Review: Disease Notes Name ________________________________ Date ___________ Block _______________

1. ________________ Can’t be treated with antibiotics.

2. ________________ Diseases caused by pathogens are (infectious or noninfectious)

3. ________________ Condition that does not allow the body to function normally

4. ________________ Diabetes and Parkinson’s disease are examples of (infectious or noninfectious) diseases

5. ________________ Caused by a type of bacteria in the throat

6. ________________ Causes red, itching, flaky skin with an unpleasant smell. Sometimes blisters occur on the feet.

7. ________________ Disease that causes the glucose, or sugar level in the blood to be high and/or to low

8. ________________ Cough, stuffy, runny nose, headache. Occurs more often in the winter. Last for about a week. Caused by a virus.

9. ________________Muscles in the bronchial tubes tighten up. Lining of the tubes become swollen. Excess mucus produced causing airways to become narrow causing wheezing and makes it hard to breath.

10._______________ Highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory System, fever and muscle aches.

11.________________Tremors (shakes) are the major symptoms

12.________________Occurs to the outer layer of the skin

13.________________Fever 101 or higher, pain, redness, and swelling of the throat and tonsils.

14.________________Caused by a fungus that can be contract from public environments and it grows in warm, moist, environments.

15.________________Can lead to problems with circulation of the blood, cause nerve damage, and kidney problems, as well as heart disease. Often, vision problems are the first symptom.

16.________________Brain cells die or become damaged and can not send messages.

17.________________90% caused by too much sun. Heredity and environment are also reasons.

18.________________Caused by a virus that causes the body to be unable to fight pathogens that may attack the body and can (will) lead to death.

19.________________Result of the body not making enough insulin or not using it properly.

20.________________Must use antifungal cream or powder 2-3 times/day to get rid of it.

21.________________Can cause rheumatic fever which invades the joints and causes permanent damage to the heart valves.

22.________________Usually starts as a result of allergies but can start as the result of exercise, sports activities, or weather.

23.________________ When it enters the body it can damage cells of organs or entire organ systems.

24. _______________ This organism lives usually in water or soil and is most often microscopic.

25. _______________ Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.

Name four types of pathogens: _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

_____________________

ChloroplastsPhotosynthesis is a process in which sunlight energy is used to make glucose. The site of photosynthesis is in the chloroplast – an organelle found in the leaves of green plants. The main functions of chloroplasts are to produce food (glucose) during photosynthesis, and to store food energy. Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow – because these colors are reflected into our eyes.

1. What is photosynthesis? ______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

2. Where does photosynthesis occur? ______________________________________________3. What are chloroplasts and where are they found? ___________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________4. What are the two main functions of chloroplasts? ___________________________________ 5. Why doe most leaves appear green? _____________________________________________6. What is the primary pigment found in the chloroplast? ________________________________

(reactants) (products)CO2 + H2O + sunlight ----> C6H12O6 + O2

This formula says that carbon dioxide + water molecules are combined with the energy from sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen. The reactants in photosynthesis (what is used) are CO2, water and sun. The plant gets water from the ground through its roots. The plant collects carbon dioxide from the air. Much of the carbon dioxide comes from living organisms that exhale (breath it out) it, but some also comes from factory smokestacks and car fumes.

7. What is the formula for photosynthesis? __________________________________________8. What three things are used to make glucose in photosynthesis? _________________________

_________________________________________________________________________9. Where does the water come from? ______________________________________________10.Where does the water enter the plant? ___________________________________________11.Name 3 some sources of CO2. _________________________________________________12.What type of energy does the plant use to convert CO2 and H2O into sugar?

________________

The products are glucose and oxygen. The glucose produced is used by the plant for energy and growth. We also use this glucose by eating plants. The oxygen produced is released into the air for us to breath. Photosynthesis is essential for all life on earth, because it provides food and oxygen. Plants are considered autotrophs because unlike us humans, they can make their own food using this process.

13.What is produced in photosynthesis? _____________________________________________14.What is the glucose used for? __________________________________________________15.What is the oxygen used for? __________________________________________________

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. The process of creating cell energy is known as cellular respiration. Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. A mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to maximize its efforts.

