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CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY RESEARCH Australian National University DISCUSSION PAPERS Sole Parents, Income Support and Family Wellbeing Garry Barrett Department of Economics University of New South Wales and Economics Program Research School of Social Sciences Australian National University DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 411 October 1999 Revised version of the paper presented to the Centre for Economic Policy Research, ANU Conference Labour Market Trends and Family Policies: Implications for Children 14-15 July 1999 Canberra ISSN: 1442-8636 ISBN: 0 7315 2275 3

DISCUSSION PAPERS Sole Parents, Income Support and Family ...€¦ · CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 1 Introduction 2 2 Data and Methods 2 2.1 Characteristics of the Sole Parent Population

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  • CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY RESEARCH

    Australian National University

    DISCUSSION PAPERS

    Sole Parents, Income Support and

    Family Wellbeing

    Garry Barrett

    Department of EconomicsUniversity of New South Wales

    andEconomics Program

    Research School of Social SciencesAustralian National University

    DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 411

    October 1999

    Revised version of the paper presented to theCentre for Economic Policy Research, ANU Conference

    Labour Market Trends and Family Policies:Implications for Children14-15 July 1999 Canberra

    ISSN: 1442-8636

    ISBN: 0 7315 2275 3

  • CONTENTS

    Page

    Abstract 1

    1 Introduction 2

    2 Data and Methods 2

    2.1 Characteristics of the Sole Parent Population (SPP) 2

    2.2 Characteristics of Sole Parent Pensioners 3

    2.3 Measuring Family Well-being 4

    2.3.1 Measures of inequality and well-being 7

    3 Empirical Results 9

    3.1 Characteristics of the Sole Parent Population, 1996 9

    3.2 Characteristics of the Sole Parent Population at a point in time 11

    3.3 The Dynamics of Sole Parent Population Participation 13

    3.3.1 Empirical hazard rate estimates 14

    3.3.2 Duration model estimates 15

    3.4 The Well-being of Sole Parent Families 1975-1993 19

    3.4.1 The Distribution of Income 19

    3.4.2 The distribution of consumption 20

    4 Conclusion 23

    References 24

    Figures 1-10 26-35

    Tables 1-8 36-43

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  • Table 1. Characteristics of Sole Parent Population, 1996Sole Mothers Partnered Women Sole Fathers

    DemographicsAge (yrs) 33.98 47.13 49.05Australian Born 73.04 68.31 69.26Mother Austn. Born 65.53 59.59 63.46Father Austn. Born 61.27 56.28 57.05Identifies as ATSI 4.00 2.98 7.09

    Marital Statusnever married 22.77 - 13.4widowed 19.76 - 19.8divorced 30.70 - 33.69separated 26.77 - 33.1married - 100 -

    Age Left Schoolstill attending 0.91 0.51 1.08never attended 1.26 0.74 0.7914 years 14.91 13.6 18.9215 years 25.99 24.2 24.3316 years 23.09 22.58 19.917 years 16.82 20.14 13.418 years 8.53 10.77 9.0619 years 4.04 3.42 4.73not stated 4.44 4.04 7.78

    Post School QualificationDegree 7.2 11.07 8.77Diploma 6.29 7.88 4.63Vocational Qualfn. 6.38 7.4 22.57Part/Complete High School 70.35 63.41 52.32not stated 9.78 10.14 11.73

    Labour Force Statusemployee 39.75 47.06 47.39self employed 2.08 5.6 7.48unemployed: looking for ft 4.03 1.87 6.31unemployed: looking for pt 3.71 1.18 1.58not in labour force 49.19 43.27 35.76not stated 1.25 1.02 1.48

    Hours Worked (last wek)Part-time 20.74 24.92 12.02Full-time 20.31 26.55 41.87Not Work 58.17 47.34 45.12not stated 0.78 1.19 0.99

    Average Wekly Income 339.498 298.11 464.92

    Observation 5613 38461 1015(%Families) 12.45% 85.30% 2.25%

  • Table 2. Population of Sole Parent Pensioners, August 2 1996.Stock Sample Means

