Discussion Document - Who and What is K2Ckruger2canyons.org/019 - Who and What is K2C.pdf · Discussion Document ... List potential and outlined Activities by outlining the Madrid

1 | P a g e

Discussion Document

“The Who/What & How” Of Biosphere Reserves’ in South Africa

Including their roles and expectations as outlined by the

Seville Strategy and the Madrid Action Plan

This document has been drawn up with the intention of developing a single and unified agreement and understanding of where biosphere’s fit within SA and the current government

structures and what the expected roles and responsibilities of each the role player’s are.

Drawn up by

K2C EXCO & Primary Stakeholders

February 2010

2 | P a g e

Suburbia is where developers

Remove all the trees

And then name the streets

After them!!!

!

i | P a g e

INDEX

BACKGROUND 1

BASIC CONCEPTUAL DESCRIPTION 1

What are Biosphere Reserves? 1

UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MaB) Programme 2

The Biosphere Reserve Concept 2

ROLES OF PRINCIPLE STAKEHOLDERS 2

THE SEVILLE STRATEGY FOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES 2 Biosphere Reserves: The First Twenty Years 2

The Biosphere Reserve Concept 3

The Vision from Seville for the 21st Century 4

THE STRATEGY 6 GOAL I: USE BIOSPHERE RESERVES TO CONSERVE NATURAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY 6 GOAL II: UTILIZE BIOSPHERE RESERVES AS MODELS OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND OF APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 8 GOAL III: USE BIOSPHERE RESERVES FOR RESEARCH, MONITORING, EDUCATION, AND TRAINING 12 GOAL IV: IMPLEMENT THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE CONCEPT 16

THE MADRID ACTION PLAN 23

Emerging Challenges and the potential and role of Biosphere Reserves in addressing these Challenges 23

Climate Change 25

Provision of Ecosystem Services 26

Urbanization as a Principal Driver for Ecosystem-Wide Pressures 26

Vision Statement for the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) within the Man and the Biosphere (MaB) Programme 27

Progress since Seville 28

The Madrid Actions – the world Network of Biosphere Reserves 28

Cooperation, Management and Communication 29

ii | P a g e

Zonation – Linking Functions to Space 37

Science and Capacity Enhancement 41

Partnerships 47

Approval, Implementation and Evaluation 53

SUMMARY 54

Roles & Responsibilities 54

Relevant Comments and Notes on BR Concept & subsequent principles involved: 57

1 | P a g e

Background

One of the key aspects that has come out of the “Lesson’s Learnt” workshop held on the 2nd February 2010, with the purposes of reviewing the activities of K2C for the last 2 or 3 years to identify successes, failures and issues developed was that a large number of issues and miscommunications are based around either a lack of knowledge and understanding or just simply a misunderstanding as to “what & who” K2C is, as well as what they do and how they do it. This particular issue came out directly within its own capacity in addition to having been clearly identified as an underlying issue and/or cause in many of the other issues highlighted or discussed throughout the workshop. In order to address this need, this discussion document is being drawn up to workshop the concept and idea and to encourage communication and final consensus towards a unified understanding between all principal role players and can be used to further educate and induct new role players that enter into the process in the future. To initiate discussion and establish a unified understanding a 4 step approach is being taken:

1. To establish a basic background understanding of the biosphere concept as laid out by UNESCO

2. Outline the basic roles of all principle stakeholders – this will be done by looking at the Seville Strategy

3. List potential and outlined Activities by outlining the Madrid Action Plan. 4. Follow up with sample activities to be undertaken by a biosphere with

representative examples given.

Basic conceptual Description

WWhhaatt aarree BBiioosspphheerree RReesseerrvveess?? Biosphere Reserves are “living laboratories” for sustainable development and represent learning centers for environmental and human adaptability. Biosphere Reserves are the only sites under the UN system that specifically calls for conservation and sustainable development to proceed to along mutually supportive paths. Such mutuality requires cultural sensitivity, scientific expertise, and consensus driven policy and decision making. To date (Feb 2010) there are 531 terrestrial, coastal and marine biosphere reserves throughout the world including and 6 in South Africa. The general concept of Biosphere Reserves is based on principles outlined in the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MaB), established and drawn up by UNESCO.

Discussion Document | Seville Strategy Background

2 | P a g e

This does not refer to the management of any region within a biosphere, but rather towards a consultation and participation process in various aspects and activities taken within.

UUNNEESSCCOO’’ss MMaann aanndd tthhee BBiioosspphheerree ((MMaaBB)) PPrrooggrraammmmee The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), proposes an interdisciplinary research agenda and capacity building aiming to improve the relationship of people with their environment globally. Launched in the early 1970s, it notably targets the ecological, social and economic dimensions of biodiversity loss and the reduction of this loss. It uses its World Network of Biosphere Reserves as vehicles for knowledge-sharing, research and monitoring, education and training, and participatory decision-making.

TThhee BBiioosspphheerree RReesseerrvvee CCoonncceepptt The biosphere reserve concept was developed initially in 1974 and was substantially revised in 1995 with the adoption by the UNESCO General Conference of the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR ). Today, with more than 530 sites in over 105 countries, the WNBR provides context-specific opportunities to combine scientific knowledge and governance modalities to:

Reduce biodiversity loss; Improve livelihoods; Enhance social, economic and cultural conditions for environmental

sustainability; Thus contributing to the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals, in

particular MDG 7 on environmental sustainability. Biosphere reserves can also serve as learning and demonstration sites in

the framework of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD).

Roles of principle stakeholders

TTHHEE SSEEVVIILLLLEE SSTTRRAATTEEGGYY FFOORR BBIIOOSSPPHHEERREE RREESSEERRVVEESS Biosphere Reserves: The First Twenty Years Biosphere reserves are designed to deal with one of the most important questions the World faces today:

How can we reconcile conservation of biodiversity and biological resources with their sustainable use?

An effective biosphere reserve involves natural and social scientists; conservation and development groups; management authorities and local communities - all working together on this complex issue. Biosphere reserves are sites where this objective is tested, refined, demonstrated and implemented


3 | P a g e

Once again, the BR process is seen as a key feature of management but not the actual management itself

This is a key focus and task of Biosphere’s – ie facilitation of cooperation between the various role players.

In the decade since the Minsk Congress, thinking about protected areas as a whole and about the biosphere reserves has been developing along parallel lines. Most importantly, the link between conservation of biodiversity and the development needs of local communities - a central component of the biosphere reserve approach - is now recognized as a key feature of the successful management of most national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas. At the Fourth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, held in Caracas, Venezuela, in February 1992, the world's protected-area planners and managers adopted many of the ideas (community involvement, the links between conservation and development, the importance of international collaboration) that are essential aspects of biosphere reserves.

The Congress also approved a resolution in support of biosphere reserves. There have also been important innovations in the management of biosphere reserves themselves. New methodologies for involving stakeholders in decision-making processes and resolving conflicts have been developed, and increased attention has been given to the need to use regional approaches. New kinds of biosphere reserves, such as cluster and transboundary reserves, have been devised, and many biosphere reserves have evolved considerably, from a primary focus on conservation to a greater integration of conservation and development through increasing co-operation among stakeholders. New international networks, fuelled by technological advances, including more powerful computers and the Internet, have greatly facilitated communication and cooperation between biosphere reserves in different countries.

TThhee BBiioosspphheerree RReesseerrvvee CCoonncceepptt Biosphere reserves are ‘areas of terrestrial and coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination thereof, which are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO's Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB)’ (Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves). Reserves are nominated by national governments; each reserve must meet a minimal set of criteria and adhere to a minimal set of conditions before being admitted to the Network. Each biosphere reserve is intended to fulfil three complementary functions:

a conservation function, to preserve genetic resources, species, ecosystems and landscapes;

a development function, to foster sustainable economic and human development,

and a logistic support function, to support demonstration projects, environmental education and training, and research and monitoring related to local, national and global issues of conservation and sustainable development.


4 | P a g e

This would include concepts such as ABS, (Access & Benefit Sharing), PES (Payment for Ecosystem Services), development of Bio-cultural protocols etc

Physically, each biosphere reserve should contain three elements: one or more core areas, which are securely protected sites for conserving

biological diversity, monitoring minimally disturbed ecosystems, and undertaking non-destructive research and other low-impact uses (such as education);

a clearly identified buffer zone, which usually surrounds or adjoins the core areas, and is used for cooperative activities compatible with sound ecological practices, including environmental education, recreation, ecotourism, and applied and basic research;

and a flexible transition area, or area of co-operation, which may contain a variety of agricultural activities, settlements and other uses and in which local communities, management agencies, scientists, non-governmental organizations, cultural groups, economic interests and other stakeholders work together to manage and sustainably develop the area's resources.

Although originally envisioned as a series of concentric rings, the three zones have been implemented in many different ways in order to meet local needs and conditions. In fact, one of the greatest strengths of the biosphere reserve concept has been the flexibility and creativity with which it has been realized in various situations.

TThhee VViissiioonn ffrroomm SSeevviillllee ffoorr tthhee 2211sstt CCeennttuurryy

The International Conference on Biosphere Reserves, organized by UNESCO, in Seville (Spain), from 20-25 March 1995, adopted a two-pronged approach: to examine past experience in implementing the innovative concept of the

biosphere reserve; to look to the future to identify what emphases should now be given to their

three functions of conservation, development and logistical support. The Seville Conference concluded that in spite of the problems and limitations encountered with the establishment of biosphere reserves, the programme as a whole had been innovative and had had much success. In particular, the three basic functions would be as valid as ever in the coming years. In the implementation of these functions and in the light of the analysis undertaken, the following ten key directions were identified by the Conference and are the foundations of the new Seville Strategy. 1. Strengthen the contribution which

biosphere reserves make to the implementation of international agreements promoting conservation and sustainable development, especially to the Convention on Biological Diversity and other agreements, such as those on climate change, desertification and forests.

2. Develop biosphere reserves that include a wide variety of environmental, biological, economic and cultural situations, going from largely undisturbed regions and spreading towards cities. There is a particular potential, and need, to apply the biosphere reserve concept in the coastal and marine environment.

3. Strengthen the emerging regional, inter-regional and thematic networks of biosphere reserves as components within the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.


5 | P a g e

It is important to note that there is no differentiation between different zones and the contribution towards the BR principles/ involvement ie, the core must comply as much as the transition

It is important to note here that the action word is PROMOTE the management and not to actually MANAGE This refers to the principles of

Management that are to be promoted.

4. Reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training and education in biosphere reserves, since conservation and rational use of resources in these areas require a sound base in the natural and social sciences as well as the humanities. This need is particularly acute in countries where biosphere reserves lack human and financial resources and should receive priority attention.

5. Ensure that all zones of biosphere reserves contribute appropriately to conservation, sustainable development and scientific

understanding. 6. Extend the transition area to embrace large areas

suitable for approaches, such as ecosystem management, and use biosphere reserves to explore and demonstrate approaches to sustainable development at the regional scale. For this, more attention should be given to the transition area.

