Discussion paper on the review of the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations for televisions and on the draft Regulation on electronic displays, including computer monitors (To be presented and discussed with stakeholders at the Consultation Forum meeting of 8 October 2012)

August 2012

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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 4

2. OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT REGULATION ................................................................... 6

2.1. SCOPE OF COVERAGE ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. EUROPEAN REGULATIONS AND DECISIONS FOR DISPLAYS ........................................................................................... 8

2.2.1. Television Ecodesign Regulation 642/2009 ......................................................................................... 9 2.2.2. Television Energy Labelling Regulation 1062/2010 ............................................................................. 9 2.2.3. Television Eco-label 300/2009 ........................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4. Television Energy Star labelling ......................................................................................................... 11 2.2.5. Draft Working Document on displays ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.6. Computer monitor Energy Star labelling Decision 789/2009 ............................................................ 12 2.2.7. Computer monitor Eco-label 337/2011 ............................................................................................. 13 2.2.8. Illustration of Regulations and requirements .................................................................................... 14

2.3. IMPACT OF ECODESIGN AND ENERGY LABELLING REGULATIONS ................................................................................ 20 2.4. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING COMMISSION REGULATIONS AND DECISIONS ........................................................................ 24

3. ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED IN A REVISION OF THE REGULATIONS ............................................................... 26

3.1. SCOPE OF COVERAGE AND DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................ 26 3.2. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND FEATURES .................................................................................................................. 28

3.2.1. Screen size and technologies ............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2. 3D screens ......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.3. Internet-connected televisions .......................................................................................................... 33 3.2.4. Automatic brightness control ............................................................................................................ 35 3.2.5. Fast start options ............................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.6. Ultra high definition TVs .................................................................................................................... 36

3.3. ECODESIGN REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 37 3.3.1. Minimum energy efficiency requirements ......................................................................................... 37 3.3.2. Power management .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.3. Other (non-energy) requirements ...................................................................................................... 40

3.4. ENERGY LABELLING .......................................................................................................................................... 40 3.5. RELATION WITH ENERGY STAR TEST METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 42 3.6. CENELEC HARMONISED EUROPEAN MEASUREMENT STANDARD .............................................................................. 42

4. SUGGESTED REGULATORY REVISIONS ....................................................................................................... 44

4.1. ECODESIGN AND ENERGY LABELLING .................................................................................................................... 44 4.1.1. Scope of coverage .............................................................................................................................. 44 4.1.2. Measurement methods ..................................................................................................................... 44

4.2. ECODESIGN REGULATION .................................................................................................................................. 45 4.2.1. Minimum efficiency requirements ..................................................................................................... 45 4.2.2. Power management and other modes .............................................................................................. 48 4.2.3. Peak luminance ratio ......................................................................................................................... 48

4.3. ENERGY LABELLING REGULATION ........................................................................................................................ 48 4.4. REVISIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 49

ANNEX A: PROPOSALS OF DEFINITIONS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE NEW (REVISED) REGULATIONS ON ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS .......................................................................................................................................................... 50

ANNEX B: DRAFT PROPOSAL OF THE NEW ECODESIGN AND ENERGY LABELLING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISPLAYS 52

ANNEX C. AUSTRALIA’S EXCLUSIONS LIST .......................................................................................................... 58

B.1 EXCLUSIONS FROM A RECENT DRAFT OF THE AUSTRALIAN REGULATION ............................................................................. 58

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ANNEX D. LED PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT .................................................................................................. 60

ANNEX E. DATABASE OF 2012 TVS (NO MANUFACTURER NAMES) ..................................................................... 62

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 72

Tables

TABLE 2-1. COMMISSION DECISIONS AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS ............................................................... 6 TABLE 2-2. SCOPE OF COVERAGE FOR THE APPLICABLE REGULATIONS AND DECISIONS FOR DISPLAYS ................................................... 8 TABLE 2-3. TELEVISION ECODESIGN ON-MODE POWER REQUIREMENTS FROM REGULATION 642/2009 .............................................. 9 TABLE 2-4. TELEVISION ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FROM 1062/2010..................................................................................... 10 TABLE 2-5. US EPA ENERGY STAR FOR TELEVISIONS, VERSION 5.3* .......................................................................................... 11 TABLE 2-6. MAXIMUM POWER CONSUMPTION FROM DRAFT WORKING DOCUMENT ON ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS ................................... 12 TABLE 2-7. ENERGY STAR LABELLING REQUIREMENTS FOR ON-MODE POWER CONSUMPTION .......................................................... 13 TABLE 3-1. EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS IN LCD TELEVISIONS ......................................................................................... 31 TABLE 3-2. LBNL ESTIMATES OF LCD POWER CONSUMPTION IMPROVEMENT TRAJECTORY ............................................................ 32 TABLE 3-3. ESTIMATED GLOBAL NETWORKED TELEVISION MARKET, 2009 TO 2014 (IN MILLIONS) ................................................... 34 TABLE 3-4. CHANGE IN 2012 MODEL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES ..................................................................... 41

Figures

FIGURE 2-1. EXISTING SCHEMES FOR TELEVISIONS – ILLUSTRATION OF THE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ........................................ 15 FIGURE 2-2. A MORE DETAILED VIEW OF EXISTING SCHEMES FOR TELEVISIONS IN EUROPE ............................................................... 17 FIGURE 2-3. EXISTING SCHEMES FOR COMPUTER MONITORS – ILLUSTRATION OF THE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS .......................... 19 FIGURE 2-4. INCREASING SCREEN SIZE IN EU-15, 2006 - 2010 ............................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 2-5. AVERAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER TELEVISION IN EU, 2006 - 2010 .................................................................... 22 FIGURE 2-6. AVERAGE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF TELEVISION SETS BY SCREEN SIZE, 2006 - 2010 ........................................................ 23 FIGURE 2-7. EFFICIENT TELEVISION MODELS ON THE EUROPEAN MARKET, 2010 - 2012 ................................................................ 24 FIGURE 3-2. DISPLAYSEARCH PROJECTION OF GLOBAL TV SHIPMENT AND SCREEN AREA 2010 AND 2015 ......................................... 30 FIGURE 3-3. EXAMPLE OF POSSIBLE SMART TELEVISION SCREEN SIZE CHANGE ............................................................................... 35 FIGURE 3-4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCREEN AREA AND POWER CONSUMPTION OF TELEVISIONS (N=412)........................................ 38 FIGURE 4-1. PLOT OF THE PROPOSED REQUIREMENT LEVELS WITH 2012 EU TELEVISIONS............................................................... 47 FIGURE D-1. WHITE LIGHT LED PACKAGE EFFICACY PROJECTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCT ........................................................ 60

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Abbreviations

3D Three Dimensions 4K 4000 pixels in horizontal dimension (a high

resolution digital video format) A Area ABC Automatic Brightness Control APD Auto Power Down APL Average Picture Level BRD Blu-RayDisc CCFL Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp CDV Committee Draft for Voting CF Consultation Forum established under

Article 18 of the Ecodesign Directive CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical

Standardization CRT Cathode Ray Tube DBEF Dual Brightness Enhancement Film dm decimetre DOE US Department of Energy DPF Digital Picture Frame DVD Digital Versatile Disc DVI Digital Visual Interface EC European Commission EEA European Economic Area EEI Energy Efficiency Index EN European Norm ENTR Directorate-General for Enterprise and

Industry (European Commission) EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA) ErP Energy related Products

EU European Union HD High Definition HDD Hard Disk Drive HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronics

Engineers JRC Joint Research Council (EC) kWh kilowatt-hour LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

(USA) LED Light Emitting Diode LCD Liquid Crystal Display MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards MOCVD Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition MP Megapixel NVRAM Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode OJ Official Journal of the European Union PDP Plasma Display Panel PO Power On-mode SCART Syndicat des constructeurs d'appareils

radiorécepteurs et téléviseurs TV Television USB Universal Serial Bus VCR Video Cassette Recorder VGA Video Graphics Array W Watt

1. Introduction According to Article 6 of the Commission Regulation (EC) No 642/2009 of 22 July 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for televisions1, the Commission shall review this Regulation no later than 3 years after its entry into force (thus no later than in August 2012) in the light of technological progress and shall present the results of this reviews to the Ecodesign Consultation Forum. Furthermore, according to Article 7 of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1062/2010 of 28 September 2010 supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling of televisions2, the Commission shall review this Regulation in the light of technological progress no later than 5 years after its entry into force (thus no later than in December 2015).

