and Howard, 2008). Generally, the ceremony takes

place in the community synagogue and befalls when the female children turn

twelve and the males turn thirteen (West and Rosenberg, 2009). The ages of

twelve and thirteen were chosen in postbiblical times, and were deemed to

be the age of which the children were able to competently fulfil the mitzvot

(Yust et al, 2006).

2.5.1 Orthodox Judaism and CelebrationOrthodox Jews, also known as traditional, view themselves as a correct

representation of Torah Judaism (Rebhun and Waxman, 2004). For

Orthodox Jews, celebration is an extremely important aspect of their religion.

They can be described as ‘very meticulous’ with regards to respecting the

religious customs and laws relating to each celebration and event

(Schlossberg, 2004). For this form of Judaism Bar Mitzvah means that when

a boy turns thirteen he is no longer considered to be a child, and is

responsible for his own decisions and actions, just as his parents and

relatives are (Geffen, 1993). Regardless of a Bar Mitzvah celebration taking

place, Orthodox Judaism will deem a child to be an adult at the age of

thirteen (Schlossberg, 2004).

In Orthodox Judaism, girls do not have a Bat Mitzvah celebration as it

is a modern creation. However, young girls are granted alternative coming of

age ceremonies which do not include reading from the Torah (Mitchell and

Reid-Walsh, 2007).

2.5.2 Reform Judaism and CelebrationReform Judaism dates back to the nineteenth-century and is viewed as one

of the most influential movements in modern Jewish times (Bank and

Wiggins, 2005:26). The movement proposes a dynamic approach, focusing

on the traditional Jewish ethical teachings (Bank and Wiggins, 2005:26).

Kaplan (2003) believes that Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations have

become very pretentious, focusing on the child’s material possessions and

aspirations. Kaplan (2003) also suggests that although many Reform Jews

disagree with the modernisation of the Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations, the

ceremony will still occur as the movement concentrates on returning to the

traditional ideals of Judaism.

2.5.3 Conservative Judaism and CelebrationConservative Judaism is one of the most recent movements and is viewed

as the most difficult to define (Cohen, 2012). Conservative Jews hold the

view that there are no set requirements for participation in the social,

educational or religious aspects of Judaism (Nadell, 1988). As with Orthodox

and Reform Judaism, the Bar Mitzvah ceremony is still present in

Conservative Judaism; however the Bat Mitzvah celebration is viewed as a

genuine celebration for girls, although the ceremony still differs from the Bar

Mitzvah (Hazen, 2011).

Falk (1995) suggests that the Conservative movement lost its religious

focus, and as a result the Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations did too. The

celebrations have become unnecessarily grandiose and the religious and

spiritual significances are lost (Falk, 1995).

2.6 Comparable Coming of Age CeremoniesTo enable a clear understanding of the coming of age ceremony in Judaism,

recognition of similar celebrations in other religions and cultures is required.

The coming of age ceremony in Christianity has been deemed by the author

as one of the most similar rites of passages to the Jewish ceremonies. The

Latin American Quinceanera celebration has also been recognised as having

similar factors to Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations. Therefore, both have

been explored and compared with the Jewish phenomenon.

2.6.1 Christianity and Coming of AgeAmongst the differences of opinion between Roman Catholic, Orthodox and

Protestant Christians, it can be said that their view of appropriate ways to

mark coming of age remains the same (Levete, 2010). The coming of age

ceremony, known as Confirmation, is regarded as a momentous

transformation from childhood to adulthood (Sanborn, 1999).

According to Spickard and Cragg (2001), confirmation has become

increasingly popular within the Christian community in recent years due to

the upsurge in the popularity of baptism amongst young children. The

confirmation ceremonies are often followed by a celebration with family,

friends and members of the church and are less extravagant, but comparable

to the Bar and Bat Mitzvah parties nonetheless (Spickard and Cragg, 2001)

As with the Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations, confirmation is a time

for the family, friends and church community to celebrate the child and how

far they have come in their religious journey (Anatolios and Brown, 2009).

2.6.2 QuinceaneraA Quinceanera is a Latin American celebration that marks a young girl’s

acceptance into womanhood on her fifteenth birthday (Alvarez, 2007).

Quinceanera’s are a rite of passage within the Latin American culture, and

consist of a religious ceremony followed by an often elaborate celebration

(Candelaria et al, 2004). The celebration, comparable to Bar and Bat

Mitzvah’s, can be described as an extravagant party with the child’s family

and friends and generally costs upwards of five thousand pounds (Forman-

Brunell, 2001). According to Herrera-Sobek (2006), a Quinceanera can be as

expensive as a wedding, however the parents are not solely responsible for

the cost; family and friends are often asked to contribute.

The Quinceanera can be likened to Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations

due to the scale and lavishness of the parties, but also for the reason for

celebration; religion (Stavans, 2010).

2.7 Modernisation of the Bar and Bat Mitzvah The modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebration is a recent occurrence that

began around one hundred years ago (Krieger, 2005) and has only been

recognised as an important part of coming of age in Judaism from the late

nineteenth century and early twentieth century (Marcus, 2004).