7. Reflect more fully the human dimensions of biosphere reserves. Connections should be made between cultural and biological diversity. Traditional knowledge and genetic resources should be conserved and their role in

sustainable development should be recognized and encouraged.

8. Promote the management of each biosphere reserve essentially as a ‘pact’ between the local community and society as a whole. Management should be open, evolving and adaptive. Such an approach will help ensure that biosphere reserves - and their local communities - are better placed to respond to external political, economic and social pressures.

9. Bring together all interested groups and sectors in a partnership approach to biosphere reserves both at site and network levels. Information should flow freely among all concerned.

10. Invest in the future. Biosphere reserves should be used to further our understanding of humanity's relationship with the natural world, through programmes of public awareness, information and formal and informal education, based on a long-term, inter-generational perspective. In sum, biosphere reserves should preserve and generate natural and cultural values, through management that is scientifically correct, culturally creative and operationally sustainable. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves, as implemented through the Seville Strategy, is thus an integrating tool which can help to create greater solidarity among peoples and nations of the world.

Below, is a tabular form of the Seville Strategy, with the intention that this may assist in not only seeing the various tasks expected from the various roleplayers, but also to be able to see the relationship between the involvement and tasks of each layer as regards identified focus areas of the MaB Programme.

COMMENT OR TASK DELEGATION

DEAT only; DEAT & MPD’s (Mandated Provincial Depts) MPD’s Only BR Administrative Units

6 | P a g e

TTHHEE SSTTRRAATTEEGGYY

Recommended for International Level

Recommended for National & Provincial

Level

Recommended for Reserve Level

Practical Implementation

Comments or tasks

GOAL I: USE BIOSPHERE RESERVES TO CONSERVE NATURAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

OBJECTIVE I.1: Improve the coverage of natural and cultural biodiversity by means of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

1. Promote biosphere reserves as a means of implementing the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

2. Promote a

comprehensive approach to bio-geographical classification that takes into account such ideas as vulnerability analysis, in order to develop a system encompassing socio-ecological factors.

3.Prepare a bio-geographical analysis of the country as a basis, inter alia, for assessing coverage of the World Biosphere Reserve Network.

4.In light of the analysis, and

taking into account existing protected areas, establish, strengthen or extend biosphere reserves as necessary, giving special attention to fragmented habitats, threatened ecosystems, & fragile & vulnerable environments, both natural and cultural.

New National MaB Committee to possibly prepared an analysis as outlined here (3), this can then be given to provincial dept for implementation. This point (4) strengthens the requirement of National and Provincial Governments to support projects such as the River Corridor Project that focuses on linked fragmented habitats.



7 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

OBJECTIVE I.2: Integrate biosphere reserves into conservation planning

1. Encourage the establishment of transboundary biosphere reserves as a means of dealing with the conservation of organisms, ecosystems, and genetic resources that cross national boundaries.

2. Integrate biosphere reserves in strategies for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, in plans for protected areas, and in the national biodiversity strategies and action plans provided for in Article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

3. When applicable, include

projects to strengthen and develop biosphere reserves in programmes to be initiated and funded under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and other multilateral conventions.

4. Link biosphere reserves with

each other and with other protected areas, through green corridors and in other ways that enhance biodiversity conservation, and ensure that these links are maintained.

Evaluation needs to be done as to whether this (2 & 3) has successfully been implemented by DEA – ie the BR concept has been established and secured within their relevant strategies and not seen as an additional strategy alongside all those currently in existence and being established. If not already achieved, then can be identified as potential project/ focus point for new National MaB Committee to do.



8 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

5. Use biosphere reserves for in

situ conservation of genetic resources, including wild relatives of cultivated and domesticated species, and consider using the reserves as rehabilitation/re-introduction sites, and link them as appropriate with ex situ conservation and use programmes.

GOAL II: UTILIZE BIOSPHERE RESERVES AS MODELS OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND OF APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

OBJECTIVE II.1: Secure the support and involvement of local people

1. Prepare guidelines for key aspects of biosphere reserve management, including the resolution of conflicts, provision of local benefits, and involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and in responsibility for management.

2. Incorporate biosphere

reserves into plans for implementing the sustainable-use goals of Agenda 21 and the Convention on Biological Diversity.

5. Survey the interests of

the various stakeholders and fully involve them in planning and decision-making regarding the management and use of the reserve.

Preparation of these documents (1) to be undertaken by newly established National MaB Committee? Aspects to be focused on and outlined by DEA/ new national MaB Committee would include involvement of stakeholders, responsibility for management etc – all the very issues that have come out of the K2C lessons learnt process



9 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

3. Establish, strengthen or extend biosphere reserves to include areas where traditional lifestyles and indigenous uses of biodiversity are practiced (including sacred sites), and/or where there are critical interactions between people and their environment (e.g. peri-urban areas, degraded rural areas, coastal areas, freshwater environments and wetlands).

4. Identify and promote the

establishment of activities compatible with the goals of conservation, through the transfer of appropriate technologies which include traditional knowledge, and which promote sustainable development in the buffer and transition zones.

6. Identify and address factors that lead to environmental degradation and unsustainable use of biological resources.

7. Evaluate the natural

products and services of the reserve, and use these evaluations to promote environmentally sound and economically sustainable income opportunities for local people.

8. Develop incentives for the

conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, and develop alternative means of livelihood for local populations, when existing activities are limited or prohibited within the biosphere reserve.

This establishes a strong role requirement of individual BR’s in projects where tangible benefits are available in order to ensure that there is equitable sharing eg the development of the Hydro station in K2C



10 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

9. Ensure that the benefits derived from the use of natural resources are equitably shared with the stakeholders, by such means as sharing the entrance fees, sale of natural products or handicrafts, use of local construction techniques and labour, and development of sustainable activities (e.g. agriculture, forestry, etc.).

OBJECTIVE II.2: Ensure better harmonization and interaction among the different biosphere reserve zones

1. Ensure that each

biosphere reserve has an effective management policy and an appropriate authority or mechanism to implement it.

3. Develop & establish

institutional mechanisms to manage, co-ordinate and integrate the biosphere reserve's programmes and activities.

Mandated provincial departments in SA are responsible for development of Management Policy (please note – not Management Plan), and to ensure appropriate biosphere management authority is established. Management Policy should be seen as a guideline to be adopted and not a stipulation to be enforced?



11 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

2. Develop means of identifying incompatibilities between the conservation and sustainable-use functions of biosphere reserves, and take measures to ensure that an appropriate balance between the functions is maintained.

4. Establish a local consultative framework in which the reserve's economic and social stakeholders are represented, including the full range of interests (e.g. agriculture, forestry, hunting and extracting, water and energy supply, fisheries, tourism, recreation, research).

OBJECTIVE II.3: Integrate biosphere reserves into regional planning

1. Include biosphere

reserves in regional development policies and in regional land-use planning projects.

2. Encourage the major

land-use sectors near each biosphere reserve to adopt practices favouring sustainable land-use.

3. Organize forums and set up demonstration sites for the examination of socio-economic and environmental problems of the region, and for the sustainable utilization of biological resources important to the region.

As per previous comment, this gives strength to the role of a BR in projects where the uses of natural resources are combined with potential socio-economic development eg. K2C Hydro



12 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

GOAL III: USE BIOSPHERE RESERVES FOR RESEARCH, MONITORING, EDUCATION, AND TRAINING

OBJECTIVE III.1: Improve knowledge of the interactions between humans and the biosphere

1. Use the World Biosphere Reserve Network to conduct comparative environmental & socio-economic research, incl. longterm research that will require decades to complete.

2. Use the World Biosphere

Reserve Network for international research programmes that deal with topics eg biological diversity, desertification, water cycles, ethnobiology and global change.

3. Use the World Biosphere

Reserve Network for co-operative research programmes at the regional and inter-regional levels, such as those existing for the Southern Hemisphere, East Asia & Latin America.

7. Integrate biosphere reserves with national and regional scientific research programmes, and link these research activities to national and regional policies on conservation and sustainable development.

8. Use biosphere reserves for basic and applied research, particularly projects with a focus on local issues, interdisciplinary projects incorporating both the natural and the social sciences, and projects involving the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems, the conservation of soils and water and the sustainable use of natural resources.

9. Develop a functional

system of data management for the rational use of research and monitoring results in the management of the biosphere reserve.

Provincial and National depts. Should supply BR’s with a list of all research activities occurring within and in conjunction with their reserves – possibly on annually updated basis. (7) National Government/ Nat Mab Committee should inform BR’s on a regular basis of the development or formalization of cooperative agreements between countries, international funding agencies etc of new funding programmes – possibly a quarterly update on current/ available/ relevant programmes. (2) National DEA/ Nat MaB Committee should also offer the service of sourcing or partnering of BR with potential international partners/ funders etc.



13 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

4. Encourage the development of innovative, interdisciplinary research tools for BR’s, including flexible modelling systems for integrating social, economic and ecological data.

5. Develop a clearing-house

for research tools and methodologies in BR’s

6. Encourage interactions

between the WBRN and other research and education networks. Facilitate the use of biosphere reserves for collaborative research projects of consortia of universities and other institutions of higher learning and research, in the private as well as public sector, and at non-governmental, as well as governmental levels.

Currently DEAT are not very involved with research within BR or on a BR level, this needs to be strengthened, ie creating channels and opportunities for BR to tap into the other national research bodies etc and constantly informing BR to any new developments or opportunities within this arena. This could possibly be investigated by the new National MaB Committee to either do on their own or link in with current organsiations/ projects such as SAEON – however, more information and easier access needs to be made directly available to individual BR

OBJECTIVE 1. Use the World Biosphere Reserve

3. Encourage the participation of biosphere

4. Use the reserve for making inventories of fauna & flora,

Implement or support projects



14 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

III.2: Improve monitoring activities

Network, at the international, regional, national and local levels, as priority long-term monitoring sites for international programmes, focused on topics such as terrestrial and marine observing systems, global change, biodiversity and forest health.

2. Encourage the adoption

of standardized protocols for meta-data concerning the description of flora and fauna, to facilitate the interchange, accessibility and utilization of scientific information generated in biosphere reserves.

reserves in national programmes of ecological & enviro-monitoring, & development of linkages between biosphere reserves and other monitoring sites and networks.

collecting ecological & socio-economic data, making meteorological & hydrological observations, studying the effects of pollution, etc., for scientific purposes & as the basis for sound site management.

5. Use the reserve as an

experimental area for the development & testing of methods & approaches for the evaluation & monitoring of biodiversity, sustainability & quality of life of its inhabitants.

6. Use the reserve for

developing indicators of sustainability (in ecological, economic, social & institutional terms) for the different productive activities carried out within the buffer zones and transition areas.

