Discovering

Python

Michael Weigend

Universität Münster

Holzkamp-Gesamtschule Witten

Vilnius 2017

Outline

Presentation 1 “Introduction to Python”

Application domains, basic features, functions, data structures, OOP, logical correctness

(assertions)

Hands On Exercise 1

Basic Python programming

Coffee Break

Presentation 2 “Python on the Raspberry Pi”

Hands On Exercise 2

Part 1: LEDs, temperature sensors, camera module

Part 2: Projects with the SenseHAT

Advanced tasks: GUI programming with tkinter

Final discussion

Material

1) Handout with suggestions what to do

2) Example programs to try out and to modify

Application Domains

Created With Python

Creator: Stani Michiels

A Minimalist Version

20 Lines of Code

Visualization of the Mandelbrot Set from tkinter import *

RADIUS = 2.0

ZOOM = 50.0

class Mandelbrot:

def __init__(self):

self.window = Tk()

self.image = PhotoImage(width=200, height=200)

self.image_label = Label(master=self.window,

image=self.image)

self.image_label.pack()

self.draw()

self.window.mainloop()

def draw(self):

interval = [x/ZOOM for x in range(-100, 100)]

mandelbrot = [(x, y) for x in interval

for y in interval

if self.test(x, y)]

for x, y in mandelbrot:

self.image.put("#0000ff", (int(ZOOM*x+100), int(ZOOM*y+100)))

def test (self, x, y):

c = x + 1j * y # j is the imaginary number i

z = 0

for i in range(20):

if abs (z)< RADIUS:

z = z*z - c

else: return False # not in the Mandelbrot set

return True # element of the Mandelbrot set

m = Mandelbrot()

Application Domains

• creative projects Disney VR Studio, Industrial Light & Magic

• science American Space Telescope Institute, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt

• web services Google, BSCW, Dropbox

• security sensible systems governments, airlines, banking

• Education universities (MIT), schools

Advantages of Python

• simple (minimalist)

• consistent

• short programs

• platform independent

• open source

• many programming paradigms

Computer Programs

are Written for Humans

Donald Knuth (1984):

„I believe that the time is ripe for

significantly better documentation of

programs, and that we can best

achieve this by considering

programs to be works of

literature.”

Knuth, D. E.: Literate Programming. In:

The Computer Journal 27/2, 1984, S.

97-111.

Dynamic Typing

int a;

double[3] s;

a = 3;

s = [1.1, 2, 3]

a = 3

s = [1.1, 2, 3]

Python Java

Name

Type

Object

int

float Ducktyping

Name

Type Object

Intuitive Models

Python Java

int a;

a = 3;

a = 3

Verbosity: Minimal Code

if ( a > b )

{

a = b;

b = c;

}

if a > b:

a = b

b = c

no semicolons

indentation for defining blocks of code

Python Java

Associated Boolean Values

None () {} [] 0 False

s = [1, 3, 5]

while s:

print s[0]

del s[0]

1

3

5

“Empty “ objects

Using Common Mathematical Notation

if((14 < age) && (age < 60))

{

System.out.println("Welcome!")

}

if 14 < age < 60:

print ("Welcome!")

Python Java

(Implicit) Tuples

a, b = 12, 14

a, b = b, a

Simple swapping

Compact assignments

Functions

Live Presentation 1

• position parameters

• keyword parameters

• docstring

• default values and multiple number of parameters

def area (…)

Type

Hierarchy

Operations for Collections

>>> numbers = [2, 3, 56, 12]

>>> 1 in numbers

False

>>> "e" in "Delft"

True

in

>>> for c in "Delft" : print (c)

D

e

l

f

t

>>> for i in numbers:

print (i)

2

3

56

12

Iteration

Operations for Sequences

concatenation

indexing and slicing

>>> w = "Delft"

>>> 'Tiles from ' + w

'Tiles from Delft'

>>> 2*w

'DelftDelft'

>>> w[0]

'D'

>>> w[0:2]

'De'

>>>

>>> w[2:]

'lft'

>>> numbers = [2, 3, 56, 12]

>>> 2*numbers

[2, 3, 56, 12, 2, 3, 56, 12]

>>> numbers = [2, 3, 56, 12]

>>> numbers[0]

2

List mutable sequence

list items may be all kinds of objects

[1, 2, 3]

[1, "a", [1, 2], len]

[]

[[], [], []]

List Comprehension

[n*n for n in [1, 2, 3]]

Which items are in this list?

List Comprehension

[n*n for n in [1, 2, 3]]

[1, 4, 9]

Set Builder Notation

s = {2*x for x in {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} if x**2 > 3}

Modeling with Lists

Stack last in – first out

>>> stack = [3, 4, 5]

>>> stack.append(6)

>>> stack.append(7)

>>> stack

[3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

>>> stack.pop()

7

>>> stack

[3, 4, 5, 6]

Modeling with Dictionaries

Mapping key value

>>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'tom': 4139}

>>> tel['guido'] = 4127

>>> tel

{‘tom': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}

>>> tel['jack']

4098

>>> del tel['tom']

>>> tel

{'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}

create a dictionary

find a value using a key

delete an item

add an item

Object Oriented Programming

Everything is an object!

>>> a=1

>>> type(a)

<class 'int'>

>>> id(a)

9786792

>>> a + 2

3

>>> a.__add__(2)

3

Object Oriented Programming

Live Presentation 2

• Class definition

• Class attributes, object attributes

• Methods

• Polymorphism (overloading)

Modeling Volume

0.05 mL

1.0 L

How to find a bug?