Many authors believe that these parties are shadowing the traditional

ceremony with Salkin (2012:5) suggesting that there is now a greater focus

on opening presents instead of “unwrapping the gifts of the spirit which

created the art and literature, the heroic deeds and moral teachings of our

people”. Bank (2002) agrees with Salkin, discussing how although many Bar

and Bat Mitzvahs do not overshadow the religious ceremonial aspects, the

parties are becoming a main focus within modern Jewish culture.

This view is reflected through many other authors, with those such as

Levitats (1949) and Segal (1945) discussing how the simple Bar and Bat

Mitzvah ceremony has been overcome by the importance of showmanship

and the giving of gifts. Levitats (1949) suggests that the success of many Bar

and Bat Mitzvah parties are often measured by the value of presents given to

the child.

Although it is seen to be an exciting and enjoyable occasion,

competition within communities can create unnecessary stress for parents;

pressuring them to focus on flaunting their wealth rather than how well their

child performs religiously (Salkin, 2012).

2.8 Celebrity and Social Media Influence Excessive Bar Mitzvah parties are becoming a growing trend, with celebrities

such as Philip Green – owner of Arcadia Group - spending over four million

pounds on his son’s event (www.telegraph.co.uk). Cohen and Numbers

(2013) discuss Hollywood Judaism, which can be described as an ‘eclectic

blend that imagines Judaism as spiritual recreation, a leisure activity and

form of conspicuous consumption’.

Social media networks such as Facebook, Tumblr, Instagram and

Twitter are amongst the most popular sites used by young people

(Strasburger, 2012). With 90% of children in the UK between the ages of

eleven and sixteen owning a mobile phone, it is understandable that they are

influenced by the media (www.bbcnews.co.uk ; Leslie, 2011). O’Keffee and

Clarke-Pearson (2011) believe that social media leads children to be

vulnerable to marketing and advertising, whether it is for a product, place or

person.

2.9 Previous StudiesSimilar studies to this research paper have not been identifiable; therefore it

is assumed that research in this area has not yet been completed. Although

this has the potential to limit the study’s literature review, research in other

areas has provided a clear understanding of the topic and issues at hand.

2.10 Chapter SummaryThis chapter has provided an insight into the current literature surrounding

the topic of study. Identification of these publications will ensure that this

paper does not unnecessarily duplicate any primary research completed by

previous authors. Chapter Two has enabled the author to identify key themes

amongst the relevant literature. These key themes will be utilised when

presenting and analysing the interview results in Chapter Four and Five.

Chapter Three will discuss and outline the methodological approach of

this research paper, providing a justification for the chosen research method

approach.

Chapter Three

Methodology

‘Aside from exercising discipline, researchers need a probing imagination,

one that pushed toward exploring new, promising leads into how and why

things religious, or connected to the religion, hang together’

(Stausberg and Engler, 2011:58)

3.0 Chapter IntroductionChapter Three will explore possible research methods, outline which has

been chosen and justify the reasons for this choice. The chapter will clearly

identify how the research will be gathered and analysed to further this study

in order to meet the research aims and objectives.

3.1. Primary and Secondary Data CollectionWhen choosing a method of data collection, it is important that the author

understands the input required by the chosen method, eliminating the

approach that requires unfeasible contribution (Rugg and Petre, 2007). In

order to identify which research method to use, the source of data collection

must first be identified. Kothari (2004) suggests that whilst choosing a

method of data collection, the type of data that will be collected must be

taken in to consideration. However, Morgan and Summers (2005) discuss

that it is not always necessary to select one method and disregard the other,

as they are often correlated without necessary intention.

Secondary data can be described as information that has been

previously discovered, whereas primary data is gathered first hand (Beri,

2010). Authors such as Avasarikar and Chordiya (2007) believe primary data

collection to be a time consuming, often expensive but highly rewarding

method of data collection. Giri and Bannerjee (2002) extend this; suggesting

that using primary data for research projects is favourable, as it provides the

author with detailed information that is tailored to the study.

3.2 Method ApproachesKothari (2004) believes that research is a scientific and methodical search for

knowledge in a particular area of interest. When comparing research

methods it is imperative to remember that neither quantitative nor qualitative

research is better than the other. Silverman (2010) supports this theory,

discussing how research methods are chosen due to their suitability to the

chosen area of study. Clark et al (1998) suggests that the authors chosen

topic of study may decipher which research method should be used

concurrently. They follow this, discussing how the method may also be

chosen due to the quantity of research needed to support the study.

Oakley (1999:75) theorises that quantitative and qualitative research

and data are fundamentally different paradigms. Silverman (2011) expands,

suggesting that whilst equally boasting differentiating characteristics, both

quantitative and qualitative methods are entwined in one way or another.

However, he maintains that although both methods have similarities, it would

be impractical to assume that a clear dissimilarity between the two is not

evident (Silverman, 2011). Understanding the relationship between

qualitative and quantitative methods of research allows us to heighten our

approach to the investigation or study (Cooper and White, 2012). Through

understanding this relationship, a realisation of the limitations that may occur

due to choosing one method of research over the other can materialise

(Maxfield and Babbie, 2012); allowing the researcher to clearly identify which

method provides the least limitations.