The main objective of this paper is to present to the Consultation Forum the results of the evaluation of the application of the above mentioned Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations on TVs.

Furthermore, for displays other than televisions and television monitors (ENER Lot 3), a draft of the ecodesign Working Document on displays was discussed at the Consultation Forum meeting back in October 2009. Designing a separate measure for displays, however, has proven to be difficult because the convergence of products has made it difficult to clearly define separate product categories. Traditional product category definitions relied on different input signals and the presence of a tuner for televisions. Any display can be designed to accept a variety of input signals, including broadcast signals for which a tuner is required. Also the importance of the tuner/receiver regarding energy consumption has decreased significantly. Furthermore, the experience with the current definitions on televisions and television monitors in the Regulations is not positive regarding providing a clear distinction for products on the market. Therefore, it has been decided to merge the review work on the television Regulations with the work on the draft Regulation on display products and to prepare one set of ecodesign and energy labelling requirements for all electronic displays, including televisions, computer monitors and digital photo frames.

The second objective of this paper is to present proposals of the revised Regulations that will lay down ecodesign and energy labelling requirements for electronic displays, including televisions, computer monitors and digital photo frames.

This paper is to form the basis for a discussion with stakeholders at the Consultation Forum meeting of 8 October 2012. Stakeholders are asked to present their comments at the CF meeting and to submit data on the environmental performance of electronic displays that may be relevant for further regulatory work. The proposals presented in this paper and in particular in Chapter 4 and Annexes A and B to this document may be subject to changes following comments and data submitted by stakeholders.

1 OJ L 191, 23.07.2009, p. 42 2 OJ L314, 30.11.2010, p.64

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The discussion paper is structured around three parts:

Part I: Chapter 2 identifies the legal framework laying down the requirements for TVs and other electronic display products placed on the EU market. This Chapter discusses the scope of coverage and the energy-performance sections from each relevant Regulation and Decision. This overview is followed by a series of plots that present the power consumption of the products per unit of screen size for the various levels and label classes. Chapter 2 also contains a discussion on the impact of the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations to date, with a historical review of the market changes over the last five years.

Part II: Chapter 3 provides an overview of the key issues that require consideration in the context of reviewing and revising the Regulations. The issues addressed include the scope of coverage and definitions, the technology trends and product features (i.e., screen size, LED back lit LCD displays, 3D screens, internet-connected products, automatic brightness control, and fast start stand-by). Chapter 3 also offers an overview of the ecodesign requirements and presents an analysis on current (2012) test data for televisions. Finally, Chapter 3 closes with a brief discussion of the measurement method.

Part III: Chapter 4, and Annexes A and B provide some suggested revisions to the Regulations in terms of the scope of coverage, the requirements and the measurement method.

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2. Overview and assessment of the current Regulation This Chapter summarises all the Commission Regulations and Decisions that lay down mandatory and voluntary requirements for electronic display products placed on the EU market. This overview provides the foundation for later discussion on the scope of coverage, definitions and updates. The display products that are currently covered by a regulatory or voluntary scheme in Europe are:

Television sets

Television monitors

Electronic displays (e.g., computer monitors, digital picture frames, signage displays)

Computer displays

Projectors (covered under ecodesign ENTR Lot 3)

Table 2-1 lists the five Commission Decisions and Regulations relevant to the environmental aspects, including energy, of electronic display products placed on the EU market. Table 2-1. Commission Decisions and Regulations affecting electronic displays

Full title Abbreviated title

Commission Decision of 12 March 2009 establishing the revised ecological criteria for the award of the Community Eco-label to televisions (notified under document number C(2009) 1830) (Text with EEA relevance) (2009/300/EC)3

Television Eco-label 300/2009

Commission Regulation (EC) No 642/2009 of 22 July 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for televisions (Text with EEA relevance)4

Television Ecodesign Regulation 642/2009

Commission Decision of 26 October 2009 determining the Community position for a decision of the management entities under the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the European Community on the coordination of energy-efficiency labelling programmes for office equipment on the revision of the computer monitor specifications in Annex C, part II, to the Agreement (Text with EEA relevance) (2009/789/EC)5

Computer monitor Energy Star labelling 789/2009

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1062/2010 of 28 September 2010 supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling of televisions (Text with EEA relevance)6

Television Energy Labelling Regulation 1062/2010

3 OJ L 80, 28.3.2009, p. 3 4 OJ L 191 , 23.07.2009, p. 42 5 OJ L 282, 29.10.2009, p.23 6 OJ L314, 30.11.2010, p.64

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Full title Abbreviated title

Commission Decision of 9 June 2011 on establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the EU Ecolabel for personal computers (notified under document C(2011) 3737) (Text with EEA relevance) (2011/337/EU)7

Computer monitor Eco-label 337/2011

Other related documents:

Ecodesign Regulation 1275/2008 on simple standby and off modes (covers all displays, except televisions which have specific vertical requirements in the TV Regulation)

Draft Regulation laying down Ecodesign requirements on networked standby (currently under development)

Draft Regulation laying down Ecodesign requirements for display products, including computer monitors (currently under development)

2.1. Scope of coverage

A variety of definitions are used to specify the scope of coverage for each of the Regulations and Decisions adopted by the Commission. The two relating to televisions – the Ecodesign Regulation and the Energy Labelling Regulation share the same definition. There is a functionality overlap between television sets and computer monitors placed on the EU market. Television sets are increasingly enabled for web browsing and computer monitors are being used to watch content normally only viewed on televisions. It is becoming more and more difficult to distinguish between the two product categories. Recent definitions use interface specifications, such as HDMI and VGA to create a distinction, but this can create problems around the consistent application of the Regulations to a subset of covered products. For example in principle, those computer monitors with HDMI interfaces should be classified as televisions and should be affected by energy labelling requirements and those without should not. A better definition is needed, ideally one that is not based on interface connections. The definitions need to be consolidated and updated in order to provide clarity on the coverage of display products in the current market. Table 2-2 provides a summary of the product scope definitions contained in the currently applicable Commission Regulations and Decisions.

7 OJ L 151, 10.6.2011, p. 5

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Table 2-2. Scope of coverage for the applicable Regulations and Decisions for displays

OJEU notice Scope of coverage defined

Television Eco-label 300/2009

The product group ‘televisions’ shall comprise: ‘Mains powered electronic equipment, the primary purpose and function of which is to receive, decode and display TV transmission signals.’

Television Ecodesign Regulation 642/2009 Television Energy Labelling Regulation 1062/2010

(1) ‘television’ means a television set or a television monitor; (2) ‘television set’ means a product designed primarily for the display and

reception of audiovisual signals which is placed on the market under one model or system designation, and which consists of: (a) a display; (b) one or more tuner(s)/receiver(s) and optional additional functions for data storage and/or display such as digital versatile disc (DVD), hard disk drive (HDD) or videocassette recorder (VCR), either in a single unit combined with the display, or in one or more separate units;

(3) ‘television monitor’ means a product designed to display on an integrated screen a video signal from a variety of sources, including television broadcast signals, which optionally controls and reproduces audio signals from an external source device, which is linked through standardised video signal paths including cinch (component, composite), SCART, HDMI, and future wireless standards (but excluding non-standardised video signal paths like DVI and SDI), but cannot receive and process broadcast signals;

Computer monitor Energy Star labelling 789/2009

A. Electronic Display (also referred to as Display): A commercially-available product with a display screen and associated electronics, often encased in a single housing, that as its primary function displays visual information from (i) a computer, workstation or server via one or more inputs, such as VGA, DVI, HDMI, or IEEE 1394; or (ii) a USB flash drive, a memory card, or wireless Internet connection. Common display technologies include liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED), cathode-ray tube (CRT), and plasma display panel (PDP).