7. Develop a functional system

of data management for

that fulfil the requirements outlined alongside eg producing inventories, studying effects of pollution, development etc that have clear management needs and outcomes Mandated provincial depts should make contact with each other to share views ideas etc as well as linkages, project opportunities etc and identify potential joint project potentials between other provinces with BR and other BR individually. This can successfully be achieved through the development of the National MaB Committee



15 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

rational use of research and monitoring results in management of BR

OBJECTIVE III.3: Improve education, public awareness and involvement

1. Facilitate the exchange of experience and information between biosphere reserves, with a view to strengthening the involvement of volunteers and local people in biosphere reserve activities.

2. Promote the

development of communication systems for diffusing information on biosphere reserves and on experiences at the field level.

3. Include information on conservation and sustainable use, as practiced in biosphere reserves, in school programmes and teaching manuals, and in media efforts.

4. Encourage participation

of biosphere reserves in international networks and programmes, to promote cross-cutting linkages in education and public awareness.

5. Encourage involvement of local communities, school children & other stakeholders in education and training programmes & in research & monitoring activities within biosphere reserves.

6. Produce visitors' information

about the reserve, its importance for conservation & the sustainable use of biodiversity, its socio-cultural aspects, & its recreational & educational programmes & resources.

7. Promote the development of

ecology field educational centres, within individual reserves, as facilities for contributing to the education of school children & other groups.

Both DEA and Mandated Provincial Depts should form constructive relationships with relevant education departments to ensure the BR concept is brought into programmes, manuals, policies and concepts not just in education but as regards all development models, decision making processes etc. (3) This task can be extended into all relevant activities and focus points in all government depts DEAT to implement support funding either through prov depts or directly to individual BR to assist with communication strategies, marketing etc and also to develop inter- and national marketing strategy.

1. Utilize the World Network of Biosphere

3. Define the training needed by biosphere

4. Use the reserve for on-site training and for national,

DEAT to identify successful



16 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

OBJECTIVE III.4: Improve training for specialists and managers

Reserves to support and encourage international training opportunities and programmes.

2. Identify representative

biosphere reserves to serve as regional training centres.

reserve managers in the 21st century and develop model training programmes on such topics as how to design and implement inventory and monitoring programmes in biosphere reserves, how to analyze and study socio-cultural conditions, how to solve conflicts, and how to manage resources co-operatively in an ecosystem or landscape context.

regional and local seminars. 5. Encourage appropriate

training and employment of local people and other stakeholders to enable their full participation in inventory, monitoring and research in programmes in biosphere reserves. 6. Encourage training programmes for local communities and other local agents (such as decision-makers, local leaders and agents working in production, technology transfer and community development programmes) in order to enable their full participation in the planning, management and monitoring processes of biosphere reserves.

principled applications in BR and use as demonstrative tool for implementation and showcasing to other BR, Gov Depts, Gov levels (eg prov/local etc) (2) DEAT and Provinces to possibly do Audit on skills requirements to further BR principles and knowledge and to establish training and skills development practices. It can either have project specific focus or general BR focus (3) On the ground identification of training requirements and needs which can then be proposed/ passed onto gov. (5)

GOAL IV: IMPLEMENT THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE CONCEPT OBJECTIVE 1. Identify and publicize 6. Ensure that each biosphere 10. Identify and map the



17 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

IV.1: Integrate the functions of biosphere reserves

demonstration (model or illustrative examples of) biosphere reserves, whose experiences will be beneficial to others at the national, regional and international levels.

2. Give guidance/advice on

the elaboration and periodic review of strategies and national action plans for biosphere reserves.

NMC to develop National Action Plan for BR to be periodically reviewed and always updated with BR and Prov Depts.

3. Organize forums and other

information exchange mechanisms for biosphere reserve managers.

4. Prepare and disseminate

information on how to

reserve has an effective management policy and an appropriate authority or mechanism to implement it.

7. Encourage private sector

initiatives to establish and maintain environmentally and socially sustainable activities in appropriate zones of biosphere reserves and in surrounding areas, in order to stimulate community development.

8. Develop and periodically

review strategies and national action plans for biosphere reserves; these strategies should strive for complementarity and added value of biosphere reserves, with respect to other national instruments for conservation.

9. Organize forums and other

information exchange mechanisms for biosphere

different zones of biosphere reserves and define their respective status. BR’s to have authority to finalise boundaries and mapping details of individual BR’s

11. Prepare, implement and monitor an overall management plan, or policy, that includes all of the zones of biosphere reserves. Actual implementation is responsibility of BR Admin Unit and not of provincial levels – they should support and assist implementation, however, legal aspects need to be taken into consideration eg – if Policy built on EMF framework then gov needs to gazette before implementation can occur.

12. Where necessary, in order to preserve the core area, re-plan the buffer and transition zones, according

NMC to obtain regular updates of BR developments and to market and promote successful developments via the WNBR as well as within AfrMaB and all BR nationally. (1) Assist with funding for the printing of lesson’s learnt documents relating to big projects that can be used to assist, develop and support replication thereof both nationally and internationally. Mandated Prov Dept to develop (or formally adopt already developed) Management Policy. Provincial Depts to approach and work with relevant private sector to support administration of and principles of BR Mandated Prov Dept to review and draw up report for BR on implementation of and potential of new Naitional strategies and how they can be implemented locally & to share with BR (8) Both NMC and Mandated Prov Depts to organize regular forums and exchange mechanisams for all



18 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

develop management plans or policies for biosphere reserves.

5. Prepare guidance on

management issues at biosphere reserve sites, including, inter alia, methods to ensure local participation, case studies of various management options and techniques of conflict resolution.

reserve managers.

to sustainable development criteria.

13. Define and establish

institutional mechanisms to manage, co-ordinate and integrate the reserve's programmes and activities.

14. Ensure that the local

communities participate in the planning and management of biosphere reserves.

15. Encourage private

sector initiatives to establish and maintain environmentally and socially sustainable activities in the reserve and surrounding areas.

BR within SA to interact, share related info and develop established support mechanisms between each other, as well as to develop a unified understanding & focal agreements on the standing of both BR and the BR concept within SA as a whole and the related roles, expectations and responsibilities of different Gov Levels and Private Sector in the establishment, support and management of BR in SA (5 & 9) BR Institutional arrangements to allow for and create opportunities for local communities to participate in all aspects of the BR and to facilitate and/or support participatory approaches as regards management policies of all sectors of the BR (14)

OBJECTIVE IV.2: Strengthen the

1. Facilitate provision of adequate resources for implementation of the Statutory Framework of

12. Facilitate provision of adequate resources for implementation of the Statutory Framework of the

21. Give biosphere reserves more visibility by disseminating information materials,

Both NMC & MPD’s to develop firm strategy and budget to provide or facilitate the provision



19 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

World Network of Biosphere Reserves

the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

2. Facilitate the periodic

review, by each country of its biosphere reserves, as required in the Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and assist countries in taking measures to make their biosphere reserves functional.

3. Support the functioning of

the Advisory Committee for Biosphere Reserves and fully consider & utilize its recommendations & guidance.

4. Lead the development

of communication among biosphere reserves, taking into account their

World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

13. Develop a national-level

mechanism to advise and co-ordinate the biosphere reserves; and fully consider and utilize its recommendations and guidance.

14. Prepare an evaluation of

the status and operations of each of the country's biosphere reserves, as required in the Statutory Framework, and provide appropriate resources to address any deficiencies.

15. Develop creative

connections & partnerships with other networks of

developing communication policies and highlighting their roles as members of the Network.

22. Mobilize private funds,

from businesses, NGOs and foundations, for the benefit of biosphere reserves.

23. Monitor, assess and

follow up on the implementation of the Seville Strategy, utilizing the Implementation Indicators and analyze the factors that aid in attainment of the indicators, as well as those that hinder such attainment.

of adequate resources for the implementation of the Statutory Framework for BR’s (1 & 12)

Individual BR to constantly reflect on implementation and development within the guidelines and implementation requirements of the Seville Strategy. Possibly at the end of each year BR can submit a report on the functioning of the relevant stakeholders (ie different government levels and various private sectors) within the requirements of the SS and draw up potential areas and/or suggestions that need to be focused on for the following year

Both NMC & MPD’s to assist individual BR with identifying and establishing a viable twinning and/or partnership



20 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

communication and technical capabilities, and strengthen existing and planned regional or thematic networks.

5. Develop creative

connections and partnerships with other networks of similar managed areas, and with international governmental and non-governmental organizations with goals congruent with those of biosphere reserves.

6. Promote and facilitate

twinning between biosphere reserve sites and foster transboundary reserves.

7. Give biosphere reserves

more visibility by disseminating

similar managed areas, & with international governmental & non-governmental organizations, with goals congruent with those of the biosphere reserves.

16. Seek opportunities for

twinning between biosphere reserves & establish transboundary biosphere reserves, where appropriate.

17. Give biosphere reserves

more visibility by disseminating information materials, developing communication policies and highlighting their roles as members of the Network.

18. Include biosphere

reserves in proposals for

relationship with relevant gov bodies, BR’s etc such as the K2C – Rhön Partnership initiated and established by Mpumalanga CEO’s Office (5 & 15)) Establish communication strategies that includes the dissemination of information materials to support and promote BR’s and their roles in the WNBR (17) Both NMC & MDP’s should be constantly be sourcing opportuntieis for bi-laterial funding opportunities for BR to assist and support functioning with all BR’s individually and on a whole. (16 & 18))

MPD’s to also contribute to annual review of implementation of Seville Strategy principles.



21 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

information materials, developing communication policies and highlighting their roles as members of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

8. Wherever possible,

advocate the inclusion of biosphere reserves in projects financed by bilateral and multilateral aid organizations



10. Develop standards and

methodologies for

financing from international and bilateral funding mechanisms, including the Global Environment Facility.





Possibly best done by reviewing reports drawn up by individual reserves and establishing consolidated report using info obtained from each BR and submitted to DEAT and all other BR’s. (20)

NMC to also contribute to annual review of implementation of Seville Strategy principles. Possibly best done by reviewing consolidated reports drawn up by MPD’s and establishing 1 final report using info obtained from each BR and submitted to all related provinces and other BR’s. (20)



22 | P a g e



Level



Comments or tasks

collecting and exchanging various types of data and assist their application across the Network of Biosphere Reserves.



Discussion Document |Madrid Action Plan Background

23 | P a g e

The Madrid Action Plan

This Madrid Action Plan was agreed at the 3rd World Congress of Biosphere Reserves which was held in Madrid in February 2008. It builds on the Seville Strategy and aims to capitalize on the strategic advantages of the Seville instruments and raise biosphere reserves to be the principal internationally-designated areas dedicated to sustainable development in the 21st century. The biosphere reserve (BR) concept has proved its value beyond protected areas and is increasingly embraced by scientists, planners, policy makers and local communities to bring a variety of knowledge, scientific investigations and experiences to link biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development for human well-being.