3.3 Quantitative and Qualitative DataAccording to Denscombe (2012) quantitative data can be described as a

research method focused on numerical data, found through questionnaires

and experiments. Crowther and Lancaster (2008:75) support Denscombe’s

view, suggesting that quantitative date may be recognised as a more

systematic method, associated with conventional scientific research studies.

Although quantitative data produces methodical data to support the

study, the nature of this paper is not reliant on statistics. This study aims to

discover an answer based on opinions, experiences and theory. Accordingly,

though considered reliable and consistent, quantitative data will not be the

preferred research method for this study.

Qualitative data relates to data that cannot be subjected to quantitative or

numerical analysis. Beri (2010) believes that qualitative research can be

described as the collection of data concerned with customer satisfaction,

experience and opinion. It is therefore associated with phenomena that

cannot be, or is difficult to quantify (Crowther and Lancaster, 2008:75).

Packer (2011) discusses qualitative research as an accepted method in

which researchers conduct interviews, record the data and discuss findings.

It can be suggested that the employment of qualitative research is an

excellent method for researchers studying an area of personal interest

(Tracy, 2013).

3.3.1 The Phenomenological ApproachKlenke (2008) describes phenomenology as the analysis of participant’s life

experiences. Smith et al (2009:11) follows this, discussing interpretative

phenomenological analysis as “an approach to qualitative, experiential and

psychological research”. Phenomenology should be viewed not as a

reflection of the participant or modern life, but more as a method of observing

the world and its modernity as a ‘human product’ (Ferguson, 2006:10).

A phenomenological approach is appropriate for this thesis as it

allows for the study of participants experience through a philosophical

approach, rather than a structural approach (Smith et al, 2009). This method

of qualitative data collection encourages participants to engage with the

questioner, as opposed to answering based on questions with direct answers

and probes.

3.4 Interviews or QuestionnairesThe aim of this paper is to come to a conclusion based on primary

research gathered from participants holding a direct relationship with the

topic. Although quantitative data gathers precise and comparable data, it

does not relate to the objectives of this paper. The use of questionnaires

allows the researcher to accumulate direct responses to the questions

asked. However, data gathered from questionnaires is often limited due to

the sample of participants and available resources; such as location, time

and distance (Commonwealth, 2000). Therefore, qualitative data will be

gathered through the form of interviews (Getz, 2012).

Through undertaking a qualitative research approach in the form of

interviews, it is important for the author to understand the depth and effort

one must adopt in order to achieve valuable outcomes (Seidman, 2013).

3.5 Design of InterviewsAccording to Hair Jr et al (2011) the two general approaches to gathering

qualitative data are observation and interviews. They go on to suggest that if

the research objective is to resolve whether an issue is occurring or not, the

approach of interviews should be adopted. Conducting interviews for

research papers is an established form of collecting data and can prove to be

an efficient way of obtaining advantageous material (White, 2000). In

contrast, Klenke (2008) believes that this type of interview allows opportunity

for the gathering of unreliable data. Appendix A displays Table 5-4, a

detailed comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of semi-structured

interviews as viewed by Klenke (2008). Outweighing the disadvantages is

the divergent observation that interviews are superlative when the objective

is to collect phenomenological data (Denscombe, 2007). For this reason,

qualitative interviews have been chosen as the research method for this

thesis.

The interviews conformed to the rules of a semi-structured interview;

following a flexible approach without limitation or expectations of the

participant’s response (Lewis-Beck et al, 2004). As discussed by Farrell

(2011) semi-structured interviews should still entertain a variety of themes

that the author wishes to explore to enhance the validity of the responses. A

phenomenological approach was taken when conducting interviews;

designed to stimulate a personal response from the participant’s knowledge

or perspective (Heidegger, 2005). Each participant was asked an invariable

arrangement of questions, displayed in Appendix B.

All participants were chosen due to their connection with the topic of

study, rather than their convenience or geographical location (Silverman,

2011). Participant’s individual experiences were considered in the decision

making process, with an aim to enable an analysis of the common themes

amongst responses; rather than focus on the collection of comparative data.

Piantanida and Garman (1999) believe that when conducting

interviews, it is imperative to focus on the quality of the material gathered,

rather than the quantity of interviews. Due to the phenomenological nature of

the interviews, there were a total of seven participants.

Interviews are broadly completed in groups or individually, via

technology such as telephones or Skype, or in person (White, 2002). For this

paper, interviews were conducted on an individual basis either through a

face to face or telephone interview; dependant on participant location and

availability. In order to efficiently analyse the evidence collected in each

interview, a Dictaphone recording device was used (Farrell, 2011).

The length of the interview should be determined prior to meeting with

each participant (Seidman, 2013). It has been noted that the length of each

interview is extremely influential to the amount of work required to analyse.

However, to ensure participant’s responses were not limited due to time

constraints, each interview allowed for twenty minutes.

Table 1 in Appendix B shows the proposed questions. Each question

is formed from a written objective and supported by an optional probe,

should it be required.