    Demographic CharacteristicsSole Mother 0.9338Sole Father 0.0662Age (yrs) 33.6617Australian Born 0.8079Identifies as ATSI 0.0379Number children under 13years 1.3022Number children over 13 years 0.2546Age of youngest child 5.5442

    Home ownershipNot home-owner 0.7944Home owner 0.1230Purchasing home 0.0361Other home-owner 0.0465

    Rental TypeNot renting 0.2411Private rent 0.4372Govt. rent 0.2024Board and lodging 0.0709No rent paid 0.0439Other rental 0.0045Rent paid ($) 141.765

    State of residenceNSW/ACT 0.3323Vic 0.2213Qld 0.2053SA 0.0872WA 0.1069Tas 0.0307NT 0.0163

    Financial VariablesWhether Received Child Support 0.4903Amount Child Support 104.2093Whether Earnings>0 0.2629Earned Income 92.9776Whether Unearned Income >0 0.1256Unearned Income 8.3701

    Program VariablesFamily Payment Amount 169.7683Basic Payment Entitlement 313.4039Pharmaceutical Allowance 5.3783Whether Received Rent Assist. 0.4223Rent Assistance Entitlement 29.4401Remote Area Allowance 0.7034Share Total Income Private 0.2329Duration on Payment (Years) 3.3100

    Total Observations 3488

  • Table 3. Sample of Sole Parent Pensioners.Characteristics All SPPers Time 1-6 Time 7-13 Time 14-29 Time 30-45 Time 46

    (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)Total Time on SPP 31.396 3.550 9.846 21.176 38.707 46.000Age 33.047 33.261 33.187 32.330 31.901 34.015Sole mother 0.9145 0.8665 0.8729 0.8972 0.9156 0.9475Total children 1.567 1.497 1.499 1.568 1.542 1.619Age of youngest child 5.120 4.984 5.433 4.986 4.786 5.345Australian Born 0.8040 0.7971 0.7875 0.7954 0.8065 0.8135Foreign Born 0.1960 0.2029 0.2125 0.2046 0.1935 0.1865Identifies as ATSI 0.0438 0.0512 0.0740 0.0442 0.0409 0.0352

    Not home-owner 0.7817 0.7203 0.7761 0.7733 0.8005 0.7936Home owner 0.1331 0.1590 0.1480 0.1460 0.1236 0.1208Purchasing home 0.0478 0.0804 0.0645 0.0519 0.0443 0.0341Other home-owner 0.0373 0.0402 0.0114 0.0288 0.0315 0.0515

    Not renting 0.2568 0.3236 0.2808 0.2690 0.2404 0.2350Private rent 0.4314 0.4186 0.4345 0.4198 0.4535 0.4271Govt. rent 0.1640 0.0987 0.1063 0.1239 0.1569 0.2232Board and lodging 0.0838 0.0878 0.1006 0.0932 0.0878 0.0708No rent paid 0.0594 0.0676 0.0759 0.0855 0.0563 0.0408Other rental 0.0042 0.0037 0.0019 0.0086 0.0043 0.0025NSW*Govt. rental 0.0655 0.0384 0.0417 0.0500 0.0656 0.0877Rent paid ($) 138.41 133.30 131.21 138.22 143.46 138.85

    NSW-ACT 0.3290 0.2998 0.3112 0.3343 0.3666 0.3165VIC 0.2170 0.2029 0.1670 0.2181 0.2106 0.2375QLD 0.2164 0.2395 0.2694 0.2181 0.2063 0.2008SA 0.0823 0.0768 0.0930 0.0807 0.0691 0.0897WA 0.1067 0.1225 0.1006 0.0999 0.1032 0.1096TAS 0.0328 0.0384 0.0361 0.0327 0.0307 0.0316NT 0.0126 0.0146 0.0209 0.0144 0.0119 0.0092