Computer monitor Eco-label 337/2011

(2) ‘computer display’ means a display screen and its associated electronics encased in a single housing, or within the computer housing (e.g. integrated desktop computer), that is capable of displaying output information from a computer via one or more inputs, such as a VGA, DVI, display port, and/or IEEE 1394. Examples of computer display technologies are the cathode-ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD).

2.2. European Regulations and Decisions for displays

In this section, a summary of the key energy-related requirements of each of the currently applicable Commission Regulations and Decisions is provided, as well as an overview of the Energy Star program for televisions. For each of the applicable acts, a table is presented that shows the relative requirements of these different measures. This discussion paper focuses on the energy-related aspects of the products

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because the life-cycle assessments conducted as part of the Preparatory Studies found these to have the most significant impact8. 2.2.1. Television Ecodesign Regulation 642/2009

The maximum on-mode energy consumption levels for televisions under the ecodesign requirements are presented below. The Regulation includes two minimum energy performance requirement (MEPS) levels, one taking effect in 2010 and one in 2012. Starting on 20 August 2010, the on-mode power consumption of a television with visible screen area A (expressed in square decimetres, dm2) shall not exceed the levels shown as Tier 1 in Table 2-3. Starting on 1 April 2012, the on-mode power consumption shall not exceed the levels shown as Tier 2 in Table 2-3. Table 2-3. Television Ecodesign on-mode power requirements from Regulation 642/2009

Regulatory Tier Product Full HD resolution All other resolutions

Tier 1 (20 Aug 2010)

Television sets 20 + A · 1.12 · 4.3224 20 + A · 4.3224

Television monitors 15 + A · 1.12 · 4.3224 15 + A · 4.3224

Tier 2 (1 April 2012)

Television sets 16 + A · 3.4579

Television monitors 12 + A · 3.4579

As discussed in Subsection 2.2.2 on the Television Energy Labelling Regulation 1062/2010, the basic formula set at Tier 1 for television sets at all other resolutions means that this represents an EEI of 1.00, which is the 2007 market average. The Tier 2 efficiency level for television sets therefore is equivalent to an EEI of 0.8 because 0.8 · (20 + A · 4.3224) = 16 + A · 3.4579. 2.2.2. Television Energy Labelling Regulation 1062/2010

The Energy Labelling Regulation for Televisions uses a similar equation to the Tier 1 requirements for television ecodesign requirements. There is one general equation for television energy labelling that varies slightly with some of the features incorporated into a television set. For example, slightly higher energy consumption is allowed for television sets with a hard disc or more than one tuner/receiver. The equation and various input constants below are used for calculating the EEI in the television Energy Labelling Regulation. The EEI is calculated as EEI = P/Pref (A), where:

Pref (A) = Pbasic + A · 4.3224

where:

Pbasic = 20 W for television sets with one tuner/receiver and no hard disc, Pbasic = 24 W for television sets with hard disc(s), Pbasic = 24 W for television sets with two or more tuners/receivers, Pbasic = 28 W for television sets with hard disc(s) and two or more tuners/receivers,

8 EuP Preparatory Studies “Televisions” (Lot 5) Final Report, Aug 2007; Lot 3 Personal Computers (desktops and laptops) and

Computer Monitors, Final Report, August 2007.

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Pbasic = 15 W for television monitors, and A is the visible screen area expressed in dm2; and P is the on-mode power consumption of the television in W measured in accordance with Annex VII, rounded to one decimal place.

The annual on-mode energy consumption E in kWh is calculated as E = 1.46 × P. For televisions with automatic brightness control, the EEI and the annual on-mode energy consumption is reduced by 5% if the following conditions are fulfilled when the television is placed on the market:

(a) the luminance of the television in the home-mode or the on-mode condition as set by the supplier, is automatically reduced between an ambient light intensity of at least 20 lux and 0 lux;

(b) the automatic brightness control is activated in the home-mode condition or the on-mode condition of the television as set by the supplier.

Table 2-4 presents the energy-efficiency classes for televisions, as adopted by the Television Energy Labelling Regulation 1062/2010. How the label has contributed to market transformation is discussed Section 2.3 of this discussion paper. Table 2-4. Television energy efficiency classes from 1062/2010

Energy efficiency class Energy Efficiency Index

A+++ (most efficient) EEI < 0.10

A++ 0.10 ≤ EEI < 0.16

A+ 0.16 ≤ EEI < 0.23

A 0.23 ≤ EEI < 0.30

B 0.30 ≤ EEI < 0.42

C 0.42 ≤ EEI < 0.60

D 0.60 ≤ EEI < 0.80

E 0.80 ≤ EEI < 0.90

F 0.90 ≤ EEI < 1.00

G (least efficient) 1.00 ≤ EEI

2.2.3. Television Eco-label 300/2009

The Eco-label is a voluntary programme intended to recognise products meeting ambitious levels of performance, and to inform consumers that these products are among the best in their class concerning environmental aspects. The Eco-label for televisions has seven requirements that must be met to qualify for the label. The criteria related to power consumption increase in stringency over time and use the visible screen area (A, expressed in dm2) as the key variable in calculating the maximum power consumption.

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The requirements concerning energy consumption are as follows:

Until 31 December 2010, televisions placed on the market bearing the Eco-label shall have an on-mode power consumption equal to or lower than 0,64 · (20 W + A · 4.3224 W/dm²).

From 1 January 2011, until 31 December 2012 televisions placed on the market bearing the Eco-label shall have an on-mode power consumption equal to or lower than 0,51 · (20 W + A · 4.3224 W/dm²).

From 1 January 2013, televisions placed on the market bearing the Eco-label shall have an on-mode power consumption equal to or lower than 0,41 · (20 W + A · 4.3224 W/dm²).

Because these three equations given for the Eco-label are all based on the same basic formula of (20 W + A · 4.3224 W/dm²) which itself represents a 2007 market average EEI of 1.00, the Eco-label requirement is equivalent to an EEI of 0.64 in 2010, an EEI of 0.51 in 2011 and 2012, and an EEI of 0.41 from 2013 onwards. 2.2.4. Television Energy Star labelling

The Energy Star program is a voluntary labelling scheme for manufacturers of energy-efficient products to obtain recognition for those products that meet specific performance requirements. The US EPA has offered the Energy Star labelling scheme for televisions since 2001. The current specification for the Energy Star labelling is version 5.3, although the EPA has been preparing a revised specification, version 6.0. The following table provides the efficiency requirements of Energy Star program. Table 2-5. US EPA ENERGY STAR for televisions, version 5.3*

Screen area Maximum on-mode power consumption (in square cm)

Area < 275 in2 (1774 cm2) Pmax = 0.020 · A + 5

275 ≤ Area ≤ 1068 in2 (6890 cm2) Pmax = 0.013 · A + 18

Area > 1068 in2 (6890 cm2) Pmax = 108

* This version of ENERGY STAR Televisions became effective on 30 September 2011; and the EPA is currently working on revised requirements

Furthermore, the Energy Star program requires that the product has a maximum energy consumption of 40 Wh/day in “download acquisition mode”. 2.2.5. Draft Working Document on displays

Following the Consultation Forum meeting of October 2009, the Commission prepared a first draft of the Working Document on ecodesign requirements for electronic displays that was intended for further consultations in and outside the Commission. According to the Working Document, the draft minimum energy performance requirements for on-mode must not exceed the maximum on-mode power consumption (PO). As for the computer monitor Energy Star labelling 789/2009, presented in Subsection 2.2.6 of this discussion paper, the maximum on-mode power consumption is expressed in W and calculated based on the megapixel (MP) display resolution and the viewable screen area (A).