3.6 PilotingPiloting is a crucial stage in any research project where the author tests their

technique and method of data collection (Blaxter et al, 2010). The aim of pilot

testing is to ensure all questions prepared for the interview will allow the

researcher to adequately reach objectives (Riley et al, 2000).

Religion and personal opinion can be a sensitive subject; therefore it is

important when asking questions to respect participant’s views and the

possibility of a reserved response (Pratt and Loizos, 2003). Pilot testing aims

to eliminate the chance of creating a negative atmosphere when interviewing

each participant.

Hair Jr et al (2011) believe that focus groups are the most beneficial

way to test interview questions with an aim to eradicate any flaws. A focus

group of five participants was coordinated for the initial testing of interview

questions, followed by a secondary piloting session to re-assess the

questions once amended to comply with the feedback given in the first

session. It is essential to do as much pilot testing as possible to ensure the

questions are appropriately moderated prior to the interviews (Reis and

Judd, 2000).

The first session consisted of the group listening to each question,

making notes and then sharing their comments. This allowed for the

alteration of content, improvement of the quality of language and

enhancement of the transition between each question. The second session

involved the same structure as the first, concluding with an evaluation of the

questions deemed most appropriate in relation to meeting the research aims

and objectives.

The focus group decided that some questions needed to be amended to

prevent confusion and ensure the aim of the questions were clear to all

participants. It was decided that the wording of the questions required

alterations to prevent the possibility of upsetting participants. Finally, after the

suggested changes were applied, all questions were approved by the focus

group and did not require any further modification.

3.7 Validity and Reliability of DataLincoln (2003) believes that ‘validity’ and ‘reliability’ echo modern terminology

concerned with reflecting traditional interpretivism. Interpretivism proposes

the approach of focusing on participants’ opinions, their own experiences

and the connotations that are important to them (Lincoln, 2003). Due to the

nature of the interviews, it is impossible to predict what may or may not

emerge (Klenke, 2008). The information that materializes was assessed on

its validity and reliability based on how it was interpreted in relation to the

topic of study.

As they are phenomenological interviews, the reliability of data will not

be taken into consideration due to the expected dissimilarity of interview

responses.

3.8 Ethical ResearchingEthical standards are a vital element of any research paper, requiring

copious attention and consideration. Regardless of the scale of research, it is

indisputable that ethical issues will arise to some degree (Saunders et al,

2009).

Due to the religious nature of this paper, it is essential for the personal

opinion and theoretical view of participants to be aptly protected. Getz (2012)

supports this, suggesting that it is imperative for researchers to keep

participant information confidential unless authorised to do otherwise.

Anonymity was offered to participants in case they wished for their name to

be concealed.

It must be understood that the importance of confidentiality is coupled

with the significance of informed consent (Stausberg and Engler, 2011). Not

every research approach requires the researcher to inform the participants of

the purpose of the task. Nonetheless, to comply with ethical researching

standards, it is a fundamental responsibility for researchers using

phenomenological methods (Damm, 2011). Participants were informed of the

nature of the research prior to meeting; additionally the information was

reiterated during and after the meeting.

The research conducted conforms to the University of Gloucestershire’s

research ethics principles and procedures handbook (2008).

The list below provides a guideline of principles and procedures that were

followed to ensure participants were treated ethically:

The research aims, objectives and proposed analysis will be

discussed

Each participant will receive invariable treatment, with identical

questions and interview techniques used

Participant consent forms will be completed, ensuring participants give

consent for the use of any data collected, unless anonymity is

requested

Anonymity will be presented as an option to each participant,

alternatively full disclosure of the participants name will be presented

with the research

Respect confidentiality at all times, assure participants are

comfortable with the conversation and questions

3.9 Collection of DataThe collection of data began in March 2013, with a series of telephone and

face to face interviews. This month was chosen due to the availability of

participants and the completion of questions prior to focus group

amendments.

The seven participants included a London industry professional who

specialises in Jewish events, two members of a Synagogue in the Midlands,

a member of a Bristol Synagogue, a renowned Jewish blogger and two

University students of Jewish faith and heritage. These participants were

approached due to their diverse relationship to the research topic and their

variation of age and gender. A copy of the initial email sent to the participants

can be located in Appendix C.

3.10 Analysis of DataHycner (1985) believes that transcription is an obvious step enabling

phenomenological analysis of the recorded interview data. Transcription

allows the literal form of the conversation to be exposed, giving the

researcher a written document to annotate rather than working from the

spoken word.

Upon completion of the interviews, all data was transferred from the

Dictaphone recording device to editing software on a computer. Once the

data had successfully been transferred, it was recorded in the form of

transcripts. As one participant requested anonymity, all transcripts were

written anonymously and coded in numerical form.

A thematic analysis was constructed on the completed transcripts to

identify key themes amongst the participant’s responses. Thematic analysis

allows the author to identify the key themes once the data has been collected

(Ezzy, 2002). This type of analysis can allow for complications and the

discovery of unexpected issues. However, the author has deemed it the most

appropriate form of analysing phenomenological interview data.

The transcripts were colour coded to emphasise the responses that were

acknowledged as common themes amongst participant responses, and then

related to the key themes recognised in the literature review. A theming key

is available at the top of each transcript to ensure the colour coding is clear

to the reader.