    Whether Child Support>0 0.4086 0.2943 0.3169 0.3622 0.4007 0.4944Amount Child Support 85.48 53.08 67.56 72.46 88.06 104.68Whether Earnings>0 0.2291 0.1865 0.2353 0.2257 0.2370 0.2365Earned Income 85.53 92.31 109.23 90.07 89.66 72.40Whether Unearned Income >0 0.1410 0.1700 0.1765 0.1508 0.1304 0.1244Unearned Income 9.12 9.76 8.41 8.00 11.37 8.38

    Family Payment Amount 175.66 172.13 176.06 180.89 172.10 175.90Basic Payment Entitlement 314.16 301.63 306.17 313.97 311.87 321.27Pharmaceutical Allowance 5.367 5.203 5.400 5.395 5.382 5.381Whether Rent Assist.>0 0.4091 0.3492 0.4175 0.4073 0.4186 0.4190Rent Assistance Entitlement 28.533 24.775 28.814 28.479 29.118 29.184Remote Area Allowance 0.6700 0.8702 0.9032 0.8036 0.4655 0.6030Add-ons 0.0468 0.0938 0.1152 0.0808 0.0423 0.0000

    Share SPP Pop. 1.0000 0.1042 0.1000 0.1983 0.2234 0.3737Share Total Time 1.0000 0.0118 0.0314 0.1337 0.2755 0.5475Share SPP Exp. (excl.FA) 1.0000 0.0115 0.0303 0.1314 0.2726 0.5541Share SPP Exp. (incl.FA) 1.0000 0.0111 0.0292 0.1292 0.2715 0.5589

  • Table 4. Sample of SPP SpellsTotal Spells Fresh Spells

    Demographic CharacteristicsSole Mother 0.9135 0.8851Sole Father 0.0865 0.1149Age (yrs) 32.2922 31.8879Identifies as ATSI 0.0451 0.0553Australian Born 0.8057 0.8026Foreign Born 0.1943 0.1974Number children under 13years 1.3352 1.3812Number children over 13 years 0.2441 0.2295Age of youngest child 5.1168 4.5198

    State of residenceNSW/ACT 0.3288 0.3240Vic 0.2100 0.1942Qld 0.2234 0.2487SA 0.0822 0.0753WA 0.1043 0.1005Tas 0.0346 0.0400NT 0.0167 0.0172

    Home ownershipNot home-owner 0.7866 0.7757Home owner 0.1293 0.1382Purchasing home 0.0471 0.0625Other home-owner 0.0370 0.0236

    Rental TypeNot renting 0.2560 0.2767Private rent 0.4309 0.4221Govt. rent 0.1611 0.1033Board and lodging 0.0835 0.1013No rent paid 0.0633 0.0905Other rental 0.0052 0.0061Rent paid ($) 139.244 135.722

    Financial VariablesWhether Received Child Support 0.4087 0.2948Amount Child Support 84.5407 57.0661Whether Earnings>0 0.2301 0.1842Earned Income 88.6187 82.5298Whether Unearned Income >0 0.1402 0.1606Unearned Income 8.6129 8.9519

    Program VariablesFamily Payment Amount 177.9559 189.3930Basic Payment Entitlement 312.4836 311.1982Pharmaceutical Allowance 5.3549 5.3222Whether Received Rent Assist. 0.4079 0.3877Rent Assistance Entitlement 28.5912 27.4054Remote Area Allowance 0.6848 0.6588Add-ons 0.0650 0.1557

    Repeat Spell 0.1228 0.2944Right censored 0.6156 0.6227Observed Duration (fortnights) 27.6147 16.0437Observations (Spells) 5985 2497

  • Table 5. Empirical Hazard and Survival Function EstimatesDuration Hazard Rates (Std.Err.) Survival Pr. (Std.Err.)