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Table 2-6. Maximum power consumption from draft Working Document on electronic displays

Display category Maximum on-mode power consumption (W)

All except specialised displays, high performance displays or

displays >76.2 cm (30 inches)

Screen resolution ≤ 1.1 MP: PO = 6 · MP + 0.775 · A + 3

Screen resolution > 1.1 MP PO = 9 · MP + 0.775 · A + 3

High performance displays9 PO = 9 · MP + 3.458 · A - 8.7

Other proposed requirements in the Working Document relate to the maximum power consumption for sleep mode10, the availability and power consumption of off mode and power management enabling:

for all displays except specialised displays or displays > 76.2 cm (30 inches), the sleep mode power consumption shall not exceed 1.00 W,

for all displays except specialised displays: availability of off mode, and maximum power consumption in ‘off mode’ of 1.00 W for Tier 1 and 0.5 W for Tier 2,

all displays except specialised displays, or displays > 76.2 cm (30 inches), as well as Digital photo frames, are required to have a power management mechanism enabled by default.

2.2.6. Computer monitor Energy Star labelling Decision 789/2009

In the Commission Energy Star Decision relating to computer monitors, the energy performance requirements state that when operating, the display must not exceed the maximum on-mode power consumption (PO or PO1). The maximum on-mode power consumption is expressed in watts and calculated based on the megapixel (MP) display resolution and the viewable screen area (A), and rounded to the nearest tenth of a watt.

9 It was not specified in the Working Document when a display should be considered a “high performance display”.

10 Sleep mode is defined in the Working Document as the “operational mode of a display that is (i) connected to a power source, and (ii) has been placed into a low-power mode by receiving a signal from a connected device or by cause of an internal function such as a sleep timer or occupancy sensor. Sleep mode is considered a “soft” low-power condition, in that the display can be brought out of sleep mode by receiving a signal from a connected device or by cause of an internal function”.

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Table 2-7. ENERGY STAR labelling requirements for on-mode power consumption

Display category Maximum on-mode

power consumption (W)

Diagonal screen size < 30 inches Screen resolution ≤ 1.1 megapixel

PO = 6 · MP + 0.05 · A + 3

Diagonal screen size < 30 inches Screen resolution > 1.1 megapixel

PO = 9 · MP + 0.05 · A + 3

Diagonal screen size 30 – 60 inches11 All screen resolutions

PO = 0.27 · A + 8

For example, the maximum on-mode power consumption for a display with 1440 × 900 resolution, or 1,296,000 pixels, a 19-inch viewable diagonal screen size and a viewable screen area of 162 square inches (=10.45 dm²), would be: ((9 · 1.296) + (0.05 · 162)) + 3 = 22.8 W when rounded to the nearest tenth of a Watt.12 For displays shipped with automatic brightness control (ABC) enabled by default, an alternate calculation is used that assumes the display will be in low ambient lighting conditions 20% of the time. To calculate maximum on-mode power consumption in W rounded to the nearest tenth of a Watt (PO1):

PO1 = (0.8 · Ph) + (0.2 · Pl)

Where:

Ph is the on-mode power consumption in high ambient lighting conditions, and Pl is the on-mode power consumption in low ambient lighting conditions.

It should be noted that the Energy Star specifications for monitors are currently being updated and expanded to include other types of displays, therefore these values are likely to be revised once the new Energy Star specification is adopted. 2.2.7. Computer monitor Eco-label 337/2011

The Eco-label Decision No 337/2011 is primarily about desktop computers, integrated desk top computers and thin clients. It also includes, however, some requirements for computer monitors. There are 15 different criteria contained in the document, however just the energy-efficiency criteria related to computer monitors are reproduced here. Energy savings are listed under criterion 1, and energy savings for computer displays are presented under letter (b). The requirements are as follows:

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Monitors with a diagonal screen size > 60 inches do not qualify for ENERGY STAR.

12 If the television equation were applied to this computer monitor example, it would be: EEI= 22.8 / (15+10.45 · 4.3224) = 0.38,

which is an Energy Class B television.

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(i) The computer display’s energy efficiency performance in active mode shall exceed the energy efficiency requirements set out in Energy Star v5.0 by at least 30%;

(ii) computer display sleep mode power must not exceed 1 W;

(iii) computer displays shall have an energy consumption in on-mode of ≤ 100 W measured when set to maximum brightness;

(iv) computer monitor off mode power shall not exceed 0,5 W.

The Energy Star v5.0 requirements are those presented in Subsection 2.2.6, thus a computer monitor can receive the Energy Star logo in Europe for complying with the v5.0 requirements but not comply with the Eco-label requirements, which require a 30% improvement over v5.0. 2.2.8. Illustration of Regulations and requirements

The figures below provide an illustration of the energy-related performance requirements for displays that were presented in the subsections above.

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Figure 2-1. Existing Schemes for televisions – Illustration of the performance requirements

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Figure 2-1 above shows that among the different requirements for televisions described in the previous subsections, only the Television Energy Star labelling sets an absolute maximum consumption, with a fixed maximum wattage beyond a certain screen size. Figure 2-2 presents the same graph, but removing the ecodesign Tier 1 levels that are no longer applicable and reduces the Y-axis to a maximum value of 400 W. This provides a closer look at the levels that are relevant in today’s market, and makes the Television Energy Star labelling curve more visible.

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Figure 2-2. A more detailed view of existing schemes for televisions in Europe

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In the plot below, the data for computer monitors is plotted over the same axes – power consumption (at a prescribed display luminance) by screen size. The different schemes presented in Figures 2-1, 2-2 and 2-3 could not be represented in the same graphic due to the lack of an applied common measurement method and product set-up. For example, the Energy Star and EU computer monitor measurement methods have different display luminance settings for test set-up, and therefore are not comparable.

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Figure 2-3. Existing schemes for computer monitors – Illustration of the performance requirements

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The calculations for Figure 2-3 were made for 16:9 ratio format screens. All sizes of computer displays were converted into dm² for clarity. For monitors with a resolution below 1.1 MP, a fixed value was chosen at 0.7 MP, whereas the number of pixels for screens with a resolution above 1.1 MP was fixed at 2 MP, the majority of European monitors being 1.92 MP with some at 2.56 MP, but display resolutions are increasing, so 3.6 MP was used. 2.3. Impact of Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations

The Lot 5 Preparatory Study on televisions was completed and published in August 2007, just prior to a technological revolution in television technology. At the time when the preparatory study was conducted, LCD televisions with LED backlighting were considered an expanding niche market. Since that time, the rapid development and market adoption of this technology and other energy saving technologies resulted in industry-led energy efficiency improvements that were faster than had been originally anticipated. The total energy consumption of televisions (and to a large extent computer monitors) in Europe has been affected by a number of parameters, including:

a higher number of display devices per household (i.e., higher market penetration rates),

longer daily use of the display devices (N.B., not only for watching programmes but also playing games, web browsing, etc.),

an overall increase in the average size of television screens and computer monitors,

the adoption of new features (e.g., Internet access, tuners, storage devices),

the development of more energy efficient technologies for televisions and computer monitors.

The annual sales of televisions in the EU-27 grew from 34.7 million in 2006 to 61.0 million in 2011 (DigitalEurope TV manufacturers’ working group data sources). In addition to higher unit sales, the average display size increased as well, as shown in the diagram below. In 2006, sales of televisions 40 inches and larger represented 17% of the EU-15 market, but by 2010 they were 27% of the market (GfK, 2011). Even though these data on average size are not sampled from all 27 Member States, they can be interpreted as representative of the trend across the European market, since the very thin form-factor, light weight and narrow floor footprint of TVs with LCD displays of 40 – 45 inches make them easy to place in most domestic lounges in comparison with the most popular CRT primary TV of 28 to 32 inch display size, which required a similar wall area but have a much larger footprint. The popularity of this 40 inch category of LCD display TVs in Western European markets will drive down the fabrication cost of the display component through targeted volume production and give the TV a “value for money” competitive advantage over smaller display TVs in emerging East European markets.