Once the transcriptions were complete, they were critically analysed and

contrasted to identify key themes in opinion and theory between participants.

Responses were then juxtaposed with the findings acknowledged in the

literature review to allow for further analysis.

3.11 Chapter SummaryChapter Three has identified the chosen research method and strategy, in

addition to the identification of the chosen piloting method, form of data

collection and data analysis. The information in this chapter will support the

presentation and discussion of results in Chapter Four.

Chapter Four

Presentation and Discussion of Results

4.0 Chapter IntroductionThis chapter will provide a presentation of the results gathered in the

interviews. The interview results will be related to the key themes gathered in

the literature review. Full responses from the participants will not be

presented in this Chapter; complete transcripts are available in Appendix D.

Interviews 1, 2, 3 and 7 were constructed on a one-to-one or

telephone basis with the participant. Interview 4 and 5 were part of a double

face-to-face interview that has been split into two transcripts to enable clear

analysis of both participants’ responses. Interview 6 was conducted with an

anonymous blogger who was unable to participate over the phone or face to

face due to the nature of their career; therefore the responses have been

submitted via written form. As a result of one participant’s request for

anonymity, all participants will be recorded anonymously as stated in

Chapter Three.

Although the interview results have been presented anonymously,

Figure One has been created to provide the reader with background

information about the participants, detailing their relationship with Judaism

and Bar and Bat Mitzvahs.

Figure One – Participant InformationParticipant 1 Participant one is the Chair of a synagogue in the Midlands. They

follow Orthodox Judaism and are very involved with Bar and Bat Mitzvahs within their synagogue. This participant has two sons who have become Bar Mitzvah and have had celebrations.

Participant 2 Participant two is the honorary secretary of a synagogue in the Midlands. They follow Orthodox Judaism and although they did not have a Bar or Bat Mitzvah, they are involved with the Bar and Bat Mitzvahs within their synagogue.

Participant 3 Participant three is a professional Event Manager in London and specialises in Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations. They have planned and attended countless celebrations and have had their own Bar or Bat Mitzvah approximately a decade ago.

Participant 4 Participant four is the Honorary President of a Hebrew Congregation in Bristol. This participant is very involved with the Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations within their synagogue and had their own celebration several decades ago.

Participant 5 Participant five is a university student who is in the process of converting to Conservative Judaism and grew up with family and friends of Jewish faith. They did not have a celebration themselves but have attended several Bar and Bat Mitzvahs of family and friends.

Participant 6 Participant six is a renowned blogger within the Jewish community. This participant is a parent to children who have become Bar or Bat Mitzvah and has attended numerous celebrations of family and friends.

Participant 7 Participant seven is a university student who grew up with a Jewish father but was not brought up following the faith. This participant has not attended a Bar or Bat Mitzvah but studies for an Events Management degree and is informed about the celebrations from studies, experience and family relations.

4.1 Presentation of ResultsTo ensure all participants are guaranteed anonymity, participants will be

numerically named in order of the interviews, as discussed in Chapter Three.

For example, the participant of the first interview will be recorded as

Participant 1. The interview findings will be displayed under five headings of

key themes that stem from the literature review findings.

The purpose of the interviews was to further explore the research

objectives;

To outline the factors which could have an influence on the traditional

religious celebration,

To discover why these changes may be occurring through collected

primary research,

To evaluate whether modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations

are having a positive or negative effect on traditional Judaism.

4.2 Growth of extravagant celebrationsThe growth of lavish Bar and Bat Mitzvah parties is a recognised theme

throughout the interviews and the literature review in Chapter Two. The

extravagance of Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations is becoming increasingly

popular in modern day society (Salkin, 2012; Bank, 2002).

Interview Responses:“I went to what some might consider an over the top celebration. It

was fantastic, we had a ball. But it was done in absolutely the right

spirit it was a family occasion plus friends. You know, there had been

generosity towards the synagogue and that sort of thing. And you

know, the emphasis was on everyone having a good time rather than

‘look at me and how much I can spend’. So it can be done.” –

Participant 1

“I think pushing yourself in to debt to be able to do something like that

is incredibly silly but, I can see how it could happen.” – Participant 2

“But, like I said to you, compared to how it was five years ago, when I

started, to how it is now, it’s quite rare that we don’t do a lot of

production, a lot of lighting, a lot of staging, and, you know, back

drops. And, when I was twelve, there certainly was none of that. It

was much, I mean people still did it, but it was much rarer for people

to the extremes of like, dressing the rooms in the way that they do

now.” Participant 3

“I think a lot of them have always been very extravagant actually. I

think it’s probably, I think it’s fair to say that more Bar Mitzvah

celebrations now are extravagant than they used to be. Because,

more people can afford to be extravagant.” – Participant 4

“Bar Mitzvah celebrations are becoming far more extravagant in

areas including the mother’s dress, the band and the venue. You will

probably find that on the whole the Jewish communities all over the

world are probably in a much better financial situation than they were

70 years ago.” – Participant 6

Each participant commented on the growth of extravagant celebrations, but

the responses differed somewhat. Participant 3 believed that the celebrations

have grown drastically over the past decade, stating that “it’s quite rare that

we don’t do a lot of production, a lot of lighting, a lot of staging...” However,

Participant 4 discussed how the celebrations have always been extravagant,

they are simply more noticeably lavish now due to the fact that people can

afford to do so. Participant 6 supports Participant 4’s belief, stating that

“Jewish communities all over the world are probably in a much better

financial situation than they were 70 years ago”.