    1 0.0264 (0.003) 1.0000 -2 0.0270 (0.003) 0.9736 (0.003)3 0.0296 (0.004) 0.9473 (0.005)4 0.0311 (0.004) 0.9192 (0.006)5 0.0321 (0.004) 0.8906 (0.006)6 0.0303 (0.004) 0.8620 (0.007)7 0.0335 (0.004) 0.8359 (0.008)8 0.0195 (0.003) 0.8079 (0.008)9 0.0308 (0.004) 0.7922 (0.009)

    10 0.0237 (0.004) 0.7677 (0.009)11 0.0265 (0.004) 0.7495 (0.009)12 0.0302 (0.005) 0.7297 (0.010)13 0.0256 (0.005) 0.7076 (0.010)14 0.0185 (0.004) 0.6895 (0.010)15 0.0213 (0.004) 0.6768 (0.010)16 0.0187 (0.004) 0.6624 (0.011)17 0.0296 (0.005) 0.6500 (0.011)18 0.0221 (0.005) 0.6307 (0.011)19 0.0245 (0.005) 0.6168 (0.011)20 0.0142 (0.004) 0.6017 (0.011)21 0.0175 (0.005) 0.5931 (0.011)22 0.0159 (0.005) 0.5828 (0.012)23 0.0098 (0.004) 0.5735 (0.012)24 0.0178 (0.005) 0.5679 (0.012)25 0.0127 (0.005) 0.5578 (0.012)26 0.0067 (0.003) 0.5507 (0.012)27 0.0107 (0.004) 0.5470 (0.012)28 0.0189 (0.006) 0.5411 (0.012)29 0.0141 (0.005) 0.5309 (0.012)30 0.0065 (0.004) 0.5234 (0.013)31 0.0069 (0.004) 0.5200 (0.013)32 0.0197 (0.007) 0.5164 (0.013)33 0.0112 (0.006) 0.5063 (0.013)34 0.0095 (0.005) 0.5006 (0.013)35 0.0138 (0.007) 0.4958 (0.013)36 0.0111 (0.006) 0.4890 (0.014)37 0.0209 (0.009) 0.4835 (0.014)38 0.0192 (0.010) 0.4734 (0.014)39 0.0056 (0.006) 0.4643 (0.015)40 0.0196 (0.011) 0.4617 (0.015)41 0.0079 (0.008) 0.4527 (0.015)42 0.0100 (0.010) 0.4491 (0.016)

  • Table 6. Empirical Survival ProbabilitesCharacteristic 1 month 3 months 6 months 12 months 18 monthsPopulation 0.973 0.862 0.730 0.568 0.489Sole Mother 0.977 0.864 0.741 0.597 0.505Sole Father 0.948 0.846 0.643 0.481 0.363

    Age31.88 years 0.973 0.850 0.704 0.535 0.470

    Not identify as ATSI 0.973 0.863 0.734 0.572 0.491Identifies as ATSI 0.978 0.838 0.654 0.500 0.448

    Australian Born 0.974 0.863 0.726 0.556 0.481Foreign Born 0.974 0.867 0.745 0.616 0.522

    1 child13years 0.985 0.844 0.683 0.493 0.395Youngest child 5 years old 0.986 0.855 0.682 0.515 0.436

    NSW/ACT 0.975 0.871 0.757 0.598 0.536Vic 0.977 0.887 0.765 0.604 0.530Qld 0.969 0.847 0.686 0.519 0.415SA 0.984 0.875 0.752 0.570 0.531WA 0.972 0.849 0.713 0.552 0.466Tas 0.950 0.809 0.630 0.483 0.378

    Not home-owner 0.974 0.866 0.732 0.569 0.496Home owner 0.980 0.854 0.733 0.583 0.463Purchasing home 0.981 0.852 0.712 0.552 0.452

    Not renting 0.968 0.837 0.703 0.545 0.456Private rent 0.973 0.868 0.732 0.577 0.487Govt. rent 0.973 0.902 0.781 0.595 0.537Board and lodging 0.989 0.870 0.736 0.584 0.532No rent paid 0.978 0.855 0.733 0.546 0.490

    Not Receive Child Support 0.976 0.860 0.742 0.579 0.496Received Child Support 0.969 0.868 0.702 0.543 0.472

    No Earnnigs 0.975 0.862 0.737 0.584 0.512Positive Earnings 0.970 0.862 0.696 0.498 0.384No Unearnt Income 0.972 0.862 0.733 0.570 0.490Positive Unearnt Income 0.983 0.864 0.713 0.558 0.480