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Figure 2-4. Increasing Screen Size in EU-15, 2006 - 2010 Generally, a trend of increasing average screen size would tend to increase energy consumption, but, the technological improvements more than off-set the increased size, with a noticeable decline in average energy consumption per unit television starting in 2008. This trend is shown in Figure 2-5, which presents the sales-weighted average energy consumption of televisions sold in Europe based on a measurement method of 4 hours of on-mode and 20 hours of stand-by per device per day (GfK, 2011).

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Figure 2-5. Average energy consumption per television in EU, 2006 - 2010 This technology-led improvement in efficiency per device enabled an overall decrease in total energy consumption for televisions sold across the EU-15 in 2010 compared to 2009.13 These gains from switching to an LED back-lit LCD market has helped to off-set the actual European energy consumption from televisions, which tend to increase due to higher unit sales, increased daily use and larger screen sizes (GfK, 2011). These improvements in television energy-efficiency affected all screen sizes, and thus it was found that for example, by 2008 the average 32 inch LED-LCD televisions were already meeting the 2010 requirements and by 2010 the 2012 requirements had been met, as shown in Figure 2-6. Even though these data are for the EU-15, the trend is assumed to be representative of what will be experienced across the European Union as CRT TVs are principally replaced by LCD-LED TVs.

13

GfK Retail and Technology estimate, based on 2009 and 2010 unit sales multiplied by energy these units would have consumed if they were operated 4 hours per day on-mode and 20 hours per day off-mode. See GfK, 2011.

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Figure 2-6. Average energy efficiency of television sets by screen size, 2006 - 2010 Different studies (GfK, Coolproducts for a Cool Planet14) seem to indicate that due in large part to the unpredicted accelerated pace of rapid technological change for televisions, the regulatory levels established in the Ecodesign Regulation have had a lesser impact than originally foreseen. The rapid evolution of television technology also exceeded the expectations on the Energy Labelling Regulation. Figure 2-7 below shows the energy class trend over time of the televisions offered on the EU Market (TopTen, 2012). Energy class A++ products had been expected to be introduced into the market in 2017, but already started to appear in the market in 2012, with four models commercially available in June 2012.

14 Link to the Coolproducts for a Cool Planet homepage: http://www.coolproducts.eu/

http://www.coolproducts.eu/

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Figure 2-7. Efficient television models on the European market, 2010 - 2012

In 2012, the Commission convened a study evaluating the effectiveness of the Ecodesign Directive for a number of products, including televisions (CSES, 2012). The researchers found that the developments of energy efficiency for televisions had been positive and exceeded the Preparatory Study (2007) forecasts. The study also concluded that the Regulation was exceeded by an unpredicted industry-led technological change in televisions driven by energy-savings and other market forces including ultra-slim profiles and mercury-free products. 2.4. Overview of existing Commission Regulations and Decisions

To conclude, there are two Commission Regulations and three Commission Decisions that apply to electronic displays, including televisions, computer monitors, digital picture frames and other display devices. There are three main conclusions to be drawn from this review of the existing European measures for televisions, computer monitors and display products:

1. Scope of coverage: it will be important to expand the scope to be more inclusive of display technologies, ideally creating one set of Regulations that would apply to all electronic display products.

2. Ecodesign requirements: working with 2012 market data and an understanding of trends in technology development and features (see Chapter 3), new ecodesign requirements should be developed that are ambitious and send both a short- and medium-term signal to industry about the Commission’s expectations in terms of performance.

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3. Energy labelling: taking into account the new products and market trends, the energy efficiency classes should be revised as large numbers of products in 2012 are already being classified as A+ and A. One of the issues that should be considered is that rather than revising the EEI values associated with the energy classes, a more convenient way could be to update the equation used to calculate EEI, so that it reflects the 2012 market data.

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3. Issues to be addressed in a revision of the Regulations This Chapter identifies and discusses the key issues that should be evaluated to best represent display products and their market performance projections. These issues are:

scope of coverage and definitions,

technology trends and features (e.g., screen size, advantages of LED back lit LCD displays, 3D screens, Internet-connected displays, automatic brightness control, and fast-start stand-by),

ecodesign requirements,

energy efficiency classes,

testing standards.

This discussion paper focuses on the review of the existing Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations. In certain cases, a comparison is made between the energy performance of the revised ecodesign and energy labelling requirements and the current Eco-label requirements. 3.1. Scope of coverage and definitions

A display is a product that presents visual information on a screen. This information can be derived from a variety of sources, including a computer or game console, a broadcasting network (terrestrial, cable or satellite) or a variety of digital sources (e.g., an optical disc, a memory stick, or other external storage). These products are becoming increasingly flexible, with wireless capability offering content on computer monitors that has traditionally been watched on televisions. And, the opposite is true, with Internet browsing and email capability now being packaged with televisions. Thus, the distinctions between televisions, computer monitors and signage are blurring as products become more flexible and offer new and richer features to consumers. Therefore, one of the main points for consideration in the review process is definitions for the products covered by the Regulations that will reflect the products on the market now and in the next few years. Fundamentally, the product definition for a display could be simple and could focus on the primary function of the product – for instance, an ‘electronic display’ means “a product with a display screen and associated electronics of which the primary function is to display visual information.” However, there are a few important issues to consider, such as:

Screen size: the definition could place restrictions on screen size. From a practical point of view, these restrictions can be useful, however they should be properly assessed in order to avoid unintended market distortions by excluding certain small or very large displays. Exclusions can create potential “loopholes” in Regulations.

Product integration: technology is constantly changing and new products are continuously being designed that may create a family of products outside the scope. The new all-in-one desktops that include the computer hardware in the same plastic housing as the screen can serve as an example. In cases such as these, a phrase such as “of which the primary function is to display visual information” can help differentiate products for computers. For televisions and some

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signage displays, these can offer robust computer processing capability, such as for 3D imaging, data storage and running applications to enable Internet browsing and use of an external keyboard. Some display screens also offer touch sensitivity, providing another means by which the user can provide input. Nonetheless, in all of these examples, the primary function is still to display the (processed) visual information, therefore the statement above regarding the primary function would be applicable and appropriate.

External power source: another useful technology-neutral means of defining the scope of display products would be to exclude from coverage display products that are able to operate exclusively on their own internal (battery) power storage. For these products, there is an implicit incentive to be energy-efficient in order to maximise the user’s service and balancing that with the capacity (cost) of the battery. A requirement centred on this issue would exclude tablet computers, but would not exclude devices that have an external power supply.15 There is a new product entering the market of USB+ driven (powered) computer monitors for small laptop PCs and tablets that do not use a traditional external power supply. To use these monitors, on a long term basis, an AC mains external power supply must be connected to the driving laptop or tablet, and the power and display signals are both supplied to the monitor via the USB+ cable. Such a monitor is effectively an AC external power supply driven device and therefore should be within the scope of this amended Regulation. The power load measurement methodology for these USB connected monitors is not complex, but would need to be addressed in an informative annex of a supporting harmonised measurement standard for the amended Regulation.

Another display product that is not addressed but could fall under the generic display definition is projectors, often called beamers, which take a digital image data stream and project it onto a screen. Although these products would otherwise be considered under ecodesign, they are not addressed in this update for the following reasons:

1. They are included in the scope of the Preparatory study on Lot 3 (sound and imaging equipment).

2. Compared with the overall European flat-screen display market, the projectors market is relatively small (1.9 million products annually, with experts forecasting that sales are flat and are expected to decline from 2016). The on-going projector market from that time will be medium to large auditorium display systems and professional displays for Cinemas.