There has been a significant increase in people’s disposable income;

therefore an increase in expenditure on celebrations is fathomable. The

extravagance of Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations may be enigmatic to those

of non-Jewish faith. However, it has been recognised through the primary

research gathered that this is not a modern occurrence; the celebrations are

naturally developing with change.

4.3 Overshadowing religionA key theme that was discovered in the literature review was that many

authors believed the modernised Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations were

allowing the gifts, expense and showmanship to overshadow the true

religious and spiritual aspects of the celebration (Salkin, 2012; Levitats,

1949; Segal, 1945).

Interview Responses:“To celebrate is part of Judaism. So please don’t think that to

celebrate is something apart from the religion, it’s not. It’s a really

important part that we celebrate what we can in life. To involve the

family and friends again, that’s part of it as well.” – Participant 1

“There are things that I don’t like about it but I don’t think if you come

from, certainly in traditional Judaism, the importance is put in the right

place.” – Participant 2

“I probably would say it’s not as important but I think from talking to

the parents they still make a point to the kids that, obviously you’ve

got this amazing party but that’s not what this weekend’s about.” -

Participant 3

“I think, probably not. I think what actually happens is that the

synagogue side of the event, you know, I think most people see that

as something that is separate to the celebration, almost. I think

people have separated it in their mind.” – Participant 4

“…as a thirteen year old I don’t think you care that much about

religion because you can’t understand it if you are thirteen, really, and

like the magnitude of what it is.” - Participant 5

“Firstly, the more religious Jews are still having traditional

celebrations. However, there are less religious Jews who pay huge

amounts to have big celebrations. Be that as it may, the Bar Mitzvah

boy still has to study and learn his sermon in order to have his Bar

Mitzvah. This involves huge amounts of studying and practising for at

least a year. It is hard work and should not go unnoticed.” –

Participant 6

“I believe that many religious traditions not only in the Jewish faith

have lost their way in the past 20 years. Children are not bought up

the same way as parents and grandparents. Many children will have

two religious backgrounds, so traditions have moved with the times

and crossed over.” – Participant 7

When discussing whether Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations were

overshadowing the religious aspect of the rite of passage, the responses

were quite contrasting. Participant 1 discussed how celebration is a part of

Judaism and it is important for Jews to celebrate with family and friends.

Participant 4 suggested that people see the party as separated from the

religious aspect of the ceremony.

Participant 3 believed that the religious aspect is not as important as it

once was, however parents are still encouraging their children to understand

the historical, religious reasons for the rite of passage. In contrast,

Participant 5 suggested that the age of the child becoming Bar or Bat

Mitzvah means that they are unable to fully understand the “magnitude of

what it is”. Participant 7 discussed how over the past two decades, many

religious traditions have “lost their way”, including Judaism.

Although the responses were contrasting, the interview results

challenge the views of Salkin (2012), Levitats (1949) and Segal (1945) that

the celebration is overshadowing the religious aspect of the rite of passage.

4.4 The HolocaustSeveral authors discussed how the tragic effects of the Holocaust has in fact

become a moment in history that many Jews look to for motivational and

inspirational reasons (Greenspoon, 2010; Belcove-Salin, 1995). As Goldberg

(1995) believes, the holocaust has become a source of encouragement for

Jews, influencing them to celebrate their survival.

Interview Responses:“But I think also a lot of it is about the Holocaust, obviously it’s you

know, we’re still doing our traditions, we’re still doing this which is a

lot of, you know what’s going on in Palestine and whatever. But, erm,

it’s important for the Jewish people to have our celebrations” –

Participant 5

“The Bar Mitzvah is a sacred tradition in Judaism and if some chevra

want to spend serious amounts on Simchas and have the wealth to

do so – then why not? The Jews have been persecuted for centuries

and it’s in the Jewish spirit to live life to the full because we don’t

know what tomorrow can bring.” – Participant 6

Participant 5 and 6 were the only two to comment on the relationship

between Bar and Bat Mitzvah’s and the Holocaust. Participant 5 believed

that the Holocaust outlined the importance of celebration to Jews, stating that

“a lot of it is about the Holocaust […] we’re still doing our traditions, we’re still

doing this...”. Participant 6 stated that “The Jews have been persecuted for

centuries and it’s in the Jewish spirit to live life to the full because we don’t

know what tomorrow can bring”.

The responses from the primary research supported the views of

Greenspoon (2010), Belcove-Salin (1995), and Goldberg (1995). Although

the Holocaust was a horrific time in Jewish history, it now provides Jews with

remembrance and encouragement to celebrate each day as it comes.