    Family Payment$189 per ft 0.983 0.852 0.735 0.566 0.502Basic Payment$311 per ft 0.973 0.864 0.738 0.577 0.502No Rent Assistance 0.963 0.850 0.719 0.556 0.479Received Rent Assistance 0.991 0.880 0.747 0.569 0.505

    First Observed Spell 0.963 0.850 0.719 0.556 0.479Repeat Spell 0.970 0.816 0.676 0.518 0.423

  • Table 7. Duration Model Estimates, SPP SpellsVariable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7Sole Father 0.2411 0.2379 0.2418 0.2423 0.2772 0.2742 0.2790

    (0.098) (0.099) (0.100) (0.100) (0.101) (0.101) (0.101)Age (10yrs) 0.0736 0.0849 0.0962 0.0979 0.0964 0.1006 0.1031

    (0.055) (0.057) (0.057) (0.057) (0.059) (0.059) (0.059)Children 0.0089 0.0125 0.0083 0.0085 0.0049 0.0136 0.0071

    (0.036) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037) (0.037)Age of Youngest 0.2137 0.2101 0.2043 0.2022 0.1764 0.1779 0.1625

    (0.097) (0.097) (0.097) (0.097) (0.098) (0.098) (0.098)Foreign Born 0.1116 0.1085 0.0777 0.0799 0.0650 0.0638 0.0568

    (0.085) (0.085) (0.086) (0.086) (0.087) (0.087) (0.087)Identifies as ATSI 0.1777 0.1930 0.1738 0.1719 0.1750 0.1665 0.1728

    (0.140) (0.142) (0.150) (0.150) (0.150) (0.149) (0.149)Rent - Govt. -0.1673 -0.1430 -0.1042 -0.1145 -0.1336 -0.1428

    (0.124) (0.125) (0.149) (0.150) (0.149) (0.150)Rent- Other 0.0004 0.0092 0.0102 0.0155 0.0169 0.0210

    (0.118) (0.118) (0.118) (0.118) (0.118) (0.118)Rent - Paid 0 -0.0110 0.0147 0.0148 0.0325 0.0345 0.0442

    (0.125) (0.125) (0.125) (0.124) (0.124) (0.125)Own home -0.0770 -0.0570 -0.0571 -0.0707 -0.0611 -0.0400

    (0.108) (0.108) (0.108) (0.109) (0.110) (0.109)Purch. Home 0.0379 0.0386 0.0398 0.0267 0.0435 0.0722

    (0.142) (0.142) (0.142) (0.142) (0.144) (0.144)Other Home Owner 0.0445 0.0912 0.0911 0.0841 0.0923 0.0937

    (0.203) (0.205) (0.205) (0.210) (0.210) (0.208)Rent/Own Missing 0.3196 0.3043 0.3066 0.3138 0.2950 0.2490

    (0.131) (0.132) (0.132) (0.133) (0.133) (0.132)

    Vic -0.0295 -0.0407 -0.0364 -0.0405 -0.0298(0.099) (0.101) (0.101) (0.102) (0.102)

    Qld 0.2531 0.2431 0.2472 0.2498 0.2453(0.087) (0.089) (0.090) (0.090) (0.090)

    SA -0.0001 -0.0142 -0.0143 -0.0102 0.0005(0.145) (0.148) (0.149) (0.148) (0.149)

    WA 0.2108 0.1995 0.1926 0.1966 0.2104(0.118) (0.121) (0.121) (0.121) (0.121)

    Tas 0.4474 0.4324 0.4325 0.4369 0.4378(0.157) (0.160) (0.160) (0.160) (0.161)

    NT 0.2339 0.2261 0.2230 0.3234 0.2952(0.254) (0.255) (0.259) (0.260) (0.256)

    NSW*Rent-Govt. -0.11523 -0.11250 -0.11340 -0.12770(0.253) (0.253) (0.253) (0.252)

    Earnings>0 0.1744 0.1716 0.1516(0.085) (0.086) (0.086)

    Unearnt Inc.>0 -0.0726 -0.0631 -0.0524(0.096) (0.097) (0.097)

