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Discovering Computers
CHAPTER 13 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING & SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 13 Objectives
Describe various ways to develop Web pages including HTML, scripting languages, XHTML, XML, WML, and Web page authoring software
Describe various ways to develop Web pages including HTML, scripting languages, XHTML, XML, WML, and Web page authoring software
Differentiate between machine , assembly languages, high-level languages
Differentiate between machine , assembly languages, high-level languages
Identify and discuss the purpose of procedural programming languages
Identify and discuss the purpose of procedural programming languages
Discuss the advantages and uses of visual programming languages
Discuss the advantages and uses of visual programming languages
Identify and discuss the characteristics of object-oriented programming languages
Identify and discuss the characteristics of object-oriented programming languages
Identify the uses of various nonprocedural languages and tools
Identify the uses of various nonprocedural languages and tools
Identify the uses of popular multimedia authoring programs
Identify the uses of popular multimedia authoring programs
List the 6 steps in the program development cycleList the 6 steps in the program development cycle
Differentiate between structured design and object-oriented design
Differentiate between structured design and object-oriented design
Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems
Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems
Dilbert Cartoon: Singularity
Computer Programs & Programming Languages
What is a computer program ? Set of instructions that directs computer to perform
an array of tasks. Programming language: Provides the syntax, rules and
coding needed to write the instructions in a computer program.
Computer Programs & Programming Languages
What are low-level languages and high-level languages?
High-level language
High-level language
Low-levellanguage
Low-levellanguage
Machine-dependentruns only on one type of computer
Machine-dependentruns only on one type of computer Often machine-independent
can run on many different types of computers
Often machine-independentcan run on many different
types of computersMachine and assembly languages
are low-level
Machine and assembly languages are low-level
Low-Level Languages: Machine
What is machine language? Only language computer
directly recognizes Uses a series of binary digits
(1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits
Low-Level Languages: Assembly
What is assembly language? Instructions made up of
symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes
Source program contains code to be converted to machine language
High Level Languages
Procedural Languages: BASIC, BASICA, GWBASIC, QBASIC COBOL FORTRAN PASCAL Object Oriented Languages JAVA Object Oriented C++ Object Oriented SMALLTALK Object Oriented Alice (game programming) Object Oriented (based on Java) VISUAL BASIC .NET Object Based
The Program Development Cycle: 6 StepsWhat is the program development cycle? Steps programmers use to build computer programs
Programming team—Group of programmers working on program
The Program Development Cycle is Step 4 in the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Step 1 — Analyze Requirements
What is involved in analyzing the requirements?1. Review requirements2. Meet with systems analyst and users3. Identify input, output, processing, and data
components IPO chart—
Identifies program’s inputs, outputs, and processing steps
IPO chart
Programmer begins with general
design and moves toward detailed design
Step 2 — Design the Solution
What is involved in designing the solution?
Object-oriented design
Structured design, sometimes
called top-down design
Two approaches
Devise solution algorithm, step-by-step procedure to solve problem
Step 2 — Design the Solution
What is a hierarchy chart? Shows program modules graphically & relationships Also called a Structure Chart or VTOC: Visual Table
of Contents
Step 2 — Design the Solution
What is object-oriented design (OOD) ? Programmer packages data and
methods (procedures) into a single unit, called an object
Objects are grouped into classes A Class Diagram graphically
represents the hierarchical relationships of classes
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_diagram
Class Name
Data Attributes
Constructors & Methods
ITP 120 Java Programming I15
Class #7 – Programming with Objects & ClassesRectangle class UML
Rectangle
--length: double--width: double
+Rectangle ( ) // a constructor+Rectangle (length: double, width: double)+ setLength(double length): void+ getLength( ): double+ setWidth(width:double): void+ getWidth( ): double+ findArea( ): double+ findPerimeter ( ): double+ findDiagonal ( ): double
Step 3 — Validate the Design
What is involved in validating the design?
p. 13.32
Check program design for accuracy
Logic errordesign flaw that causes
inaccurate results
Test datasample data that
mimics real data that program will process
Programmer checks logic for correctness
and attempts to uncover logic errors
Desk checkprogrammers use test
data to step through logicStructured walkthroughprogrammer explains
logic of algorithm while programming team steps through program logic
Step 4 — Implement the Design
What is implementation? (Coding,testing,debugging) Writing the code that translates the design into a program
Syntax—rules that specify how to write instructions Comments—program documentation
Extreme Programming (XP)—coding and testing as soon as requirements are defined !!!