4.5 Celebrity Influence and Social Media InfluencesA key theme that has been acknowledged in the literature review is the

influence of celebrities and social media on the children becoming Bar and

Bat Mitzvah. It is a well-known fact that social media influences our lives on a

daily basis, whether we are purchasing products, joining social media sites or

donating to charity (Leslie, 2011).

Interview Responses:“I think it is so way over the top but yes, celebrity culture can have an

effect. Erm, when you think most of us who are reasonably down to

earth, think well okay that’s for the celebrities. That aspect though,

has been an issue even when I was a little girl. So, it’s not a new

thing.” – Participant 1

“Yeah, they’re surrounded by their friends, their family, the media, the

T.V, the internet, you know. Things like Pinterest as well, where

people are trying to copy what’s in the media and do their own way of

doing it.” - Participant 3

“I would regret if, if other families felt that they had to try and rival it.

But erm, yes these things do happen, keeping up with the Jones’ and

keeping up with times and ladies I suppose.” – Participant 4

“I think it’s a thing of the 21st century to be influenced by the media.

That’s not restricted to, to Bar Mitzvah parties […] there’s a pressure

on normal people to rise to that.” – Participant 5

“It puts on pressure – some circles will feel the need to spend above

and beyond. Personally I think it’s all relative to one’s wealth. If Philip

Green is worth a billion then £4million is only 0.004% of his wealth -

so he is probably paying considerably less than the standard Barmy

relative to his wealth.” – Participant 6

“I believe that the culture of celebrity has a massive impact on what

young people expect. They aspire to have what others have and at a

young age they don’t see the bigger picture and don’t always

understand why the ceremony is happening.” – Participant 7

All participants believed that there is a definite influence from celebrities and

social media. Participant 6 suggested that there is a lot of pressure from the

media within Jewish communities. However, Participant 6 also discussed the

importance of understanding that the expense of a Bar or Bat Mitzvah is

dependent on the family’s wealth. Participant 3 believed that the influence of

media and celebrities was encouraging people to “copy what’s in the media

and do their own way of doing it”.

In contrast, Participant 5 suggests that it is “a thing of the 21st century

to be influenced by the media”. Participant 5 went on to discuss how this

does not solely influence Bar and Bat Mitzvah parties, there is a pressure

upon all people to rise to celebrity and media encouragements. Participant 7

believed that young people “aspire to have what others have and at a young

age they don’t see the bigger picture...’

The responses challenge the views of Cohen and Numbers (2013)

and The Telegraph (www.telegraph.co.uk). The influence of celebrities and

social media has an impact on every member of society, regardless of their

religion. Although these are likely influences on families and children

becoming Bar and Bat Mitzvah, they are equally effected as those of non-

Jewish faith.

4.6 Community and competitionThe community that the person practices in has been noted as having an

influence on the way in which Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations occur.

Whether you follow Orthodox, Reform or Conservative Judaism, your views

and methods of celebration will differ (Schlossberg, 2004; Kaplan, 2003;

Hazen, 2011). The surrounding community has an influence on their Bar or

Bat Mitzvah celebration with regard to their level of competitiveness amongst

families within the same group (Salkin, 2012).

Interview Responses:

“Well I think yeah, that’s always gone on that’s not new. There’s

always been that rivalry, yes.” – Participant 4

“Because, because where I grew up not really. Just because, it

wasn’t about that. It wasn’t about competing, it was just a celebration

that your kid had turned it’s like a birthday party. It’s like a sweet

sixteen, but it’s saying look at my child who I’ve brought up Jewish

she still wants to be Jewish even though she’s an unruly teenager

kind of, look at what a good parent I am.” - Participant 5

“Many people want to be seen as having the biggest and best Bar

Mitzvah and it has become a competition.” – Participant 7

When discussing competition within Jewish communities, the majority of

responses were similar. Participant 4 suggested that competition is an

existing issue amongst parents and children planning a Bar or Bat Mitzvah

that has always occurred throughout history. According to Participant 7, the

competition lies with the scale and lavishness of the celebrations when

compared with one another. In contrast, Participant 5 believes that

competition is not evident in every community and the focus is on the

adequate parental skills, rather than the financial stability of the family.

The responses gathered from the primary data support the view of

Salkin (2012). Although some communities may not compete for the most

impressive Bar or Bat Mitzvah, there is an element of competition in the

majority of communities. Competition encourages the extravagance of Bar

and Bat Mitzvah parties as each child desires a greater level of magnificence

than the previous event.

4.8 Chapter Summary This chapter has provided a clear summary of the results gathered from the

primary research that relate to the secondary research outlined in Chapter

Two. The data presented has been analysed and related to the key themes

discovered in the literature review. Chapter Five will conclude the primary

research results and attend to the research paper’s title:

Are modern day Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations having an effect on traditional Judaism?

Chapter Five will also discuss the limitations of study and provide

recommendation for future research projects in this area.

Chapter Five

Conclusion5.0 Chapter IntroductionChapter Five will conclude this research paper, provide a summary of key

findings, discuss the limitation of the study and provide recommendations for

future research. This chapter will also identify whether the research has met

the aims and objectives set out in the Rationale in Chapter One.

