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©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved1
Architectural Practice and the Internet
Jonathan Cohen, [email protected]
Arch 132 – Professor KalayUC Berkeley12/2/04
©2004 Jonathan Cohen - all rights reserved
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved2
Jonathan Cohen, FAIA
www.jcarchitects.comwww.communication-design.net
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved3
Outline
Why the Internet is important to architects and their clients
How architects use the Internet now How they might use it in the future Trends: the single building model,
standards for data exchange, virtual organizations
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved4
Why the Internet is important to architects:
Communication is vital in our fragmented industry
Coordination and collaboration are the keys to effective project delivery
Graphic communication is especially important for describing spatial and visual ideas
Vital links between scattered bits of information
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved5
Web skills are core business skills
Web sites are the new “documents” Designers can build on expertise they
already possess :– Visualize information spatially– Create information structures– Integration and synthesis
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved6
Three-dimensional isometric diagram of a complex Web site structure. (Courtesy Dynamic Diagrams)
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved7
The Power of Networks
New ways of connecting people and information
Synchronous and asynchronous communication
Constraints of time and place are diminished
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved8
The evolution of information technology
DISTRIBUTED WEB SYSTEMS• Peer-to-peer networks• Empowerment of
employees & customers• Connecting the team -
partners & suppliers• Networked organizations• 1,000s—unlimited users
ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS• Client-server networks• Centralized
organizations• 100s—1,000s of users
MAINFRAME SYSTEMS•Limited access to
information•10s—100s of users
1960—1980s:Back office functions
Late 1980s—1990s:Internal functions
Late 1990s:External functions
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved9
New kinds of organizations
Decentralization – ability to support geographically distributed work teams
Intranets make enterprise-wide knowledge widely accessible
Extranets connect the information supply chain - producers, partners, customers
Transparency of the design process is increased Opportunity - project information architects
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved10
The Internet in Practice
Marketing Research Approvals and permitting Presentation/collaboration Training and professional education Programming/user participation Participatory planning and design Project management
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved12
The Internet in Practice
Marketing Research Approvals and permitting Presentation/collaboration Training and professional education Programming/user participation Participatory planning and design Project management
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved14
The Internet in Practice
Marketing Research Approvals and permitting Presentation/collaboration Training and professional education Programming Participatory planning and design Project management
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved23
Three-tier Web computing
Thin client (browser)
Middle tier
Back end
HTML
Web server
ODBC database(Oracle, Sybase, SAP, FileMaker)
Application server
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved26
Strategic Implicationsfor the Building Industry
New relationships between service providers and clients
New ways of organizing work New modes of project delivery
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved27
The building industry
Highly fragmented Each project is a one-time collaboration of many
organizations – owner, designer, builder, subcontractor, material supplier.
Small firms serving local and regional markets. Little investment in R&D: less than 0.5 % of annual
revenue, compared to 3.7 % in manufacturing.
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved28
islands of automation
DesignCAD
VisualizationAnalysis
ConstructionScheduling
CostingStaging
OperationsFacilities
ManagementReal Estate
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved29
Construction Industry Productivity LagsProductivity Index (1990-2001)
(Constant $ of contracts / workhours of hourly workers)sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept. of Commerce
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
110.00%
120.00%
130.00%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Year
Labo
r Pr
oduc
tivity
Inde
x
Construction Productivity Index (1990 = 100%) Non-Farm Productivity Index (1990 = 100%)
Construction Industry
All Non-Farm Industries(includes construction)
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved30
Islands of automation
Information technology has made communication worse, not better.
Tools automate tasks but ignore process. Information remains trapped in “knowledge
domains,” behind barriers of specialist jargon, symbols and means of representation.
Document formats are based on historical paper equivalents.
Information exchange at the lowest common denominator—paper.
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved31
Design/Construction Process:
DESIGNEROWNER CONTRACTOR USER
Feas
ibility
Prog
ramming
Desig
n Pha
seAp
prov
alsPr
oduc
tion P
hase
Perm
itsBid
ding
Cons
tructi
onOc
cupa
ncy
Reno
vatio
nDe
molitio
n
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved32
3 enablers for process change
The shared building model supporting lifecycle project management
Data exchange with open standards New project delivery methods based on
shared risk and reward
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved33
single building model
The project model is a Web-shared database of information that grows as the project moves through design, construction and operations and throughout the building life cycle
Model all building attributes: – Geometry– Materials– Costs– Schedule– Energy use
Simulate construction and all building systems
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved36
LeasingOperations
Construction phasingScenario planning
Code checkingEgress analysisSecurity analysisDaylighting analysis
ProgrammingFeasibilityFinancing
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved38
3 enablers for process change
The single building model supporting lifecycle project management
Data exchange with open standards New project delivery methods
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved39
What is interoperability?