Step 5 — Test the Solution
What is involved in testing the solution?
Ensure program runs correctly and is error free
Debugging—locating and correcting syntax and logic
errors, or bugs
Test copy of program, called beta, sometimes
used to find bugsAlpha & Beta testing:What is the difference ?
Step 6 — Document the Solution
What is involved in documenting the solution? Programmers should perform two activities:
Review program code—remove dead code:
program instructions that the program never
executes (runs)
Review program code—remove dead code:
program instructions that the program never
executes (runs)
Reviewdocumentation
Reviewdocumentation
In the Computer Age …
Delete Key
Cursor
Some kids may haveused a computer or cell phone before writingwith a pencil !
Computer Nerd
What is an Algorithm ?
Algorithm: a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.
The problem to be solved does NOT have to pertain to a computer program.
A procedure to change a flat tire on a car is an algorithm. (Set the parking brake first, loosen lug bolts…)
So is assembling a bicycle or making a cake. Another example: Building a house.
Detecting errors and making
improvements early reduces the overall
time and cost of program
development
Structured Walkthrough
What is a structured walkthrough?
A more formal technique for checking the solution algorithm
The programmer explains the logic of the algorithm while members of the programming team step through the program logic
Purpose is to identify errors in the program logic and check for possible improvements in program design
Coding Computer Programs
What is involved in coding programs?
Two steps:1. Translating the solution algorithm into a programming language2. Entering the programming language code into the computer
Each of the many programming languages has a very specific syntax
p.15.13
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Syntax
The set of grammar and rules that
specifies how to write instructions for a solution algorithm
Examples of Syntax Differences
In the COBOL language: COMPUTE REG-PAY = HOURS * WAGE.
regPay = hours * wage; // In the “C” Language /* A series of comments */ REM COMPUTE PAY in the BASIC language
GROSSPAY = HOURS * WAGE
a REM statement is a REMark; It is not executed.
COBOL is NOT dead (yet) !
COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language
Factoid:
According to the Micro Focus company, COBOL
programs today process 75% of the world’s business
data and around 90% of all financial transactions.
Object COBOL for UNIX:
http://supportline.microfocus.com/documentation/books/ocds42/oppubb.htm
Documenting Computer Programs
How are programs documented?A programmer should take time to document the program code thoroughly
Comments or remarks are included in a program as documentation
Global comments explain the program’s purpose and identify the program name, its author, and the date written
Internal comments explain the purpose of the code statements within the program
global comments
global comments
internal commentsinternal
comments
Payroll Program Calculations (Example) Read hours; float regularRate = 20.00; float overtimePayRate=30.00;float fedTaxRate = .28; float stTaxRate = .0575; float ovRate = 1.5;if (hours > 80 ) // Biweekly payroll: compute overtime pay regularPay = 80 * regularRate; // Compute regular pay for 80 hours overtimePay = (hours – 80) * ovRate * overtimePayRate;else // This means: hours <= 80 regularPay = hours * regularRate; // Compute regular pay (<= 80 hours) overtimePay = 0;grossPay = regularPay + overtimePay;fedTax = grossPay * fedTaxRate;stateTax = grossPay * stTaxRate;deductions = fedTax + stateTax;netPay = grossPay – deductions;print Name, SSN, regularPay, overtimePay, grossPay, netPay,deductions
Assembly Language Instructions
In a High-Level Language statement:In COBOL: MOVE ZEROS TO OVERTIME-PAY.
overtimePay = 0; // Set overtimePay to zero in C++
Equivalent Assembly Language statements:
LR R1, 0 // Load Register R1 with zeroSR R1, overtimePay // Store zero from R1 into // memory variable overtimePay
Syntax errors Occur when the code violates the syntax, or
grammar, of the programming language
Usually discovered the first time a program code is executed on the
computer
Testing: Removing Syntax & Logic ErrorsWhat is involved in testing programs?
Goal is to ensure the program runs correctly and is error free.