3. Although LED/Laser light sources (discharge lamp replacement systems) have started to penetrate the projector market offering a potentially more efficient and longer lasting light source, for small display requirements the LED/LCD large screen monitor is very price-competitive and offers a far more practicable installation and usage option in specialist applications, as well as a much lower energy requirement for a given image brightness. Such applications include schools/education and small conference rooms that comprise more than 40% of the total European projector market.

15

The Australian MEPS and labelling programme excludes battery operated TVs even if they have a charger so long as the charger is not capable of powering the TV and can only charge the battery.

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Finally, there is the question of whether an exemption is needed for medical products using electronic displays. This issue is to be discussed at the Consultation Forum meeting as it is clear that medical products should not go into auto-power down modes and there can be unique display configurations that impact energy performance such as multiple smaller screens packaged under one viewing pane. This exemption should only be granted, however, if these or other distinct characteristics or qualities are identified that are unique to the technical or operational specification of the product. Simply branding a product as a “medical display” does not provide assurance that it will be used exclusively in medical applications. The Commission wishes to ensure that any such exemption could not be exploited as a regulatory loophole. Overall, the display products’ definition should cover television sets and television monitors in all their various forms, as well as computer monitors and touch screens, digital photo frames, signage and other display products. It should, however, exclude portable, battery-powered devices with integral displays such as tablet computers and smart phones and battery powered personal projectors. Conclusion: Considering all of these issues relating to the scope of coverage, a proposal for a new scope of the Regulations is provided in Chapter 4 and proposals of new definitions are provided in Annex A. 3.2. Technology trends and features

The main functional aspects of a display are: the screen size, luminance, colour reproduction, resolution, format and picture frequency (refresh rate). In the current market, there are several trends that warrant discussion in the context of a review of the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations:

screen size and technologies,

3D, with or without special viewing equipment (seeking increased frame refresh rates and potentially high primary display luminance levels),

Internet connectivity,

automatic brightness control, arbitrarily applied, without scientific standardisation of operating characteristics with respect to viewing room illuminance levels,

fast start options,

ultra high definition TVs.

In general, without any stimulus to take energy efficiency into account, these technology trends could result in increasing power consumption of the display. 3.2.1. Screen size and technologies

Recently, the European market has experienced two significant trends that impact the energy consumption of a display. First, there has been a steady migration toward larger screen sizes and second, there has been a migration away from CCFL toward LED edge lit LCD displays. The market has also migrated to plasma displays for larger screen sizes, however the volumes have not been realised and according to some experts, irrespective of any Ecodesign or Energy Labelling Regulations, plasma display panel (PDP) production may not recover the R&D and fabrication costs of

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the basic product and the related production line infrastructure. The very fast frame rate capability advantage of plasma display technology compared to LCD display technology will be negated by the Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display technology which can match or surpass plasma frame rates (High frame rates are required for 3D displays and any display required to resolve high definition fast moving images). OLED displays will, according to the industry,16 become price competitive with LED edge lit LCD by 2016. Figure 3-1 illustrates the rapid pace of the technological transformation underway in the television market. This graph shows that the majority of televisions sold in 2010 in both Western Europe and Eastern Europe were LCD televisions with CCFL backlighting. However, by 2014 the LED-CCFL models are forecast to be nearly eliminated from the West European market and to constitute only 10% of shipments in Eastern Europe. The business-as-usual market trend depicted in this forecast is toward more energy-efficient edge-lit LCD televisions. The most popular television screen size in shipments to Europe in 2011 was 110 centimetres (42 inches). Reliable production of screens of this size was dominated by PDP televisions until late 2009 when edge lit LED LCD display televisions started to dominate. Figure 3.2 and 3.3 summarises world shipments of televisions by screen area in 2010 and predicted for 2015.

Figure 3-1. Projected market transition of televisions in Europe, 2010 and 2014 Note: Rear projection televisions are not included in this figure. Global shipments of these were 0.17 million units in 2010 and are expected to decrease. Global shipments of OLED televisions are expected to reach 2.7 million units in 2015 compared with 260 million LED-LCD televisions.

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LG and Samsung CES reports 2012,

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Source: DisplaySearch, 2011

Figure 3-2. DisplaySearch projection of global TV shipment and screen area 2010 and 2015 LCD televisions are expected to dominate world shipments of televisions from 2012 until OLED televisions become price competitive (earliest predicted date 2016). There will be a subsequent two to three year transition period before OLED televisions dominate large screen shipments. PDP televisions will remain viable at current LED-LCD display panel manufacturing costs but the latter are predicted to drop significantly through to 2015. This will drive a tangible decline in PDP production. The rapid market penetration of LED-LCD televisions and their remarkable decrease in price and power consumption was beyond the predictions presented in the television market literature. The efficiency improvement options for the volume market of televisions and display products will be concentrating on LCD display technology for the next six years and could achieve between 20% and 40% improvement in efficiency cost effectively. Ninety percent of the light source luminance is lost in the various optical paths between an LCD display backlight and the viewer. Therefore various LCD display efficiency improvements are feasible with the usual trade off of cost. These are summarised in Table 3.1 Conclusion: It is suggested that the main impact of the analysis of television data in this document is related to LED-LCD displays while the impact of OLED displays would be more meaningfully qualified in the next (second) review of the Regulations and no allowance is made for them in this review. OLED displays would be covered by the requirements established for all electronic displays in the updated Regulations.

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Table 3-1. Efficiency improvement options in LCD televisions

Components Expected improvement options Cost / Effect on efficiency / availability

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due to improved quality

High LED efficacy

Overall cost reduction in the longer term Technical barrier in thermal management and

short term cost increase by adoption of higher efficiency LEDs

Optical films

Optimized combination of films Multi-function film

e.g., prism + diffuser

Trade-offs in material cost, ease of manufacture, and efficiency

Reflective polarizer (e.g., Dual Brightness Enhancement Film (DBEF))

Cost increase, proprietary technology

LCD Panel

Improvement in panel transmittance by optimizing pixel design, functional layers, e.g., polarizer, colour filter, and data line

Proprietary technology R&D investment required but driven by total

cost reduction.

Power management

Backlight dimming in relation to picture content, i.e. black colours

Cost increase The effect varies with backlight structure,

input images, and algorithm but with direct LED backlight and 2-edge LED backlight up to 50% of backlight power could be saved on typical movie images.(Shiga et al 2008)

Backlight dimming in relation to ambient light, i.e., Auto Brightness Control (ABC)

Cost increase The effect varies with default manufacturer

settings and ambient light levels.

Other

Power Supply Unit (PSU) Efficiency

Trade-off in cost and efficiency and already operating at over 80% efficiency in volume production products

Colour gamut (by colour filter or light source)

Trade off with efficiency

Source: LBNL, 2012 with some minor modifications.

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) prepared an energy savings estimate that could be expected from combining some of these energy-efficiency improvements (LBNL, 2012). The study started by estimating the effect of efficiency improvements that will take place without additional policy interventions (i.e., business as usual) and then assessed how further efficiency improvements could be facilitated. The table below shows the anticipated shift in market share from CCFL LCD to LED LCD, and the expected improvement in energy consumption relative to the base year (100%). LBNL estimates that CCFL-LCD and LED-LCD TVs energy consumption can be lowered by 31% and 56% from 2010 levels by

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2015 (see Table 3-2). In addition to the BAU case, the table also presents the savings anticipated from reflective polarizers (1), backlight dimming (2), and ABC and occupancy sensor (3). Table 3-2. LBNL estimates of LCD power consumption improvement trajectory

(Percent savings relative to baseline) 2010 2012 2015

Market Share CCFL-LCD 61% 29% 8%

LED-LCD 16% 60% 86%

Average On-Mode Power Consumption

CCFL

BAU 100% 86% 69%

BAU+1+2 a 64% 55% 44%

BAU+1+2+3 54% 47% 37%

LED

BAU 78% 57% 34%

BAU+1+2 50% 36% 22%

BAU+1+2+3 43% 31% 19% a 1: reflective polarizer, 2: backlight dimming, 3: ABC and occupancy sensor Source: LBNL, 2012.