…the dynamic exchange of information among all applications and platforms serving the entire building community throughout the life-cycle of facilities, using open, non-proprietary standards.
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved40
August 2004 NIST Report:“Cost of Inadequate Interoperability”
$15.8 billion per year! 1-2% of the industry’s revenue Distribution of cost:
– Owners/operators: $10.6 billion– Architects/engineers: $1.2 billion– General contractors: $1.8 billion– Fabricators and suppliers: $2.2 billion
Current business activities:– Manual reentry of data– Duplication of functions– Continued reliance on paper
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved41
XML - the new Web language
“Extensible” language replaces HTML with self-defining, industry-specific, data declarations.
Products, services, regulations, are all described in XML and shared between applications and across disciplines.
Internet searches are much more efficient, allowing “intelligent agents” to assemble information automatically and broker transactions.
Enables e-commerce in design and construction. Web sites replace construction documents.
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved42
XML versus HTML<html><head><title>AndreaPalladio</title></head><body bgcolor=#ffffff><font size=2><center><P>Andrea Palladio was an Italian architect of the 16th Century.</P><P>He designed many buildings that still influence architecture today</P></font></center></body>
</html>
<XML><architect><nationality>Italian</nationality><period>16th Century</period><influence>major</influence></architect></XML>
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved43
Open standards for data exchange
HTML(presentation)
XML(data)
The Internet(platform)
Java(processing)
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved44
XML describes data, not formatting<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE PARENT [<!ELEMENT PARENT (CHILD*)*><!ELEMENT CHILD (MARK?,NAME+)><!ELEMENT MARK EMPTY><!ELEMENT NAME (LASTNAME+,FIRSTNAME+)*><!ELEMENT LASTNAME (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT FIRSTNAME (#PCDATA)><!ATTLIST MARK NUMBER ID #REQUIRED LISTED CDATA #FIXED "yes" TYPE (natural|adopted) "natural"><!ENTITY STATEMENT "This is well-formed XML">]><PARENT>&STATEMENT; <CHILD> <MARK NUMBER="1" LISTED="yes" TYPE="natural"/> <NAME> <LASTNAME>child</LASTNAME> <FIRSTNAME>second</FIRSTNAME> </NAME></CHILD></PARENT>
Styled for Web page
Styled in synthesized speech for cell phone
Styled for Palm device
Page for architect
Page for contractor
Page for owner
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved45
3 enablers for process change
The single building model supporting lifecycle project management
Data exchange with open standards New project delivery methods
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved46
alternative futures for project delivery
O
A B
O
A B
O
ABFO
O
H
M ES
traditional design/build enterprise virtual company
A BO
AB
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved47
networked organizations
DESIGNER
CONTRACTOR
MATERIAL SUPPLIER
USER
OWNER
PROJECT INFORMATIONARCHITECT
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved48
networked information enablesnew kinds of organizations
Project-wide knowledge widely shared and accessible
Information from one project informs the next Support for geographically distributed work teams Process is transparent to owner, designers,
builders, suppliers, end users Centralized project information is the hub of a
networked digital building enterprise
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved49
Attributes of traditional versus virtual organizations:
Traditional - “Fordism” Virtual
Scale Mass Production Hierarchy Command and Control Large companies, vertically
integrated
Flexibility Customized Production Informal Network Cooperation, trust Small but connected
companies focused on core competencies
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved50
Virtual organizations:
Existing models:– Hollywood film production– Prato textile industry– Nike, Nokia, and “radical outsourcing”– Linux and the open source movement– The Internet itself
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved51
the MACE alliance
ARUP
LLEWELLYN DAVIES
TROUP BYWATERS & ANDERS
OWNERMACE
JOHN DOYLE CONSTRUCTION LTD.
SPEC
IALT
Y CO
NTRA
CTOR
S AN
D M
ATER
IAL
SUPP
LIER
S
a collaborative virtual organization
©2004 Jonathan Cohen and Associates - all rights reserved52
the opportunity:
The one who controls the project information will be at the center of the digital building process
The information architect is:– keeper of knowledge and rules– leader and coordinator– standards bearer– quality insurer– community builder