3 types of errors:
Syntax errors
Logic errors
Runtime errors
Logic errors (Semantic errors)
Flaw in the design that generates inaccurate results
Systems analyst develops test data including both valid and invalid input
data
Examples of Logic (Semantic) Errors
F = (9./5.) * C + 32; // Compute Fahrenheit temp Suppose C = 40; // Celsius temperature is 40 Fahrenheit = 72. + 32; Fahrenheit = 104; // So 40 deg C is 104 F
C = (2./9.) * (F – 32); // Logic error in formula ! It runs, but it produces the wrong number for Celsius temp
It should be: C = (5./9.) * ( F -32);
Testing Programs and Run time Errors
What is a run time error?
A program failure occurring while a program is being executed (run).Programmers use test data (good, bad, none) to deliberately cause a run time error in order to test the program.Examples of run time errors: Input file not found Division by zero Array Index out of bounds Buffer overflow General Protection Fault (GPF) (Memory overrun)
Dividing a Number by Zero
G = 1234.56 / .00000000000000000001
(Divisor approaches zero 0 )
(Then, invert and multiply)
Example: x = a / 1/b = ab
G = 1234.56 x 10 ** 320 (G is a very large number)
If it is too large, it will overflow its data register.
Infinity symbol
Debugging Computer Programs
What is debugging?The process of locating
and correcting the syntax and logic errors in a program
Errors themselves are the bugs
The first bug was said to be a moth lodged in a computer's electronic relay components during the development of the COBOL language (1959)
Dr. Grace Hopper: COBOL Inventor
http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/hopper.html
Debug Utilities
What is a debug utility (debugger)?Computer software:
called a debugger
Available with most compilers
Allows you to identify syntax errors and to find logic errors
Programmer can examine program values while the program runs in slow motion
p.15.14
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Millennium Bug
Also called the Y2K bug
Took effect when the computer date rolled
over to January 1, 2000
Non Y2K compliant computers read the
date as 01/01/00
Y2K Computation (Example of error)
currentYear = 00; // Using a 2-digit value for yearyearOfBirth = 1990;Age = currentYear – yearOfBirth;
Age = 0 – 1990Age = -1990 // Ridiculous value for Age !
currentYear = 2012; // Correct 4-digit yearAge = 2012 – 1990Age = 22 // Correct agehttp://www.y2ktimebomb.com/
Speaking of Dates…
The Mayan calendar predicts that the world will end on December 21, 2012 ! Apolcalypse !
So why are we working so hard ?
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/mayan-2012-calendar-doomsday-december-21-scientists-offer/story?id=15273982
Year 2038 Unix Y2K Bug
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem The year 2038 problem (also known as the Unix Millennium
Bug, Y2K38, Y2.038K, or S2G by analogy to the Y2K problem) may cause some computer software to fail at some point near the year 2038.
The problem affects all software and systems that both store system time as a signed 32-bit integer, and interpret this number as the number of seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on Thursday, 1 January 1970.
Times beyond this moment will "wrap around" and be stored internally as a negative number, which these systems will interpret as a date in 1901 rather than 2038.
Y2K Problem Examples
Visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y2KIn the C programming language, the standard library function to get the current year originally did have the problem that it returned only the year number within the 20th century, and for compatibility's sake still returns the year as year minus 1900. Many programmers in C, and in Perl and Java, two programming languages widely used in Web development that use the C functions, incorrectly treated this value as the last two digits of the year. On the Web this was a mostly harmless bug, but it did cause many dynamically generated webpages to display January 1, 2000, as "1/1/19100", "1/1/100", or variations of that depending on the format.
Division Computation (Example of error)
int num1 = 167; int num2 = 0; int result; if (num2 != 0) result = num1 / num2; else // Divide num1 by num2 num2 = 1; result = num1 / num2; print (“Error:Attempt to Divide by zero”); // Causes program to crash // Cannot divide by zero
Breaks down the original set of program specifications into smaller, more manageable sections
These sections are called modules
Identify the the major functions of a program, called the main module
Decompose (break down) the main routine into smaller sections called subroutines
Analyze each subroutine to determine if it can be decomposed further
Continue decomposing subroutines until each one performs a single function
A section of a program that performs a single function is a module
What is top-down design?
Designing Computer Programs
Structured Computer Program Design
What is structured design?