Each of these technology options would, however, tend to increase the cost of the TV. As an example of cost trade-off the reflective polariser film in the back light unit of an LCD display has been improved by 3M (3M DBEF Vikuiti™ Film) resulting in a potential increase in efficiency of 24% in LED-LCD displays at a given brightness level (DisplaySearch, 2011 and 3M, 2011). But this specialist proprietary film would account for an increase of 12% in the display panel production cost where used in the example of a 100 cm (40 inch) LED-LCD television (DisplaySearch, 2011).

3.2.2. 3D screens

Three dimensional (3D) displays commonly found on the market in Europe today use static filtering through polarised glasses or polarised screen filters or they use active shuttering through glasses to produce the sequential left and right eye images required for 3D viewing. Polarised imaging introduces a luminance loss of around 40% of the basic, pre-polarisation display luminance. On the other hand, shuttered glasses lose approximately 60% of the display luminance. Thus to reproduce 3D, in normal 2D viewing room illuminance conditions, both technological approaches require that displays are operated at close to their maximum brightness, to accommodate perceived image brightness losses from filters or shutters. Operating at their maximum brightness, the screens require a significant increase in power that is far greater than the additional processing power required for converting basic video data into 3D display drive data. Experts estimate that the power requirement of current reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors required to convert video data into 3D display drive data is, for display products in the scope of this Regulation, less than 1% of the screen power requirement. Thus, the processing side consumes very little power compared to the power requirements of the display luminance drive. The

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increased power consumption in 3D mode will vary by 3D technology and by manufacturer, but generally would be approximately 30 to 40% higher than in 2D mode. It should be noted, however, that there is currently no 3D dynamic test loop for measuring power consumption in 3D mode. Industry experts are working on developing a test loop, to be published with the 2D test loop associated with the IEC 62087 test method covering television on-mode power measurement. It is hoped that this 3D test loop will be included in the revised version of IEC 62087 (version 4.0) to be published in 2013. Finally, at this very transitional stage from 2D to 3D entertainment, there is some uncertainty about the viewing time allocated by the consumer to 3D content for the purposes of related regulation metrics. In 2009, there was an expectation that by 2012 most medium to large screen televisions would carry 3D capability and that many programmes and films would be available in 3D – both from optical Blu-RayDisc (BRD) and broadcast media. But the growth of 3D content has not been realised as quickly as originally thought and the use of 3D enabled televisions has been slower than projected in part because of the limited availability of 3D content. Thus, while 3D capability is built into over 30% of large screen (i.e., 40+ inches) and high-end televisions today, these units are primarily used for 2D viewing. This slower than expected growth in 3D televisions is not unique to Europe. In Australia, forecasts developed in early 2010 projected that by 2012 nearly all televisions sold would have 3D capability and lots of content in both broadcast and BRD format would be available. However in the current Australian market, 3D televisions represent only 25-30% of the market.

Conclusion: It is suggested that the impact of 3D displays would be more meaningfully qualified in the next (second) review of the Regulations and no allowance is made for them in this review. At the second review time, new 3D display technologies requiring no viewing glasses will be more fully developed. For this point in time, 3D televisions, therefore, should be covered by the (2D) requirements established for all electronic displays in the updated Regulations and should be tested for Regulation compliance and labelling purposes using the 2D test methodology. 3.2.3. Internet-connected televisions

As with other products, displays are becoming networked products, offering consumers the opportunity to check email and social networking sites, browse the Internet, and watch programmes via the Internet. To meet these functions, televisions require new hardware including additional or enhanced processors, and memory chips. Until recently, images from web browsing displayed by networked televisions generally had a higher average picture level (APL) than standard broadcast images. This combined with poor power management in networked standby mode and potentially larger/wider screens for picture-in-picture viewing, led the LBNL to report that a smart (i.e., networked) TV could consume approximately 10% more power in its drive circuit than a conventional TV. However this estimate has already been reduced through the use of low-power system on a chip configurations, better power management and the trend to popular web-based image sources (e.g. Facebook and You-Tube) with the same APL as normal broadcast material. No additional allowances for the on-mode power of these products should be included in the revised Regulation, thus encouraging the use of low power processors and power management for networked televisions. The rate of market adoption of networked televisions will rely on the user interface technology and high performance operating systems rather than on the screen technology itself. Large and innovative producers of consumer electronics and providers of Internet-related products and services are expected to influence this market, as well as computer hardware manufacturers because of the system processing

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requirements. As shown in the table below, the networked television world market will increase from 44 million units in 2010 to 123 million units in 2014, at which point it is projected to account for 43% of the global television market. Table 3-3. Estimated global networked television market, 2009 to 2014 (in millions)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Networked Televisions

15.2 43.9 64.4 87.2 104.8 122.7

Networked TV share

7.2% 18.0% 25.3% 33.1% 38.1% 42.6%

Total Global TV Market

210.8 243.5 254.2 263.3 275.2 287.8

Source: DisplaySearch, 2011.

Conclusion: It is proposed that the requirements for standby, off mode and network standby power consumption of displays, including TVs are established in the Regulation on electronic displays (and not in the horizontal Regulation 1275/200817). Requirements on standby and off mode have already been established by Annex I to the Regulation 642/2009 and they will be maintained in the new (revised) Ecodesign Regulation on electronic displays. Requirements on the network standby will be included in Annex I to the Regulation 642/2009 by the soon-to-be-adopted Regulation amending Regulation (EC) 1275/2008 and the Regulation (EC) 642/2009 that is being finalised by the Commission at the moment (the so-called 'network standby Regulation'; lot 26). As the issue of the networked standby for electronic displays has been addressed in the framework of the above mentioned network standby Regulation, it will not be subject to further analysis in this review process. Finally, it is worth noting that smart televisions could encourage the development of larger and wider screen sizes as consumers want to do multiple activities on one screen. As shown in the figure below, having one programme that is watched on the main screen while one or more small embedded screens are overlaid on the side (e.g., email, social networking pages or other content channels) could encourage a migration from the standard 16:9 ratio to a 20:9 ratio because of the need to maintain multiple embedded screens. As shown in the figure below, the demand for smart televisions could accelerate the demand for larger screens that would increase energy consumption.

17 Commission Regulation (EC) 1275/2008 of 17 December 2008 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for standby and off mode electric power consumption of electrical and electronic household and office equipment; OJ L339, 18.12.2008, p.45.

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Figure 3-3. Example of possible smart television screen size change 3.2.4. Automatic brightness control

The Television Energy Labelling Regulation and the Energy Star display specification contain “provisions” for automatic brightness control (ABC). The energy labelling provides a 5% discount on the on-mode power consumption of televisions placed on the market with ABC, which improves the calculated EEI. Energy Star provides a power allowance of 10% of the on-mode power if the product achieves at least a 20% reduction of on-mode power when ABC is enabled. According to a study published in 2011, the magnitude of the effect of ABC on power consumption is significant (LBNL, 2011). However, the study noted that measurement methods that allow for crediting estimated energy savings to televisions with ABC must be written carefully in order to avoid creating counterproductive incentives where picture brightness settings are set too low for viewer comfort. Such settings could result in manufacturers designing products that obtain energy savings during testing that are never realised in practice. The study concluded that to ensure that ABC is properly used as an efficiency improvement option, the following must be met:

ABC settings must be activated by default, rather than shipped with the feature disabled;

ABC settings should be easier to adjust than to deactivate completely; and

Test methods that take into account the energy savings benefits of ABC need to be revised to have more realistic ambient lighting levels.