EEmmeerrggiinngg CChhaalllleennggeess aanndd tthhee ppootteennttiiaall aanndd rroollee ooff BBiioosspphheerree RReesseerrvveess iinn aaddddrreessssiinngg tthheessee CChhaalllleennggeess During the thirteen (13) years since the adoption of the Seville Strategy, global issues and problems have emerged or intensified, making it an imperative for the MAB Programme to adapt and change so as to effectively respond to these emerging challenges. These major challenges seriously further exacerbate poverty and inequality and include:

Accelerated climate change with consequences for societies and ecosystems;

Accelerated loss of biological and cultural diversity with unexpected consequences that impact the ability of ecosystems to continue to provide services critical for human wellbeing;

Rapid urbanization as a driver of environmental change. From these challenges, several opportunities for change arise, through increased awareness at all levels of the need to maintain and secure access to ecosystem services for human well-being, including health, security and justice/equity.

Understanding the issues highlighted in the key challenges, over the period 2008–2013, the MAB Programme will strategically address the relevant Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) through the following:

Develop mechanisms to encourage the sustainable development of biosphere reserves carried out in partnership with all sectors of society (i.e. public and private institutions, NGOs, stakeholder communities, decision makers, scientists, local and indigenous communities, land owners and users of natural resources, research and education centres, media) to ensure the well-being of people and their environment;

Test and apply policies for adaptation and mitigation for climate change in coordination with other intergovernmental programmes;

Use the experience of the WNBR, the MAB Thematic Networks and interdisciplinary approaches to develop and test policies and practices to address the issues impacting key ecosystem types, namely coastal zones,


24 | P a g e

The MAP is specifically about outlining actions to be undertaken within BR to encapsulate modern issues and goals as outlined by the MDG

The refers to the dynamic characteristics of a BR and the ability to not only create change but to be the change itself

As well as the physical facilitator and/or initiator to enable change

islands, oceans, mountains, drylands, tropical forests, freshwater ecosystems and areas of increasing urbanization;

Develop scientific programmes of research to follow on from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) to define approaches that secure ecosystem services into the future.

Madrid Action Plan (hereafter referred to as MAP or the MAP) articulates actions, targets and success indicators, partnerships and other implementation strategies, and an evaluation framework for the WNBR for the period of 2008 to 2013. It takes fully into consideration the recommendations of the Review Committee that evaluated UNESCO’s Natural Sciences and Social and Human Sciences Programmes during 2006–2007, and will make specific contributions towards the implementation of those recommendations as proposed by the Director General of UNESCO and approved by the 34th session of the General Conference of UNESCO in October– November 2007. MAP’s overall goals are to: a) anchor the research, training, capacity building and demonstration

agendas of MAB at the interface between the interlinked issues of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and socio-economic and cultural well-being of human communities;

b) enable the active use of places included in the WNBR as learning sites for sustainable development, i.e. demonstrating approaches to enhance co-operation amongst epistemic (academic), political, practitioner and stakeholder communities to address and solve context specific problems to improve environmental, economic and social conditions for human and ecosystem well-being;

c) collect, collate, synthesize and disseminate lessons learnt from more than 30 years of the work of the MAB Programme and the WNBR as well as their planned actions during 2008-2013 to benefit international, national and local efforts to meet global targets such as the MDGs, significantly reducing the current rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 (also referred to as the “CBD 2010 target”) and others that are part of the UNFCCC and Kyoto processes linked to mitigating and adapting to global climatic change; and

d) contribute to the emergence of a new generation of professionals and practitioners who can serve as ambassadors and managers/ coordinators for linking global environmental agendas to national and local development aspirations.

The MAP builds on past experience in the network and in individual biosphere reserves, and reaches out to all sectors of society to create a new partnership between environmental and development agendas. To this broad community, biosphere reserves should be seen both as a process and as an instrument to understand, and adapt to change, as well as a catalyst of new

ideas and territories to test out innovative development approaches. The evolution of the MAB Programme will be guided not only by the community most directly involved in managing biosphere reserves but also by the broader community inspired by the concept and experimenting with it.

The MAP is informed by a consultation process of Member States involving governing bodies such as the MAB Bureau in June and September 2007; the International Advisory Committee for Biosphere Reserves in June 2007; circular letters issued by the MAB Secretariat in July and December 2007 and network meetings held in all regions of the world in 2007. MAP builds on the working


25 | P a g e

documents addressing the five (5) issues defined by the 19th session of the ICC in 2006 for the preparation of the 3rdWorld Congress of Biosphere Reserves and the 20th session of the International Co-ordinating Council of the MAB Programme (MAB-ICC) convened in Madrid,

CClliimmaattee CChhaannggee Climate change presents one of the most serious and globally significant challenges to society and ecosystems around the world today. Having filtered out the range of natural causes of climate change, the UNFCCC and its scientific panel IPCC have unequivocally established that the accelerated changes to our climate are anthropogenic. The volume of CO2 and other greenhouse gases emitted primarily by the industrialized nations and now coupled with the demand from less industrialized parts of the world including emerging market economies means that, if unchecked the problems will multiply. In addition, the rate of deforestation in tropical areas is also contributing to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere as well as loss of ecosystem functions. The rise in mean global temperature will mean that billions of people across the globe will face water shortages and millions more people will be exposed to malaria. Weather events such as droughts and floods will be more extreme, leading to a greater range and frequency of natural disasters. This will in turn lead to people moving from inhospitable areas to more amenable regions. The changes in rainfall distribution will drive changes in agricultural systems. Most ecosystem services will be put under stress. For example 30 percent of species will be put at risk of extinction, desertification will increase; positive feedback mechanisms in the climate will further reduce tropical forests. Sea level rise and sea warming will impact on the ability of coastal systems, such as mangroves and salt marshes, to cope, and fish distribution will change, increasing the fragility of coastal ecosystems and human use of them Societal responses to climate change are centred on adaptation and mitigation, both of which bring their own consequences for current and future generations. Society must practise adaptation to accommodate the changes that are inevitable because of the greenhouse gases already emitted and which will be active until they naturally decay. Based on scientific knowledge, adaptation measures may include land-use change to safeguard ecosystem services and functions, such as coastal re-alignment and management of river catchments. Mitigation is required by all nations to varying degrees, in an effort to prevent the CO2 equivalent in the air exceeding 450 parts per million. These will include carbon sequestration, emission reductions, energy efficiency and renewable energy production in a sustainable manner combined with more climate-friendly lifestyles. The barriers to these being put in place can be lack of political awareness of solutions and/or the willingness to implement them, inadequate or lack of technical capacity, economic uncertainty as well as the absence of an integrated approach to development planning. MAB and WNBR bring added value through the integrated approach which is generally absent elsewhere. The role of biosphere reserves is essential to rapidly seek and test solutions to the challenges of climate change as well as monitor the changes as part of a global network. For the Natural Sciences as well as other Programme Sectors of UNESCO, biosphere reserves can be areas for demonstrating adaptation measures for natural and human systems, assisting the development of resilience strategies and practices. Buffer zones and transition areas of biosphere reserves may also be used to test many mitigation tactics and strategies. In numerous biosphere reserves, carbon can be sequestered as in forest and wetland systems. In all of them capacity can be built


26 | P a g e

for low-carbon economies using a mix of technology- and labour-based social enterprises. From a social sciences point of view, the political dimensions of changing lifestyles can be explored. The range of biosphere reserves and the systems they represent will provide valuable lessons to the rest of the world.

PPrroovviissiioonn ooff EEccoossyysstteemm SSeerrvviicceess The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) has articulated and described ecosystem services in a manner that has gained widespread acceptance among public and private sector and civil society organizations. The new MA typology recognizes four distinct categories of services:

supporting (nutrient cycling, soil formation and primary production); provisioning (food, fresh water, wood and fibre and fuel); regulating (climate, flood and disease regulation and water purification) and cultural (aesthetic, spiritual, educational and recreational).

Ecosystem services could be a useful conceptual framework to superimpose on the multiple functions of biosphere reserves ranging from protection to production in land/seascapes.

The essence of biosphere reserves as sustainable development sites could be seen as the effort to design and develop place-specific mixes of supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services that enable the environmental, economic and social well-being of resident and stakeholder communities. For example, the various zones of biosphere reserves can serve as places to attract new investments into hitherto neglected services (climate regulation, water purification, biodiversity conservation) and improve environmental and social performance of provisioning (agriculture, forestry, fisheries) and cultural (tourism) services that may have been the principal recipients of investments to-date.

Active and continuing consultations between the scientific and research communities, policy and decision makers, resource managers and resident populations in a biosphere reserve are critical in finding the optimal mix of ecosystem services that would illustrate the role of biosphere reserves as models for land/seascape level sustainable development at the national, regional and global levels.

UUrrbbaanniizzaattiioonn aass aa PPrriinncciippaall DDrriivveerr ffoorr EEccoossyysstteemm--WWiiddee PPrreessssuurreess Urbanization is a global multidimensional process that manifests itself through rapidly changing and spatially shifting population densities, in particular migration from rural to urban zones, land cover and resource use regimes and a diversity of associated cultural practices. Half of the world’s population today lives in urban landscapes, a proportion projected to increase to 66–67% over the next 50 years.

Most of this growth will occur in countries that constitute the less industrialized and emerging market economies than two billion people will be living in urban slums with limited access to basic services, facing extreme vulnerability to natural disasters. The rapid increase of large cities and the continuing transformation of


27 | P a g e

These are primary objectives and activities that should be undertaken by and within BR

The term encouragement is an important indicator as to the main goal of a BR – ie to encourage change and not enforce through management

urban landscapes represent great challenges to ensure basic human welfare and a liveable environment.

Urban landscapes represent probably the most complex mosaic of land cover and multiple uses of any landscape. Urbanization and urban landscapes have recently been identified by the MA as priority areas where large knowledge gaps exist. Urban landscapes provide important large-scale experiences of the effects of global change on ecosystems; significant warming and increased nitrogen deposition are already evident and they provide extreme, visible and measurable examples of human domination of ‘natural’ ecosystem processes. However, cities are also perceived as places offering solutions for humans and the environment as main hubs of knowledge, capital and innovations. A number of urban areas are either considering, or have applied, the biosphere reserve principles within their jurisdictions, with the intention of using the concept as a tool for planning and managing sustainable urban development.

VViissiioonn SSttaatteemmeenntt ffoorr tthhee WWoorrlldd NNeettwwoorrkk ooff BBiioosspphheerree RReesseerrvveess ((WWNNBBRR)) wwiitthhiinn tthhee MMaann aanndd tthhee BBiioosspphheerree ((MMaaBB)) PPrrooggrraammmmee The World Network of Biosphere Reserves of the Man and the Biosphere Programme consists of a dynamic and interactive network of sites of excellence. It fosters harmonious integration of people and nature for sustainable development through participatory dialogue, knowledge sharing, poverty reduction and human well-being improvements, respect for cultural values and society’s ability to cope with change, thus contributing to the MDGs. Accordingly, the WNBR is one of the main international tools to develop and implement sustainable development approaches in a wide array of contexts.Mission Statement for the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) within the Man and the Biosphere (MaB) Programme To ensure environmental, economic, social (including cultural and spiritual) sustainability through:

development and coordination of a worldwide network of places acting as demonstration areas and learning sites with the aim of maintaining and developing ecological and cultural diversity, and securing ecosystem services for human well-being;

development and integration of knowledge including science for advancing our understanding of interactions between people and the rest of nature; building global capacity for the management of complex socio-ecological systems particularly through encouraging greater dialogue at the science-policy interface, environmental education and multi-media outreach to the wider community.