1. What process happens in the mitochondria?

2. What is the purpose of the process in #1 (what does it create)?

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

Organisms, such as plants and algae, can trap the energy in sunlight through photosynthesis and store it in the chemical bonds of carbohydrate molecules. The principal carbohydrate formed through photosynthesis is glucose. Other types of organisms, such as animals, fungi, protozoa, and a large portion of the bacteria, are unable to perform this process. Therefore, these organisms must rely on the carbohydrates formed in plants to obtain the energy necessary for their metabolic processes. This means they must eat plants and other animals in order to gain energy.

4. Some organisms perform photosynthesis to produce energy. Other organisms cannot do photosynthesis. What can they do in order to generate energy?______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

5. Animals and other organisms obtain the energy available in carbohydrates through the process of cellular respiration. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Energy-producing process

Reaction Location in cell

Photosynthesis 12. ______________________________________________

Chloroplast

Cellular respiration

13. __________________________

Cells: Structure and Function Name ___________________ Pd. ______ 1. Match the function with the structure using a CAPITAL letter.

A. Cell Membrane B. Cell Wall C. Cytoplasm D. Mitochondria E. Nucleus F. Chloroplast G. Vacuole

________ 1. Contains the genetic material for cell reproduction (DNA).

________ 2. Stores food (glucose), water and waste.

________ 3. Gel-like fluid, made mostly of H2O, inside all cells.

________ 4. Site of photosynthesis.

________ 5. Site of cell respiration.

________ 6. Provides shape and support for plant cells.

________ 7. Made of cellulose.

________ 8. The control center or “brain” of the cell.

________ 9. Thin, flexible outer covering of animal cells, found in all cells, has pores.

________ 10. Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) used to make food/glucose.

II. Using a CAPITAL letter, indicate which type of cell contains the organelle. P. Plant Only A. Animal Only B. Both plant and animal cells contain this organelle.________ 11. Cell wall

________ 12. Cytoplasm

________ 13. Chloroplast

________ 14. Nucleus with DNA

________ 15. Mitochondria

III. Label the following cell parts. Write the word.____________________ 16. ____________________ 17.____________________ 18. ____________________ 19.____________________ 20.

_______________________BONUS: What type of cell is this?

______________________ BONUS: What is the word for diffusion of water across a membrane?

Microscope Notes Name ____________________________________________ Dated _______ Period __7-1.1 Use appropriate tools and instruments (including a microscope) safely and accurately when conducting a

controlled scientific investigation.

It is essential for students to know that different instruments or tools are needed to collect different kinds of data. A microscope is a tool that is used to magnify the features of an object. A compound microscope has two or more lenses. Other parts of a compound microscope are: Eyepiece—contains the a ____X magnifying lens

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1718

1920

Coarse adjustment knob/focus—focuses the image under low power

Fine adjustment knob/focus—_____________ the image under high power

Objective lenses—two or three separate lenses that contain varying powers of __________________ lenses

Stage and stage clips—supports and __________________ the microscope slide in place while viewing

Diaphragm—controls the amount of ________________ available

Light source—a mirror, external or internal light source that shines light through the object being viewed

Arm—supports the body tube which connects the eyepiece to the set of objective lenses

Base—supports the microscope

It is essential for students to use the microscope safely and accurately.

When looking through a microscope, the lighted area is the field of view.

Adjust the diaphragm until an adequate amount of _________________________ available.

o To make the field of view brighter, open the diaphragm.

o To make the field of view darker, close the diaphragm.

To view an object under the microscope, first focus on the ________________ power objective lens. Then

change to the highest power _____________________ lens if necessary.

When focusing the image under low power objective, use the coarse adjustment knob.

Use only the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the focus when using the high power objective.

To calculate the magnification of objects seen through a microscope, multiply the magnification of the

___________________________ times the magnification of the objective lens being used.

Objects on the slide move in the _________________________ direction when being viewed through the

eyepiece (for example, if the slide is moved to the left, the object being viewed appears to move to the

right).

It is essential for students to use care when handling the microscope.

A microscope should be held and carried with one hand under the ___________________ and one hand on

the _______________________.

Some microscopes may have a mirror as the light source. Care should be taken not to aim the mirror

directly at the Sun.