5.1 Summary of FindingsThe primary aim of the research study was to investigate modern day Bar

and Bat Mitzvah celebrations and identify whether they are having an effect

on traditional Judaism. The research objectives outlined in Chapter One

were met, allowing the research aim to be accomplished.

Secondary research found that several authors, such as Salkin

(2012), believe that Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations have become

extremely extravagant in recent years. In contrast, primary research found

that although the parties have become more extravagant in modern times,

Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations are not affecting traditional Judaism. The

growth of extravagant celebrations can be recognised as an aspect of the

religion that is adapting to modern times at the will of those of Jewish faith.

As discovered in the literature review; secondary research found that

there were several influences that have been identified as encouraging the

lavishness of Bar and Bat Mitzvah parties. The literature review found that

Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations were reported to be a ‘growing trend’

influenced by celebrities and the media (www.telegraph.co.uk). However, the

primary research participants believed that although celebrities and the

media have an obvious influence on the modernisation of the celebrations,

this was not considered to be unique to Bar and Bat Mitzvah’s celebrations.

Celebrity culture and the media are affecting the majority of people,

regardless of their religious beliefs. The primary research challenged the

secondary research and concluded that celebrities and the media are not

encouraging the celebrations to have an effect on Judaism.

Secondary research discovered that the Holocaust had a positive

influence on Jewish celebration. The participants believe that this historical

event provides Jews with encouragement for celebration with family and

friends, whether it is a wedding or Bar or Bat Mitzvah. Although the child may

not be influenced by the Holocaust, the parents, grandparents, family and

friends have a deeper understanding of the importance of celebrating

survival and tradition.

In the literature review, it was discovered that Salkin (2012) and

Levitats (1949) believe that the extravagance of Bar and Bat Mitzvah parties

influenced an element of competition within Jewish communities. The

majority of participants felt that there was a definite element of competition

amongst children becoming Bar or Bat Mitzvah, their families and within the

community. While secondary research suggested that there is an element of

competition, the primary research provided clear identification that the

competition tends to surround the party aspect of the celebration, rather than

the religious ceremony. The influence of competition lies with how

extravagant and extraordinary the current party is in comparison with the

previous and past events. However, it has been recognised that this is not a

new occurrence caused by modernisation; competition between Bar and Bat

Mitzvah celebrations has always arisen throughout history.

Finally, the secondary research found that many authors, such as

Bank (2002) suggested that the Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations were

overshadowing the traditional religious aspects of the event. However, the

primary research discovered that this was not the case. It was identified by

the participants that although the religious ceremony is not as important in

some communities, it is still viewed as the principal, momentous part of the

rite of passage. The celebration is regarded as a reward for the child’s hard

work, but does not allow for negligence to the magnitude of the synagogue

ceremony.

5.1.1 ConclusionAfter critical analysis and evaluation, it has been concluded that modern day

Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations are not having an impact on traditional

Judaism. Although the celebrations are adapting to modern time, the

significance of the religious aspect is still prominent and is not being

overshadowed by the extravagance of the party aspect of the celebrations.

The primary research identified that the celebration is a part of the

Jewish culture and occurs in Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Judaism.

Every participant believed that the importance of the religious aspect is still

being taught to the child becoming Bar or Bat Mitzvah. Even though the

celebrations are often extremely lavish, religion is still the core reason for the

celebration. Bar and Bat Mitzvah parties are purely a way for the parents and

child to celebrate their coming of age with family and friends.

5.2 Limitations of StudyAs with any research project, there are limitations within the study (Marshall

and Rossman, 2011). Although the interviews provided the author with

sufficient responses, interviewing more participants would have enabled the

author to present significant findings from a greater variety of sources. The

research was limited to the opinions of those directly involved with Judaism

and Bar or Bat Mitzvah celebrations. Interviewing members of alternative

religious communities may perhaps allow the author to provide a more in-

depth investigation and analysis of the celebrations impact on Judaism. The

interviews had the potential to limit the validity of results due to number of

participants; however the seven participants provided substantial and

appropriate information to enable the author to reach a clear conclusion.

Using only qualitative research methods meant that the primary

research was limited. If questionnaires had been used, this would have

provided the author with a second method of research to support the data

gathered from the interviews. Using a combination of research methods

would have provided the author with a broader insight in to the area of

investigation.

The research was also limited due to the availability of resources, in

particular those published in the past decade. The author was unable to

acquire any previous studies as research had not been conducted in the

same area. If the author was able to obtain more specific research, a clearer

summary of key issues and themes would have been provided.

Finally, better time management would have allowed the author to be

more organised and could potentially have led to a larger quantity of

interviews; therefore more in-depth primary research results.

5.3 Future Research RecommendationsThere are several areas in which this research could be developed further. A

larger quantity of interviews, combination of qualitative and quantitative

research methods and better time management would ensure the researcher

had a variety of primary and secondary research to guarantee a more in-

depth conclusion.

5.4 Chapter SummaryThis final chapter has provided a clear conclusion that determines that the

research aims and objectives of the study have been met. The limitations of

the research study have been identified and future research

recommendations have been presented.