28 | P a g e

PPrrooggrreessss ssiinnccee SSeevviillllee The approval of the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework in 1995 by UNESCO has clearly established the biosphere reserve as the land/seascape level designation conferred by the UNESCO-MAB Programme to places in natural ecosystems as well as those significantly modified by humans. Since 1995 the essence and identity of biosphere reserves has deepened along the following axes:

1. multi-functionality and integration amongst the conservation, development and logistic or knowledge functions that demonstrate context-specific options for local and regional sustainability;

2. the three zone scheme as the basis for the land/seascape level planning and for reconciling stakeholder interests linked to the multiple functions;

3. presence of resident and migrant human settlements within the biosphere reserve; and

4. commitment to review biosphere reserve functioning, including the level of integration amongst the three functions, at least once every ten (10) years after the inclusion of a site in the WNBR.

As much as 98% of the places nominated as biosphere reserves since 1995 have adopted the three-zone scheme. For those biosphere reserves included in the WNBR prior to 1995, this percentage was 23% for those between 1976 and 1984, and 65% for others designated during 1985–1995, respectively. Periodic review of biosphere reserves included in the WNBR has resulted in many pre-1995 biosphere reserves being revised with respect to their zonation schemes and other essential features that define the post- 1995 Seville vision of biosphere reserves. While the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of 1995 enabled the clarification and deepening of the niche of biosphere reserves, the MAP aims to demonstrate and emphasize the role of biosphere reserves as learning sites for local and regional sustainable development practices as well as the importance of MAB and of the WNBR as regional and global hubs for exchange of information, ideas, experience, knowledge and best practices in sustainability sciences. Experience in the application of some of the key tools of the 1995 Statutory Framework, such as the periodic review process will be assessed and this process will be further refined for use in tracking changes in the performance of biosphere reserves in contributing to sustainable development outcomes including locally and regionally appropriate expressions of MDGs, CBD 2010 target, EFA, the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (UNDESD) and other global commitments made by UNESCO Member States.

TThhee MMaaddrriidd AAccttiioonnss –– tthhee wwoorrlldd NNeettwwoorrkk ooff BBiioosspphheerree RReesseerrvveess In attempting to orient MAB and WNBR activities during 2008–2013 in the face of new challenges in an ever-changing world, the MAP defines four (4) main action areas, with 31 targets and 65 actions that are critical to achieving the vision and mission of the MAB Programme. Targeted actions help its implementation at the appropriate level, may it be local, national or international within the time-frame set (2008-2013). Actions are to be taken at the local level (individual biosphere reserves), the national level(MAB National Committees/National Commissions for UNESCO) and the international level (regional and sub-regional networks as well as ecosystem-based thematic networks, UNESCO-MAB Secretariat).


29 | P a g e

At all levels, the term biosphere reserve is recommended for use, while respecting the wish of individual MAB National Committees and/or biosphere reserve authorities to use appropriate alternative terminology, such as biosphere regions, areas, territories, etc. Although the biosphere reserve project is not time limited but has a long-term perspective, goals and targets have been set to be addressed within an appropriate time-frame during 2008–2013, and progress towards meeting those goals and targets will be monitored and evaluated, and the findings of such evaluations shared with others contributing to the work of the MAB Programme and the WNBR. A commitment to innovative time-bound socio-ecological and policy actions integrating the three biosphere reserve functions and the willingness to share data, information, experience and knowledge are seen as vital to the role for biosphere reserves to be learning sites during the UNDESD (2005-2014).

CCooooppeerraattiioonn,, MMaannaaggeemmeenntt aanndd CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn Biosphere reserves are the principal means for achieving the objectives of the MAB Programme and the visible instrument through which UNESCO as a whole could demonstrate its commitment to sustainability through policy-relevant site-based research, capacity enhancement and demonstration. In order to respond to new and emerging environmental and economic challenges at all scales, the management of the programme and the co-ordination of the work of the WNBR must be revised in light of thirteen (13) years’ experience of the implementation of the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework. Necessary adaptations in the operation and outreach dimensions of WNBR need to be introduced in order to ensure that biosphere reserves effectively serve as learning sites for sustainable development at global, regional, national and local levels.



30 | P a g e

TARGET ACTIONS TIME SU INDICAT

Targets Actions Time Success Indicator Responsibility for Action Partner

1. Effective implementation of the Seville Strategy

Assess the achievements of the Seville Strategy

2010 Assessment document of the Seville Strategy

MAB Secretariat MAB National Committees. MAB Bureau, MAB Networks, BRs IUCN, UNDP and TNC

1.2 Compile and synthesize first-hand information on the functioning of BRs, which should then be shared inter-regionally and globally

2013 Compiled information

MAB Secretariat, MAB Regional Networks and MAB National Committees

WNBR

1.3 Create and implement a system of recognizing performance of the Seville Strategy

2010

Performance Recognition system created, adopted by MAB-ICC, and disseminated

Secretariat in cooperation with Regional Networks, MAB National Committees and MAB Bureau

MAB Bureau, MAB Networks, BRs IUCN, UNDP and TNC

1.4 Update the nomination and periodic review forms for BRs

2010 Updated forms available

MAB Secretariat MAB Bureau

2. Increased cooperation and coordination of biosphere reserves

2.1 Utilize BRs in UNESCO Intergovernmental Scientific Programmes (ISPs)

2013

Number of BRs working together with UNESCO programmes (IHP, DESD, IOC, IGCP, MOST, IBSP, etc.)

MAB Secretariat, MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO

MAB Bureau, UNESCO Programmes (IHP, IOC, IGCP, MOST, IBSP, etc.)

2.2 2010 MAB National International initiatives (CBD, CMS,

Application of process listed in SS sector above based solely on principles of SS will deal with this requirement of NMC



31 | P a g e

Targets Actions Time Success Indicator Responsibility

for Action Partner

with existing international programmes and initiatives

Work closely with the authorities responsible for the implementation of relevant biodiversity and environmental multilateral agreements to ensure coordination between international designations at the national level

Number of BRs working with international initiatives (CBD, CMS, UNCCD, UNFCCC, IGBP , MA follow-up, etc.) Number o activities in UNESCO incorporating BRs as a tool for linking WH site conservation with sustainable development of the broader region; levels of financial and human resources to developing and implementing joint projects linking WH sites, Ramsar sites and BR;s

Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO

ISDR, UNCCD, UNFCCC, IGBP, etc.) UNESCO Science Sector, WHC and Ramsar Convention, Executive Board of UNESCO All UNESCO inter sectoral Programmes such as DESD, EFA, UNESCO Chairs, Associated Schools Network, TWAS Executive Board of UNESCO

3. Integrated information & communication strategy

3.1 Creation of a web based information clearinghouse and information centre, to exchange and share technology, research, training, education and cooperation opportunities, findings and experience, and to help to solve problems at local, regional and international levels

2013

Functioning information clearing house mechanism Number and variety of publications (print, web based, etc.) and communications in UN as well as other regional and nationally important languages Current template of WNBR map adapted to produce region and ecosystem specific maps as and when needed

MAB Secretariat

Regional, Sub regional, Country and Thematic Networks in cooperation with MAB National Committees and BR administrations as appropriate, and PALNet-IUCN/ WCPA, and other relevant information networks

3.2 Produce regional, sub-regional, country- and ecosystem-specific publications on BRs, MAB and other related themes

2009 & 2013

Number of publications

MAB Secretariat, MAB National Committees, individual BRs

Regional Networks in collaboration with Thematic Networks

2009 World map MAB Secretariat Private/public

Development of annually updated documents showcasing BR’s as a whole and individual BR and/or projects within



32 | P a g e


for Action Partner

3.3 Elaboration of a map presenting the WNBR according to ecosystem types, including human-impacted ecosystems such as rural and urban areas

Organizations

3.4 Creation of a journalism award directed at the mass communication media for their role on promoting th importance of BRs

2010 Number of awards provided UNESCO Member States

UNESCO Member States

3.5 Develop an integrated international promotion and communication strategy targeting the general public

2010 Number of publications

MAB Secretariat Individual BRs, UNESCO Communication and Information Sector, UNESCO regional

4. Participatory regional networks that are managed in a manner assuring adequate representation of biosphere reserve managers coordinators

4.1 Develop a structure, strategy and action plan for each regional network to meet their responsibilities within the MAB Programme and regularly report to MAB National Committees and individual BRs

2009

Number of regions completing and implementing structure, strategy and action plan Number of individual BRs participating in regional network activities

Regional Networks

UNESCO Field Offices, National Commissions for UNESCO, MAB National Committees and individual BRs.

4.2 2010 Number of networks funded Regional and Thematic Governmental institutions, national



33 | P a g e


for Action Partner

Ensure that each network has partnerships and long-term financing mechanisms from within its membership to ensure sustainability of its operations and activities

Networks, MAB Secretariat, MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO

.

and international NGOs, private sector

5. Enhanced cooperation between experts and practitioners in relevant key issues

5.1 Create and strengthen existing regional and interregional Thematic Networks formed around key ecosystems, such as mountains, freshwater, oceans, drylands, forests, urban areas, small islands

2010 Number of networks and extent of regional and thematic coverage

MAB Secretariat, Regional and Thematic Networks, individual BRs, other institutions

Diverse stakeholders at multiple scales

6.1 2010 Number of BRs that have Regional Networks and UNESCO

Develop regular and formal structures within provincial and national levels for networking and representations of BR amongst each other and at different levels

Individual BR to identified relevant skills and experts to link into and partner with



34 | P a g e


for Action Partner

6. Communication strategies for each biosphere reserve, integrated with national and higher levels

Implement a communication strategy on environmental, economic, social, spiritual, cultural and political importance and benefits of BRs and the WNBR, directed to national governments, policy makers, journalists, local communities and other target groups

developed and launched a communication strategy

individual BRs

Communication and Information Sector, Bureau of Public Information UNESCO Field Offices, MAB Programme Networks and Thematic Networks

6.2 Create an incentive programme to recognize the efforts of communities, individuals, institutions networks and nations in creating, managing and promoting BRs

2010 Number of incentives created

MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO

Private and public institutions

7. Functional MAB National Committees in each country, managed in a manner assuring adequate representation of biosphere reserve coordinators and other key stakeholders

7.1 Create or restructure MAB National Committees

2008 Number of functioning MAB National Committees

Member States, National Commissions for UNESCO, MAB National Committees, MAB Focal Points and other national Government authorities concerned with BRs

Diverse stakeholders at multiple scales

2013 Number of MAB National MAB National Governmental institutions, civil

Individual BR’s to establish detailed communication strategies in line with NMC strategies

NMC to investigate development of incentive strategy (and grading system) to be implemented nationally?