    ChildSp.>0 0.1103 0.0946 0.0587(0.073) (0.073) (0.074)

    Earnings ($100) 0.0585 0.0565(0.033) (0.032)

    Unearnt Inc($100) -0.1303 -0.1239(0.074) (0.074)

    ChildSp.($100) -0.0368 -0.0395(0.030) (0.030)

    Repeat Spell 0.2593(0.076)

  • Table 8. Duration Model Estimates, SPP SpellsVariable Model 8 Model 9

    Sole Father 0.2727 0.2590(0.101) (0.102)

    Age (10yrs) 0.0962 0.0800(0.060) (0.060)

    Children 0.0187 0.1661(0.037) (0.069)

    Age of Youngest 0.1887 0.2474(0.099) (0.102)

    Foreign Born 0.0471 0.0407(0.087) (0.087)

    Identifies as ATSI 0.0827 0.0977(0.152) (0.152)

    Rent - Govt. -0.2962 -0.2698(0.163) (0.163)

    Rent- Other -0.0493 -0.0557(0.122) (0.121)

    Rent - Paid 0 -0.1138 -0.0949(0.141) (0.141)

    Own home -0.2016 -0.1824(0.129) (0.129)

    Purch. Home -0.0934 -0.0949(0.158) (0.158)

    Other Home Owner -0.0300 -0.0148(0.216) (0.216)

    Rent/Own Missing 0.1969 0.1984(0.142) (0.142)

    NSW*Rent-Govt. -0.0883 -0.0706(0.252) (0.252)

    Earnings>0 0.1671 0.1473(0.086) (0.086)

    Unearnt Inc.>0 -0.0570 -0.0573(0.097) (0.097)

    ChildSp.>0 0.0937 0.0345(0.073) (0.077)

    Earnings ($100) 0.0599 0.0608(0.033) (0.033)

    Unearnt Inc($100) -0.1169 -0.1252(0.074) (0.074)

    ChildSp.($100) -0.0396 -0.0602(0.030) (0.031)

    Received Rem.AA 0.8211 0.8608(0.266) (0.266)

    Received Rent Ass. -0.1927 -0.0485(0.094) (0.111)

    Max. Total Payments ($100) -0.1381(0.054)

  • Table 9. Summary Measures of Inequality, 1975-19931975 1984 1988 1993 Change 93-75

    Distribution of Gross (Adult-Equivalent) IncomeGini Index 0.2725 0.2685 0.2584 0.2413 -11.45%Atkinson Indices:

    =0.5 0.0585 0.0555 0.0508 0.0459 -21.54%=1.0 0.1155 0.1055 0.0988 0.0866 -25.02%=2.0 0.2229 0.1866 0.1819 0.1528 -31.45%

    Distribution of (Adult-Equivalent) Non-Durable ExpenditureGini Index 0.2129 0.2289 0.2217 0.2038 -4.27%Atkinson Indices:

    =0.5 0.0361 0.0412 0.0376 0.0330 -8.59%=1.0 0.0723 0.0806 0.0743 0.0637 -11.89%=2.0 0.1440 0.1529 0.1425 0.1194 -17.08%

    Table 10. Summary Measures of Family Wellbeing, 1975-19931975 1984 1988 1993 Change 93-75

    Average (AE) Income 300.95 275.07 275.84 273.94 -8.97%Gini Welfare Index 218.94 201.21 204.56 207.84 -5.07%Atkinson Welfare Indices:

    =0.5 283.34 259.80 261.83 261.37 -7.76%=1.0 266.19 246.05 248.59 250.22 -6.00%=2.0 233.87 223.74 225.66 232.08 -0.76%

    Average (AE) Non-Dur.Exp. 228.34 246.97 234.59 247.69 8.47%Gini Welfare Index 179.73 190.44 182.58 197.21 9.73%Atkinson Welfare Indices:

    =0.5 220.10 236.79 225.77 239.52 8.82%=1.0 211.83 227.06 217.16 231.91 9.48%=2.0 195.46 209.21 201.16 218.12 11.59%

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