The CENELEC and IEC working groups dealing with television performance measurement, are currently working on display measurement methods that will address ABC issues to provide a scientific basis for measuring the ABC control characteristic18. It is intended that this measurement method should be standardised for all displays incorporating ABC. The only variable would be the room illumination levels, measured at the display, around which a regulatory body or voluntary agreement would set its ABC control regime. The actual characteristics of that control should ideally follow the sensitivity curve of the human eye to luminance change in an observed display area. For the amendment to the European Regulation, input will be required on the ABC activation range triggered by room illumination. Data relevant to European homes is currently being assembled by the CENELEC harmonised standard working group.

18

IEC 62087 will set a method of measuring ABC and will make no comment on what the ABC characteristic should be. This will be left to the policy makers and programme developers.

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Drawing on available current data assembled on room illumination for TV viewing, Energy Star and the US Department of Energy (DOE) will require that ABC display luminance control characteristics should start to reduce display luminance from a room illumination level, measured at the ABC sensor, of 300 lux. Four other measurement points are prescribed, 100 lux, 35 lux, 12 lux and 3 lux. The prescribed conformance criteria will require a relative reduction in on-mode power of 5% between the 12 lux and 3 lux measurement points and a further 5% relative reduction in on-mode power between the 35 lux and 12 lux measurement points. (note: these data points are subject to DOE consultation and may change) At a room illumination of 300 lux and above, the ABC should have no impact on the display luminance. Below 300 lux there should be a progressive reduction in screen luminance. Conclusion: It is proposed that the amended Commission Regulation should synchronise with the Energy Star/DOE criteria for ABC. If this is accepted, a 10% on-mode power allowance for ABC, conforming to the described Energy Star/DOE criteria and enabled for the display product as delivered, is recommended. 3.2.5. Fast start options

An issue for televisions that can be frustrating for consumers is the booting (or reactivating) time for a model that can vary from a few seconds to 45 seconds. To overcome slow starting times, some televisions incorporate “fast play” or “quick start” standby modes that allow the television system to start within a few seconds. According to a report from ECCJ (ECCJ, 2009), these fast start options can consume significant power – e.g., 25 W on average to standby power consumption. Slow start times may prompt consumers to regularly use the fast start mode, even though this mode consumes significantly more power than the default standby mode. It is noted, from 2011-2012 television testing conducted by a consumer organisation19 in Europe, that principal manufacturers have moved away from keeping processing circuitry active for fast start and now incorporate the use of NVRAM memory chips. This latter solution allows fast start with no adverse qualification of the current television Regulation standby requirement. Conclusion: Consideration should be given to the qualification of the revised Regulation to clearly state that no extra allowance should be provided for the “fast start” option. Any fast-start mode provided as a user-option for a TV should not exceed the maximum standby allowance given in the Regulation for that product. 3.2.6. Ultra high definition TVs

Another important aspect that requires a proper assessment is ultra high definition televisions (also known as UHD, 4k-2K, 4K, 8K and RETINA). According to experts, these televisions will not be part of the volume market for televisions before the next (second) review of the television/displays Regulation. UHD displays have been demonstrated as prototypes for large screen televisions (4K displays) and are commercially available for small screen applications (“New i-Pad” RETINA display). The key limiting factor for the rapid large scale roll-out of such UHD displays in the next five to eight years is the availability of broadcast content and media for commercial distribution. Even with new

19

Testing was conducted in 2011 and 2012 for WHICH? Magazine, a UK consumers’ association publication.

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video compression systems, the data rate for UHD video is 144 Mbps, over 10 times that for HD video. Television signal broadcasting at such data rates is currently impractical for all broadcasting systems including the Internet (note: the European Digital Agenda for 2020 targets 100 Mbps Internet for 50% of Europe). Storage media for commercial distribution capable of storing a two-hour film would require nearly a terabyte of data space. This is feasible within the multi-layer Blu-Ray Disc (BRD) specification but at this time there is no commercially available player developed in the world for such high capacity BRD. It should be noted that the improvement in image quality of an UHD display, in direct comparison with a current full HD display, is only barely detectable by the human eye in screens over 125 cm diagonal (50 inches). When UHD displays start to become a volume product, any increase in processing power required for UHD video data conversion to display driver data will tend to be masked by the screen luminance drive power and is likely to be insignificant. The processing power is expected to remain comparatively low because the rate of progress of energy efficient processor development is rapid. The processor power will also be the same as, or less than, that required by HD displays when UHD displays become the volume product. In this context it should be noted that the new processor for the “New iPad” RETINA display, providing four times the pixel resolution of the previous generation iPAD 2 display, requires no more power than the earlier iPad2 processor. Conclusion: It is suggested that the impact of UHD displays would be more meaningfully qualified in the next (second) review of the Regulations and no special allowance is made for them in this review. UHD televisions would be covered by the requirements established for all electronic displays in the revised Regulations. 3.3. Ecodesign requirements

As shown in Chapter 2, the existing Regulation on televisions is based on a series of formulas with screen area as their principal variable. One of the purposes of the review is to assess a possibility of simplifying the measure and having efficiency requirements for all displays based on an EEI. Calculation of the EEI would entail formulas for different categories of products, but once this is done, displays would be able to be compared and the metric for regulation itself would be easier to interpret. 3.3.1. Minimum energy efficiency requirements

For many products covered by the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations, an EEI is used to establish minimum requirements and energy class levels. In principle the EEI equation is written as follows20: EEIdsp = Pm / Ps

Where:

Pm: is the power consumption of the product in the on-mode, measured according to an international measurement standard;

20

The subscript ‘dsp’ for display is used to distinguish between this EEI and the existing EEI for televisions and television monitors.

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Ps: is the standard power consumption of a reference product with the same display area in the on-mode according to a certain formula, taking into account the most energy relevant features.

The energy performance data available on monitors and some displays, for on-mode power, is often declared at screen luminance levels that are significantly below the delivered (out of the box) luminance levels. For this reason, the proposed (revised) Regulation for displays is based on energy performance data for televisions. Due to the fact that the performance and features of televisions, television monitors and computer monitors are becoming increasingly similar, it is assumed that the equation prepared with the television data will also be applicable to computer monitors and other electronic displays. However, due to the fact that computer monitors in particular, generally do not have a tuner, it is understood that computer monitors tend to be more energy-efficient than televisions. To strengthen the analysis and potentially adjust the equation, the additional data from industry on the energy efficiency of computer monitors and other electronic displays, with measurements made according to the IEC 62087 dynamic television test loop methodology in the “as delivered for intended use” factory default set-up of the product, would be needed to refine the recommendations set out in this paper. Analysis of the 2012 television test data shows that screen area is the most important parameter determining the power consumption of displays, both monitors/displays and televisions (see Figure 3-4; data from 412 televisions from 2012).

Figure 3-4. Relationship between screen area and power consumption of televisions (n=412) From a screen area greater than 16.5dm2, the relation between screen area and power consumption is best represented by a logarithmic regression line, i.e. the power consumption flattens for higher screen areas. According to the logarithmic regression line, at 100 dm2 the power consumption would be 127 W. Furthermore, Figure 3-4 shows that the current linear equations in the Television Ecodesign Regulation

y = 60.645ln(x) - 152.64R² = 0.5108

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642/2009 and in the Television Energy Labelling Regulation 1062/2010 is not suited to cover the complete range of displays, because it would allow far too high power consumption values for larger screen areas. Based on the same dataset, the resolution of the screen is only weakly correlated with the power consumption (R2=0.02) and therefore unlike the approach taken by Energy Star, it is suggested not to include the screen resolution into the efficiency criteria for displays. Note that Figure 3-4 does not cover DPFs and other displays with a screen area of less than around 16.5 dm2. The logarithmic regression line is not suitable for displays with smaller screen area. Analysis of Energy Star data of displays with smaller screen area shows that these can be represented by a linear equation. To establish an EEIdsp for the total range, the two lines have to be connected without discontinuity. Conclusion: It is proposed that the efficiency requirements will be based on the Energy Efficiency Index that will be calculated using the revised equations specified in the Regulation. Regarding auxiliary functions, (e.g., speakers, USB hubs, hard discs), these are taken car