Complex program

Simple

condition

Simple

condition

Simple

condition

Quicksort

def qsort (sequence):

s = sequence[:] # s is a copy of sequence

if s == []:

result = s # end of recursion

else:

x = s[0] # take first element

del s[0]

s1 = [] # split remaining list

s2 = []

for i in s:

if i <= x:

s1.append(i)

else:

s2.append(i)

result = qsort(s1) + [x] + qsort(s2) # recursive calls

return result

Quicksort checking postconditions

def qsort (sequence):

s = sequence[:] # s is a copy of sequence

if s == []:

result = s # end of recursion

else:

x = s[0] # take first element

del s[0]

s1 = [] # split remaining list

s2 = []

for i in s:

if i <= x:

s1.append(i)

else:

s2.append(i)

result = qsort(s1) + [x] + qsort(s2) # recursive calls

assert len(result) == len (sequence)

assert min(sequence) == min(sequence)

return result

Hands-on Exercise 1

Part 2

Python Projects in the

Classroom –

Raspberry Pi Projects

Agile Classroom Projects Extreme Programming (Kent Beck)

Invent a project metaphor

write stories

Start with an architectural spike solution

Implement stories in short iterations

User can choose a font

Stories

User can insert phrases ( “Dear friend!”)

The Letter Fairy

A text editor that helps young children writing

letters in a foreign language.

Start with an Architectural Spike

from tkinter import *

class Editor:

def __init__ (self):

# widgets

self.window = Tk()

self.window.title("Text Editor 1")

self.text = Text(master=self.window)

self.text.pack()

# window

self.window.mainloop()

Editor()

9 lines of code

At the End of the First Iteration ----------------------------------------------------

# file name: editor3.pyw

# A simple text editor with menu for open and save

# Michael Weigend 2009

#----------------------------------------------------

from tkinter import *

class Editor:

def __init__ (self):

# Textfeld

self.window = Tk()

self.text= Text(master=self.window,

wrap=WORD, font=('Arial', 10))

self.text.pack()

# Menu Bar

self.menuBar=Menu(master=self.window)

self.window.config(menu=self.menuBar)

# file menu

self.fileMenu=Menu(self.menuBar)

self.fileMenu.add_command(label="Open",

command = self.load)

self.fileMenu.add_command(label="Save as",

command = self.save)

self.fileMenu.add_separator()

self.fileMenu.add_command(label='Quit',

command=self.quit)

self.menuBar.add_cascade(label="file",

menu=self.fileMenu)

self.window.mainloop()

# methods

def load (self):

self.file = filedialog.askopenfile()

self.text.delete(1.0, END) # delete all text in text area

if self.file:

self.text.insert(1.0, self.file.read()) # read text from file and insert it

def save (self):

self.file = filedialog.asksaveasfile()

if self.file:

self.file.write(self.text.get(1.0, END) )

self.file.close()

def quit(self):

if messagebox.askyesno('Finish',

'Do you really want to quit?'):

self.window.destroy()

Editor()

approx. 50 lines of code

Programming the Raspberry Pi

Computer = Black Box

41

Michael Weigend: Der Raspberry Pi im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht cc by-nc-sa 2014 42

Open The Black Box

Open the Blackbox

43

1. Processor

2. GPIO

3. USB

4. RJ45

5. AnalogAudio-/ Videoa

Output

6. HDMI

7. Micro-USB (power supply)

8. Mikro-SD card

9. Bluetooth and WLAN

10.CSI (camera)

Open the Blackbox

44

• Many operating systems

• play with administration

• software installation

• server configuration

Construct it Yourself

Michael Weigend: Der Raspberry Pi

in der Schule Düsseldorf 2016

45

LED-Matrix made of

1st quality junk

Clock with LCD display

Mobile Devices

46

Seeing with ultra sonic

Touchscreen

Astro Pi with Sense-HAT on th ISS

Kiosk and Dashboard

47

Mail From All Over The World

48

Project: Collecting and Processing

Temperature Data

analog

digital

Direct-to-Digital

Sensor

physical

phenomenon

Computer

data package

Information

temperature-

sensitive oscillator

DS1820

1-Wire-Bus

ID

temperature

(-55 to +125 °C)

temperature crc

Hardware Configuration

51

GPIO

Wiring Diagram

R=4,7kΩ …

52

Reading data with modprobe

sudo modprobe wire

sudo modprobe w1-gpio

sudo modprobe w1-therm

Temperature

information

ID of the sensor

28 = DS18B20

53

Temperature Data Logger os.system("modprobe wire")

os.system("modprobe w1-gpio")

os.system("modprobe w1-therm")

for d in os.listdir("/sys/bus/w1/devices"):

if d.startswith("10") or d.startswith("28"):

deviceFile = "/sys/bus/w1/devices/" + d + "/w1_slave"

def readTemp():

ok = False

while not ok:

f = open(deviceFile, "r")

firstLine, secondLine = f.readlines()

f.close()

if firstLine.find("YES") != -1:

ok = True

tempString = secondLine.split("=")[1]

return int(tempString)/1000

while True:

print(readTemp())

time.sleep(1)

Output: 22.937

22.312

22.312

54

Starting point for new ideas

Photo

: cc b

y 2

.0 A

ngelo

de S

antis

2013

, wik

imedia

com

mons

Story: Vertical temperature

profile of a lake

Photo

: cc b

y 2

.0 D

wig

ht B

urd

ette

2012,

wik

imedia

com

mons

Story: The dynamics of

temperature in a room

while airing.

55

Story: Recognizing fluids

(like water, ethanol,

proanone)by observing

temperature changes

56

Story: Observing the temperature

durimng a chemical reaction using

an array of temperature sensors.

(assignment paper Georgij

Loptev, 2014)

Starting point for new ideas

Mobile Devices

57

Story: Find the

coldest spot

Temperature Server

58

Story: Temperature in a

fermentation bottle is

observed and published.

HAT Technology