35 | P a g e


for Action Partner

7.2 Develop a structure, strategy and action plan for each MAB National Committee to assist BRs to meet their responsibilities within the MAB Programme, and support the planning phase for new nominations

Committees restructured with strategies and action plans

Committees National Commissions for UNESCO

society bodies

8. Increased linkages between biosphere reserve activities and sustainable development initiatives at multiple scales

8.1 Encourage and enable individual BRs to collaborate with UN-led policies, strategies and action plans towards sustainable development, as well as other initiatives outside the UN system

2010 & 2013

Number of BRs contributing to in country UN and other initiatives on sustainable development

MAB National Committees, individual BRs

Regional Networks

9. All biosphere reserves undertake periodic review and related actions to update zonation, management and other changes to meet Seville & MAP requirements and recommendations

9.1 Screen new BR proposals as well as devise schemes to support periodic review processes in view of the evolution of the mission and vision contained in the MAP in particular through field visits by teams of regional and national experts, in cooperation with the UNESCO Regional, Cluster and National Offices as appropriate

2010 & 2013

Number of BRs that have undertaken necessary steps to update themselves to a post-Seville and MAP vision

MAB National Committees, with support from Regional Networks

Regional and Thematic Networks, IUCN

10. 10.1 2012 Number of BRs with Individual BRs Thematic Networks, Regional

Identify potential projects and establish long-term support/ participation programmes (eg annual Sustainable Living Festival???)



36 | P a g e


for Action Partner

Open and participatory procedures and processes in the designation, planning and implementation of biosphere reserves

Every BR should carry out a participatory planning process, such as Local Agenda 21, to guide BR implementation assuring “participatory management especially for traditional, local and indigenous communities

participatory approaches in place

Networks and national organizations

Every BR should establish a management committee comprising stakeholders representing different activity sector of all three zones

2013

Number of functioning BR management committees

Individual BRs Public and private institutions including civil society

11. Enhanced legal recognition of biosphere reserves where appropriate

11.1 Encourage States to include BRs in their own legislation

2013 Number of countries which have incorporated BRs into their legislation

MAB Secretariat and MAB National Committees

UNESCO

OR

NMC to investigate and outline potentials within various Provincial legislation and district/ local government legislation (eg IDP’s/ SDF’s etc)


37 | P a g e

This it can be seen as the role of the Biosphere to work together with Core Zone Management Authorities to ensure the development of such concepts or projects relating to this

ZZoonnaattiioonn –– LLiinnkkiinngg FFuunnccttiioonnss ttoo SSppaaccee According to the Statutory Framework, biosphere reserves should contain one or more core areas, buffer zones, and a transition area to accommodate their multiple functions. Facing new challenges, it is important to shift towards a more integrated zoning. Thus the transition area, in addition to the development function, can also consider conservation/environmental goals and elements. Equally the core area, in addition to its conservation function, contributes to a range of ecosystem services which, in terms of the development functions can be calculated in economic terms (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil stabilization, supply of clean water and air, etc.). Employment opportunities can also complement conservation goals (e.g. environmental education, research, environmental rehabilitation and conservation measures, recreation and eco-tourism). While education, research, monitoring and capacity enhancement are seen as components of the logistic or knowledge generation function of biosphere reserves, they are also integral to the conservation and development functions. Special attention is to be given to the buffer zones. Their role is to minimize negative and external effects of human-induced activities on the core areas. In addition to the buffering function related to the core areas, buffer zones can have their own intrinsic, ‘stand alone’ functions for maintaining anthropogenic, biological and cultural diversity. Buffer zones can also have an important connectivity function in a larger spatial context as they connect biodiversity components within core areas with those in transition areas. People live and make a living in transition areas which are characterized by multiple land uses. Transition areas have a central function concerning socio-economic development. In the past, a shortcoming of the transition area was that its outer boundary was not required to be delineated or spatially-defined. But the establishment of cooperation plans and concepts, implementation of co-operation projects and fostering of committed citizenship need clear boundaries that are easy to accept and to understand. Furthermore, the inclusion of the total area of a biosphere reserve in the WNBR needs to be clearly specified; hence, while acknowledging the arbitrary or fuzzy nature of transition area boundaries, they nevertheless must be specified. Cooperation, however, can extend beyond those boundaries, for sharing best practices, solutions and approaches with the wider region, thus fulfilling the role of biosphere reserves as learning sites for regional sustainable development. While countries maintain flexibility at the national levels with regard to the definition of zones, the following actions are to be taken in order to make biosphere reserves more effective in combining conservation, sustainable use of resources and knowledge generation through integrated



38 | P a g e

Targets Actions Time Success Indicator

Responsibility Partner

12. Analysis of zonation of all biosphere reserves

12.1 Carry out a survey on the present zoning system of the WNBR (including the proportions of the different zones )and investigate how well they fulfil the three functions in each zone

2010 Outcome of analysis submitted to ICC, and results and ICC recommendations published

MAB Secretariat and Regional Networks

BR focal points/ managers, MAB National Committees, Thematic Networks

13. Functional zonation in all biosphere reserves established, particularly with regard to the transition area and the development function

13.1 Develop and apply practical tools and guidelines for zoning at the national level

2013 100% sites have functional BR zonation

MAB National Committees, Regional Networks and individual BRs

MAB Secretariat, IUCN, national and international NGOs, academic institutions, Thematic Networks

13.2 Use BRs to manage large biome as a BR system and for extensive terrestrial and marine areas as a series of units linking up relatively small protected core areas with significantly larger buffer zones and transition areas

2013 Number of BRs spatially extended.

individual BRs, MAB National Committees

Regional Networks, IUCN

These guidelines should also include details on potential roles & responsibilities of BR Administration Units within each of the zones eg level of activity within core zone as opposed to level of activities within the transition zone etc.



39 | P a g e

Targets Actions Time Success

Indicator Responsibility Partner Determine the most suitable zonation patterns and define performance standards for each zone. Ensure sufficient size of each zone for the BR functions and identify the contribution of each zone to the whole BR

2013 Suitable zonation pattern for each BR defined

Individual BRs, MAB National Committees

Regional Networks,IUCN

13.4 Clearly define the outer boundary of the BR in determining the transition area through stakeholder consultation. (Each BR should consider natural, e.g. watershed, ecosystem, etc., as well as political and administrative boundaries in defining its delimitation, and clearly explain the rationale behind that determination in the nomination/ periodic review forms)

2013 Each BR has a clearly defined outer boundary


Regional Networks

13.5 Encourage national recognition of BR zonation schemes as an important planning tool for programmes linked to protected areas in production landscapes

2013 Number of countries recognizing BR zonation scheme


Regional Networks

This can be brought in with National marketing plans to be developed and supported by NMC as described previously



40 | P a g e

Targets Actions Time Success

Indicator Responsibility Partner

14. Co-operative conservation and development strategies for biosphere reserves

14.1 Use appropriate tools such as the Ecosystem Approach, gap analysis, the concept of corridors, ecological networks, etc. for (a) a better connectivity of

ecologically important sites and elements in the landscape,

(b) a better inter-linkage of areas/zones and enhanced buffering, and

(c) a better consistency in planning

2013

BRs have well designed plans with sufficient conditions for assuring financial and operational sustainability

Individual BRs MAB National Committees, Thematic Networks

,


41 | P a g e

BR’s play a crucial role in bringing different parties, institutions, stakeholders and land use sectors together to create cooperation in achieving these goals

SScciieennccee aanndd CCaappaacciittyy EEnnhhaanncceemmeenntt Ecosystems provide goods and services to all humanity, but the sustainable use of these benefits is challenging in the face of rapid climatic, environmental, social, and political changes. To cope with these changes, biosphere reserves play a crucial role in generating knowledge on how natural systems work and how to maintain ecosystem services and resilient ecosystems while at the same time using these systems to create income, employment and wealth. Wide cooperation from institutions and stakeholders is needed within biosphere reserves to foster communication among scientists, policy makers, private companies and others. In order to achieve this, there is a need for a significant strengthening of both science and capacity in the WNBR also with a view to applying scientific expertise to global biodiversity management and conservation. Both scientific as well as traditional knowledge from local and indigenous people is needed for adaptation to change and building resilience. Since 2004 the MAB-ICC has encouraged all countries to support the UNDESD (2005-2014) of which UNESCO is the leading agency. Biosphere reserves provide an excellent opportunity to play an active role as learning sites for sustainable development in order to implement national policies and strategies on the MDGs, implement the WSSD Plan and strategies for the DESD. Relevant national, regional and global authorities should be encouraged to use biosphere reserve management issues and problems as research questions for multi-disciplinary institutes of higher learning.



42 | P a g e

Targets Actions Time Success Responsibility

for Actions Partner

15. Communication of biosphere reserve experiences on management and stakeholder participation of ecosystem services to relevant policy constituencies within the UN bodies, regional development banks, national governments and others

15.1 Undertake a critical analysis and synthesis of existing data based on experience of implementing the management policies/ cooperation plans of BRs around the world, including their relationship to ecosystem services

2013

Number of BRs which participate in international programmes Analysis document on the implementation of BR management plans

National Commissions for UNESCO, MAB National Committees, WNBR

Regional and Thematic Networks, CBD, CSD, UNCCD, UNFCCC & others

15.2 Promote the MAB Programme’s global network function through the systematic recording of policy relevant case studies and ensuring their availability and dissemination

2013 Document on case studies

Individual BRs, MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO, MAB Secretariat

CBD, IUCN CBD, IUCN

15.3 Develop actions to increase synergies among international, regional and national programmes currently developed and executed in parallel, such as CBD, Agenda 21 and One-UN activities

2013 Number of BRs involved in various international, regional and national programmes

Individual BRs, Regional Networks

CBD, Agenda 21, One-UN projects, Thematic Networks

16. Site-based policy-relevant research programmes

16.1 Coordinate with UNESCO ISPs and other relevant international, regional and national authorities to promote policy relevant research

2012

Numbers of scientific articles, books on sustainability referring to BR or using the concept Number of MS and PhDs on BRs or related topics

MAB Secretariat, WNBR, Regional Networks

Universities and research centres associated with BRs Collaboration with ISPs, UNU, IUCN, including WCPA, and Thematic Networks

Synergy related aspects with international & national programmes to be established within action plans and implementation strategies/ goals of individual BR’s



43 | P a g e

Targets Actions Time Success Responsibility for Actions

Partner

6.2 Improve access to information and new ways to communicate knowledge to a large variety of non-scientific target groups

2011 Number of outreach publications including Internet-based information material

MAB Secretariat, individual BRs, MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO

Universities, press and other mass media

16.3 Strengthen the role of science in decision-making through problem oriented, applied research in order to increase the availability of funding for both science and management and ensure good science-informed participatory and collaborative management

2013 Research projects established in all BRs

Individual BRs, MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO

Universities, research institutions, funding agencies

17. Trained biosphere reserve managers and other relevant stakeholders

17.1 Provide training to BR managers on science-policy practice interaction and participatory management for science and other relevant areas

2010 Number of completed or active courses in the regions

MAB Secretariat, Regional and Thematic Networks

Research institutes, higher education centres, international and national NGOs

17.2 Promote capacity enhancement programmes for BR administrators and managers, such as on adaptive management, including conflict resolution and negotiation skills

2011 Training courses for BR managers in operation

MAB National Committees

Universities, research institutions

18. Use of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO Member

18.1 Work with other ISPs to include the use of BRs as research and demonstration sites in their programmes

2010 Number of UNESCO ISP activities and initiatives focusing on BRs

Regional Networks, MAB National Committees and Secretariat

IOC, IHP, IGCP



44 | P a g e


Partner

States for their work with other ISPs, including IOC and MOST

18.2 Enhance the widespread use of BRs by IHP, IOC, IGCP and MOST for research, information generation and policy advice

2013

Number of BRs involved with other UNESCO ISP activities related to research, information generation and policy advice

UNESCO ISPs (MAB, IHP, IOC, IGCP, MOST) individual BRs

IHP, IOC, IGCP, MOST

19. Biosphere Reserves to have research programmes on analyses of ecosystem services and their management through stakeholder participation

19.1 Mobilize scientific and non-scientific actors combining all knowledge systems in order to strengthen the scientific functions of BRs

2012 2012 Number of BRs having research programmes

BRs and MAB National Committees, Regional Networks

GEF, UNDP, EU, international NGOs, Thematic Networks

20. Biosphere reserves have research programmes linked to the development of the management plan and zoning

20.1 Ensure stakeholder involvement in the production of a research agenda to be incorporated in the management plan for the whole BR

2013 Number of BRs with defined and operational research programmes

Individual BRs

Universities, research institutions

20.2 Use BRs as sites for applied, problem oriented research for sustainable development linked to the zoning and management plan. Incorporate the results of applied ecological and socio-economic research into ecosystem management of all areas and link educational activities to the different functions in all zones of BR

2012 Number of BRs with research agendas related to sustainable development ,

Individual BRs Universities, research institutions

Individual BR to establish programmes to allow for involvement of stakeholders in research agendas and to identify research needs



45 | P a g e


Partner

21. Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) programmes with educational and research institutions

21.1 Promote the BR as a learning site of excellence for sustainable development, for demonstrating trade-offs and balance amongst ecosystem services, human environment interactions and well-being, in the framework of DESD

2010

Number of schools associated with BRs through joint classes, school camps, curriculum development

Individual BR

Associated Schools Project Network, UNESCO

22. Exchange of educational resources for widespread adaptation a nd application

22.1 Improve capacity of WNBR with the aim of building strong learning organizations, alliances and empowering all stakeholders at each BR

2010&2013

Number of education programmes; number and range of awareness and educational materials produced

Individual BRs, WNBR, Regional Networks

NGOs, academic institutions, research centres, and Thematic Networks

22.2 Provide appropriate staff and funding (a) to enable BR managers/

coordinators to actively contribute o the WNBR, i.e. translation of best practices report into local languages, and

(b) to feed this information into the Internet website of UNESCO-MAB

2012 Number of best practices reports translated into local languages


National authorities, national and international NGOs

Eg. Development of Schools in Biosphere’s Programme by Southern Cross School (K2C) and joining of programme by other biosphere’s



46 | P a g e


Partner

23. A mechanism for BR’s to address urban issues in a regional context

23.1 Facilitate the integration of urban areas into BRs

2013 Number of BRs with interactions with urban areas

MAB Urban Group, Regional Networks

City authorities, ICLEI, professional planning institutions universities and research centres associated with BRs

24. Use biosphere reserves as learning sites for research, adaptation, mitigation in relation to climate change

24.1 Use mountain BRs as field observatories of global change impacts on the environment, economy and human well-being, based on the GLOCHAMORE Research Strategy

2012 Number of mountain BRs with active research and capacity enhancement programmes

Individual BRs, MAB National Networks

MRI, organizations working on climate change, research, academic and outreach institutions, and Thematic Networks

24.2 Use of research results to assist countries in developing and implementing policies for sustainable mountain development

2013 Number of countries with policies for sustainable mountain development

Individual BRs, MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO, Regional Networks

MRI, IUCN

24.3 Develop strategies for other ecosystems in collaboration with relevant national and international organizations

2011 Number of strategies applied

Individual BRs, MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO, Regional Networks

UNFCCC, CBD, NCCD, and Thematic Networks

24.4 Carry out training courses for different ecosystem types related to climate change, in particular using the ERAIFT regional flagship project for tropical f o rests and certified forestry as a climate change mitigation approach

2011 Number of training courses carried out

Individual BRs MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO, Regional Networks

UNFCCC, CBD, UNCCD, and Thematic Networks


47 | P a g e

The development of Partnerships between stakeholders within a BR is possibly one of the most primary and key responsibilities and tasks of a BR Administrative Unit

The development of Partnerships has a number of important and viable benefits to a region

Important to note that BR Units are expected to be involved in and to fulfil all three of the BR Conceptual functions within all 3 of the zones and not only in transition and buffer as is currently debated/ suggested

PPaarrttnneerrsshhiippss At all times, the strength and opportunity of partnerships should be drawn upon to cooperatively develop the functions of a biosphere reserve. There is a need to focus efforts on building and improving upon existing partnerships and alliances, championing new initiatives, and creating new partnerships and projects that involve many stakeholder groups.

Cooperative activities range from biodiversity conservation to ecosystem management and sustainable use of environmental goods and services. The ‘added value’ of partnerships is improved effectiveness of management strategies, change of attitude within the stakeholders themselves, better mutual understanding, more

informed decision making, increased awareness, and technical and financial support of the management of a biosphere reserve. The long-term functionality of a biosphere reserve requires long-term financing for both planning and implementation. Generating funds falls primarily under the responsibility of individual biosphere reserve managers/coordinators with support and assistance from the MAB National Committees, Regional Networks, UNESCO-MAB Secretariat solicited as and when needed Economic activities provide potential benefits for biosphere reserves:

Contributions to economic development in terms of strengthening the role of the private sector,

revenue generation for the maintenance of natural areas e.g. through tourism;

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) schemes of leading multi-nationals as well as national and regional private sector institutions provide funds for

development or maintenance of sustainable practices. There are already very good examples of economic benefits of biosphere reserves and the feasibility of integrated conservation and development in and around biosphere reserves. They will indeed improve their performance at the operational level if they have sufficient and well trained personnel, equipment, project budget and capabilities to fulfil all three functions in all zones.



48 | P a g e

Target Actions Time Success

Indicator Responsibility

for Action Partners

25. Improved financial mechanisms for biosphere reserves and regional networks

25.1 Establish partnership agreements with relevant institutions/ organizations to carry out Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) projects

2013 Number of regions launching PES projects Number of BRs involved

MAB-ICC, Regional Networks

GEF, UNDP, EU, international NGOs, universities, research centres, and Thematic Networks

25.2 Establish partnership agreements, such as for water, forest and carbon funds

2013 Number of BRs with partnership agreements

MAB National Committees, Regional Networks

National and international donor agencies, GEF, UNDP, international NGOs, and Thematic Networks

25.3 Seek national and international support for BRs and Regional Networks with the organizations responsible for projects on biodiversity conservation, international waters, climate change, poverty reduction, etc

2013 Number of BRs and Regional Networks with national and international support

MAB Secretariat, MAB National Committees, Regional Networks

National and international donor agencies, GEF, UNDP, international NGOs, and Thematic Networks

NMC to regularly update individual BR with information on funding programmes and/or support organisations that develop cooperative agreements at government level. The possibility of drawing up a regular and updated database on potential funders/ supporters should be investigated, that all individual BR’s can tap into and can add their own information to



49 | P a g e

Target Actions Time Success Indicator

Responsibility for Action

Partners

26. Improved generation of profits and livelihood benefits in biosphere reserves through sustainable production, harvesting, processing and marketing of biosphere reserve product

26.1 At least one pilot BR in each Regional Network chosen to carry out an assessment of the economic contribution of BRs to local economies with the active involvement of local communities

2013 Number of BRs developing assessments in each region

Regional Networks Private sector, research, academic and outreach institutions, and Thematic Networks

26.2 Further the work of the Task Force on Quality Economies by creating or strengthening partnerships with businesses to identify, develop and promote markets and fair trade for goods using the BR brand

2010 Number of BRs involved with the work of the Task Force on Quality Economies

MAB Secretariat, individual BRs, MAB National Committees

Private sector and Thematic Networks

26.3 Promotion of alternative and sustainable livelihoods primarily targeting vulnerable populations within BRs such as local communities, minorities, indigenous and ethnic groups

2013

Number of BRs implementing sustainable alternative livelihoods to ensure ease of poverty

UNESCO Member States, individual BRs

National and international funding agencies, GEF, UNDP, etc Individual BR’s to develop

relevant projects to address the sustainability of livelihoods



50 | P a g e



Partners

27. Increased involvement, support and buy-in of private sector

27.1 Create or strengthen partnerships with businesses to identify, develop and promote markets and fair trade for goods and services in BRs and to support management and communication relating to BRs

2013

Number of businesses actively involved in implementing the BR idea/ BR management Number of businesses actively involved in supporting activities indirectly in BRs

BRs and MAB National Committees

Private sector

27.2 Promote incentives for product labelling in BRs

2012 Study available on local BR products

MAB Secretariat, individual BRs

Private sector

28. Exchanges between biosphere reserves

28.1 Support study tours/ site visits between stakeholder groups in BRs

2013 Number of exchanges Regional and Interregional Networks, Thematic Networks, individual BRs

Governmental authorities

28.2 Encourage and enable twinning programmes between BRs sharing specific issues

2013 Number of twinning arrangements between BRs

Regional and Interregional Networks, Thematic Networks, individual BRs


Investigate potential for Nationally Implemented Strategy to encourage private sector support

Develop Grading and local support projects such as “from the Region, for the Region”



51 | P a g e



Partners

28.3 Encourage South- South cooperation and triangular South-North-South cooperation

2013 Number of cooperation agreements involving BRs

Regional and Interregional Networks, Thematic Networks, individual BRs


29. Promote partnerships

29.1 Establish cooperation plans including all sectors of society to champion cooperative activities ranging from education and research to sustainable use of environmental goods and services

2010 Number of partnerships established Number of BRs involved in partnerships

Individual BRs Governmental authorities, private sector

29.2 Establish partnerships with regional economic and financial institutions

2010 Number of cooperation plans established

Individual BRs Canada

30. Trans-boundary biosphere reserves

30.1 Support the development of new and strengthen existing trans-boundary BRs as well as other forms of trans-boundary cooperation

2013 Number of trans-boundary BRs established

MAB National Committees, Regional Networks

MAB National Committees, National Commissions for UNESCO

All above suggested/ listed documents, strategies, positional papers etc need to be in place to avoid issues related to different understandings and/or expectations from trans-boundary managemetnn authorities such as is being experienced by K2C between Limpopo and Mpumalanga



52 | P a g e



Partners

30.2 Update the nomination and periodic review forms for trans-boundary BRs

2013 Number of new and existing trans-boundary BRs with active trans-boundary cooperation; Use of updated forms

BRs and MAB National Committees, Regional Networks, MAB Secretariat, WNBR

Academic institutions, international and ntional NGOs

31. Promote Biosphere reserves for peace, security and conflict management

31.1 Promote and use BRs as mechanisms for peace and security

2013 Number of BRs with programmes that promote peace and security

MAB Secretariat, WNBR, Regional Networks

Academic institutions, international and national NGOs, and Thematic Networks

Discussion Document |Summary

53 | P a g e

DEA to inform individual BR and provincial depts what was submitted by them in Dec 2008 for implementation so as to be included in individual BR plans and 5 year implementation strategies.