Microscope Questions

1. What is the field of view?

2. What part of the microscope do you use to adjust the amount of brightness in the field of view?

3. When first looking at a specimen under the microscope, first adjust the_____________________________ then slowly adjust the ____________________________________.

4. In a compound microscope the magnification is from the objective and eyepiece lens’ multiplied. a. If the eyepiece lens is 10x and the objective lens is 4x, what is the magnification?__________b. If the eyepiece lens is 10x and the objective lens is 10x, what is the magnification? _________c. If the eyepiece lens is 10x and the objective lens is 100x, what is the magnification? _________

5. If you move a slide to the right, in what direction will the object magnified appear to move? ____________

6. How should you correctly and safely carry a microscope? Be specific.

7. Describe where the eyepiece lens is located.

8. a) Describe where the objective lens’ are located and b) how they are moved.

9. What is the difference between a simple microscope and a compound microscope?

10. What should you do if the microscope cord is frayed and torn?

11. What should you do if a glass microscope slide with specimens is dropped and broken?

12. Why should a glass slide and coverslip be held by their edges?

13. Explain why a specimen to be viewed under the microscope must be thin.

14. A microscope should be stored with the ________________ objective in place.

15. Always brings a specimen into focus using the ___________________ objective.

16. Never use the ____________________ adjustment to focus the high power objective.

Using the terms listed below, label the microscope diagram.

Color the Microscope PartsThe most familiar type of microscope is the standard light microscope. The base (L) and arm (G) are usually one single piece of cast metal. The arm is the correct place to grip the microscope when carrying it while supporting the base with the palm of your other hand. Color the arm green and the base red. The stage (I) is the platform that supports the specimen to be observed. The stage has a hole in its center to allow light to pass through, so specimens must be positioned over the top of this hole. Color the stage blue. You can control how much light goes through the specimen by adjusting the diaphragm (K). It has a range of 1 to 5, with 5 being the most light. Color the diaphragm light green. Since any slight movement of the specimen is magnified many times, the slide is usually held down by a pair of stage clips (J). Color the stage clips gray.

Light microscopes use either a bulb or a mirror (M) as their light source. Never use direct sunlight; it may damage your eyes. Color the light source yellow. The switch for this light is usually found on the base of the microscope, and sometimes on the power cord.

After the light has passed through the specimen, it enters the objective lens (often called "objective" for short). The shortest of the three objectives is the scanning-power objective lens (N), and has a power of 4X. Color the 4X objective black. The second objective is the low-power objective (F), which is almost always made to produce a magnification of 10 times (10X). Color the low-power objective purple. The high-power objective lens (H) has a magnification of 40X. Draw orange stripes on the high-power objective.

The body tube (C) allows the light from the objective to pass upward to form the first magnified image; that image is further magnified by the eyepiece or ocular (A). The eyepiece is usually 10X. Color the body tube brown and the ocular lens orange.

The total magnification obtained is the product of the eyepiece times that of the objective lens. You can easily switch objectives by turning the rotating nosepiece (E). Color the nosepiece blue-green.

The coarse adjustment knob (B) is the larger on your microscope. You will use this primarily to focus on your specimen. DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB ON HIGH POWER (40X), it will crack your slide. Color this knob pink. The fine adjustment knob (D) is also for minute focusing. You use this after you have focused with the coarse adjustment knob. Color this knob tan. The top part of the microscope that supports the ocular lens and the objective lens is not labeled on your image. Color this area to match the base.

 

QUESTIONS:

1. What two structures on the microscope will you use to focus on your specimen?

__________________________________________

2. Why should you never use the coarse adjustment knob on high power?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_

3. What will happen if you use direct sunlight to observe your specimen?

______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Our microscopes have three objectives. What are their powers?________________________

5. What is the magnification of the ocular lens? ____________________

6. What is the shortest objective called? ________________________________________

7. How do you switch objectives?____________________________________________________________

8. Which structure controls how much light passes through the specimen?______________________

9. You should carry the microscope by placing your palm on the _____________________ and gripping the

___________________ with your other hand.

10. How can you prevent your slide from slipping on the stage?________________________________