AApppprroovvaall,, IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn aanndd EEvvaalluuaattiioonn The Madrid Action Plan (MAP) has been adopted at the 20th session of the MAB-ICC also in view of implementing effectively UNESCO’s Mid-Term Strategy. In light of the rolling character of that strategy, possible adaptations of the MAP may be discussed at the next MAB-ICC Meeting in 2009. The MAP will then become an integral part of UNESCO’s strategy working towards the achievement of internationally-agreed goals and targets including the MDGs, EFA, DESD as well as emphasizing UNESCO’s contributions towards One UN, UNDAF and other in-country co-ordination frameworks promoted under UN reform at the country level. The MAP will contribute towards the Director-General’s implementation plan to integrate the recommendations of the Review Committee that evaluated the Natural Sciences and the Social and Human Sciences Programmes of UNESCO during 2006-2007. The implementation of MAP will be carried out during the six-year Strategic Planning Framework of UNESCO, i.e. 2008-2013, which is the same as that of the MAP under the responsibility of the UNESCO Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences which hosts the Secretariat for MAB and WNBR. Before end of December 2008, countries with biosphere reserves will be requested to inform the MAB Secretariat of the specific methods and schedules of the actions that these countries decide to implement within the framework of the MAP. The MAB-ICC, the MAB Secretariat, the Regional Networks and the MAB National Committees through result-oriented partnerships with public and private sector and civil society organizations will provide the leadership for the successful implementation of the MAP. The MAB-ICC, National Commissions for UNESCO and MAB National Committees will be critical to the effectiveness of the implementation of the MAP through deep involvement in communicating the importance of, and gaining support for the MAB Programme and the WNBR with national governments, donors and development cooperation agencies, private sector and civil society organizations at all levels. MAP will be evaluated in 2010 and 2013. The mid-term evaluation will be carried out by a team, whose composition and terms of reference (TOR) will be set by the MAB-ICC at its 21st session in 2009. The timing, team composition and TOR for the final evaluation due in 2013 will be determined by the ICC at its 22nd session.


54 | P a g e

Summary

RRoolleess && RReessppoonnssiibbiilliittiieess The following is a summarised list of actions/ implementation strategies suggested to be undertaken by individual BR in SA, the relevant MPD (Mandated provincial Departments) or DEA and/or NMC (National MaB Committees).

DEA/ NMC Only

DEA/NMC & MPD’s

MPD’s Only

Individual BR’s

New National MaB Committee to possibly prepare a bio-geographical analysis that can then be passed on to provincial depts for implementation

Evaluation to be done as to whether BR’s have been integrated into existing strategies for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in protected areas and in National Biodiversity Strategies and/or action plans, if not, then should possibly be identified as potential project for new National MaB Committee

Responsible for development of new or adoption of existing management policy/ framework and to ensure appropriate BR management authority is established. Management Policy should be seen as a guideline to be adopted and not a stipulation to be enforced.

Implement or support projects that fulfil documented requirements ie producing inventories, studying effects of pollution, development etc that have clear management needs and outcomes.

New NMC to prepare guidelines for key aspects of BR management including resolution of conflicts, provision of local benefits and involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and responsibility for management.

Draw up and maintain a data base on all research occurring within their reserves and supply to BR Administrative Unit.

MPD’s to make contact with each other to share views ideas etc as well as linkages, project opportunities etc and identify potential joint project potentials. This can successfully be achieved through development of new NMC.

On the ground identification of training requirements and needs which can then be proposed/ passed onto relevant governmental dept/ committee.

NMC should inform BR’s on regular basis of development of formalization of cooperative agreements between countries, international funding agencies etc

Both NMC and MPD’s should form constructive relationships with relevant education depts to ensure the BR concept is brought into programmes, manuals, policies and concepts. This task can be extended into all relevant activities and focus points in all government depts and not just education.

Contribute to annual review of implementation of Seville Strategy by creating a single unified report based on all inputs from individual BR within relevant province and submitting to NMC.

Constantly reflect on implementation and development within the guidelines and implementation requirements of the Seville Strategy (possibly at the end of each year BR can submit report and include suggestions/ requirements for following year)


55 | P a g e

DEA/ NMC Only

DEA/NMC & MPD’s

MPD’s Only

Individual BR’s

NMC to investigate options to strengthen role of National Government role in research within BR

Do potential audit on skills requirements to further BR principles and knowledge within their own departments and within the BR’s themselves and to establish training and skills development practices.

Identify relevant skills and experts to link into and partner with in order to enhance cooperation and implement key issues within BR.

DEA/ NMC to strengthen marketing activities of BR concept on whole and of individual BR and increase support to BR to develop communication strategies as well as fund marketing options within.

Regular forums to be established for inter-biosphere communication and information/ knowledge sharing eg provincial biosphere forums, national MaB committee etc

Establish detailed communication with support from and in line with NMC communication strategy.

NMC to develop National Action Plan for BR to be periodically reviewed and always updated with BR and Prov Depts.

Develop form strategy and budget to provide or facilitate the provision of adequate resources for the functioning of a BR Administrative Unit.

Establish programmes to allow for involvement of stakeholders in research agendas and to identify research needs within the individual BR.

NMC to also contribute to annual review of implementation of Seville Strategy but consolidating all provincial reports into single national report.

Constantly identifying and initiating twinning and support opportunities for individual BR’s and for all BR within a province and/or nationally.

Individual BR to encourage schools within to join related networks such as the Schools in Biosphere Programme currently being established.

Investigate potential development of incentive strategy (and grading system and/or awards presentation?) to be implemented nationally in order to recognize efforts of communities/ individuals etc in promoting BR and BR concepts/ principles.

Develop and/or support relevant projects to address the sustainability of livelihoods within relevant BR communities.


56 | P a g e

DEA/ NMC Only

DEA/NMC & MPD’s

MPD’s Only

Individual BR’s

Identify potential project/ concepts that encourage BR’s to collaborate with UN-Led policies, strategies and actions plans towards sustainable development and establish long-term support/ participation programmes (eg the proposed annual biosphere conferences/ AGM within the annual Sustainable Living Festival)

Develop Grading and local support projects such as “from the Region, for the Region”

NMC to investigate and outline potentials within various provincial legislation and district/local government legislation in order to enhance the legal recognition of BR where appropriate.

Develop Nationally accepted guidelines for zonation of biosphere reserves and should also include details on potential roles and responsibilities of BR Administrative Units within each of the zones eg level of activity within the core zone as opposed to level of activities within the transition zone.

Investigate and develop nationally implemented strategy to encourage and endorse private sector support and involvement

Establish single, unified and national positional paper in order to avoid individual perception interpretations of roles, responsibilities, activities and concepts of the MaB Programme between different MPD and BR’s

Abc – as per Seville Strategy Guidelines

Abc - as per Madrid Action Plan Guildelines


57 | P a g e

RReelleevvaanntt CCoommmmeennttss aanndd NNootteess oonn BBRR CCoonncceepptt && ssuubbsseeqquueenntt pprriinncciipplleess iinnvvoollvveedd::

The following is a summary of all the noteworthy aspects highlighted within both the Seville Strategy and the Madrid Action Plan pertaining to a general understanding of who and what a Biosphere Reserve/ Region is.

The Seville Strategy was developed in 1995 and clearly outlines that basic principles behind which BR’s are established and should function.

Biosphere Reserves/ Regions are not intended to focus or get involved in the actual MANAGEMENT of a region, but rather towards establishing a consultative and participatory process and environment within a region.

A Biosphere Reserve/ Region is more about the management of a concept and/or idea as opposed to the actual management of specific land and/or zonation.

Another way of describing the activity is that a BR is focused more on the promotion of land management and not on the actual land management itself. The type of management promoted is one that should be open, evolving and adaptive.

The Biosphere Reserve Concept is a Key Feature of land management but not the management of the land itself.

Facilitation and cooperation between various role players and stakeholders within a BR is a key tool in achieving this.

A BR is active within all zones of a BR, but may vary in focus, activities undertaken and participatory processes required.

BR need to constantly evaluate the natural resources and services of the region and use these evaluations to promote environmentally sounds and economically sustainable income opportunities for local people.

Individual BR should have the “authority” to finalise their boundaries and mapping details.

Although actual implementation of established Management Policies is the responsibility of individual BR and their Administrative Unit, in instances where EMF’s have been used as the legal framework for the development of the Management Policy, government is required to gazette this before implementation can be undertaken by the BR Administrative Unit itself.

BR Institutional Arrangements to allow for and create opportunities for local communities to participate in all aspects of the BR and to facilitate and/or support participatory approaches as regards management policies of all sectors of the BR

The MAP (Madrid Action Plan) was established in 2008 and subsequently builds on the Seville Strategy with the aim to raise biosphere reserves to be the principle internationally designated areas dedicated to sustainable development in the 21st century.

The MAP is specifically about outlining actions to be undertaken within BR to encapsulate modern issues and goals as outlined by the MDG.


58 | P a g e

Primary objectives and activities to be undertaken by a BR include participatory dialogue, knowledge sharing, poverty reduction and human well being improvements, respect for cultural values and society’s ability to cope with change.

BR’s play a crucial role in bringing different parties, institutions, stakeholders and land use sectors together to create cooperation in achieving these plans.

BR Units are expected to be involved in and to fulfil all three of the BR Conceptual functions within all 3 of the zones and not only in the transition and buffer as is currently debated/ suggested.

Documents

Discussion Document - Who and What is K2Ckruger2canyons.org/019 - Who and What is K2C.pdf · Discussion Document ... List potential and outlined Activities by outlining the Madrid