A technique that builds all program logic from a combination of three basic control structures
Sequence,Selection,Looping
A control structure is a design that determines the logical order of program instructions
Each module typically contains more than one control structure
p.15.6
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Sequence control
structure
Selection control
structure
Repetition control
structure
Sequence Control Structure
What is a sequence control structure?Shows one or more actions following each other in order.
Actions:InputsProcessesOutputs
p.15.7 Fig. 15-5
Next
Selection Control Structure (IF-THEN-ELSE)
What is a Selection Control Structure?
Tells the program which action to take, based on a certain condition
Two common types of selection control structures
p.15.7
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if-then-else control structure
case control structure
Selection Control Structure (IF-THEN-ELSE)
What is an IF-THEN-ELSE control structure?
Allows a program to evaluate the condition and yields one of two possibilities: true or false
If the result of the condition is true, the program performs one action
If the result is false, the program performs a different (or possibly no) action
p.15.7 Fig. 15-6
Next
Selection Control Structure (IF-THEN-ELSE)
A = 12 // Assign 12 to integer variable A
B = 65 // Assign 65 to integer variable B
IF ( A > B ) // The true condition, if A greater than B
PRINT “The Internet is a great source of info!”
PRINT “Have a nice day !”
ELSE // The false condition: means A <= B
PRINT “This is the false condition”
PRINT “Please study for the final exam !”
Infinite Loops
boolean loopSwitch = true; // 1 bit is set
int count = 5;
while (loopSwitch) // Loop if loopSwitch is true
{
System.out.println(“Count is: “ + count);
count = count – 1; // Subtract 1 from counter
if (count = = 0) // When count reaches 0, stop loop
loopSwitch = false; // Causes loop to end
}
NESTED IF STRUCTURE (pseudocode)IF (SCORE >= 90) // Nested IF “ladder” GRADE = ‘A’; // Assign letter grade of ‘A’ ELSE IF (SCORE >= 80) GRADE = ‘B’; ELSE IF (SCORE >= 70) GRADE = ‘C’; ELSE IF(SCORE >= 60) GRADE = ‘D’; ELSE // Note: SCORE is <= 59 GRADE = ‘F’;
CASE ENTRY STRUCTURE(pseudocode)
INPUT SCORESCORE = (int) SCORE / 10; // Make score between ( 0 <= SCORE <= 10) SWITCH (SCORE) // Case Entry is more efficient than a Nested-IF ladder BEGIN SWITCH BEGIN CASECASE 10: GRADE = ‘A’; BREAK;CASE 9: GRADE = ‘A’; BREAK;CASE 8: GRADE = ‘B’; BREAK;CASE 7: GRADE = ‘C’;
BREAK;CASE 6: GRADE = ‘D’; BREAK;DEFAULT: GRADE = ‘F’; END CASEEND SWITCH PRINT GRADE // Next statement after the END SWITCH
The CASE Control Structure
What is a case control structure?A condition can yield one of four or more possibilities; the last condition is usually the default or error condition. CASE runs faster than a nested IF
p.15.7 Fig. 15-7
Next
Repetition Control Structure (Looping)
What is a repetition control structure?
Also called the iteration control structure or a loop
Used when a program performs one or more actions repeatedly as long as a certain condition is met
Two forms:
p.15.8
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Do While control
structure
Do Until control
structure
Do While Control Structure (Looping)
What is a Do While control structure?Repeats one or more times as long as a
condition is true Tests a condition at the
beginning of the loop If the result is true, the
program executes the action(s) inside the loop
Program loops back and tests the condition again
Looping continues until the condition becomes false
p.15.8 Fig. 15-8
Next
DO WHILE LOOP: EXAMPLE
3000-READ-A-RECORD // Read a record from input fileFLAG = 0 // Set loop control flag to zero DO WHILE (FLAG = = 0) // Loop as long as FLAG is zero 2000-COMPUTE-PAY 2500-PRINT-PAY-RECORD 3000-READ-A-RECORD // Read next record in file IF END-OF-FILE // If End-Of-File (EOF) is detected FLAG = 1 ELSE NULL ENDIFEND DO WHILE
DO WHILE LOOPS
Given the following pseudocode, what are the values of
COUNTER and SUM when they are printed by the PRINT
statement? Use the Gauss formula: Sum = N*(N+1)/2
COUNTER = 0
SUM = 0
DO WHILE (COUNTER < 11)
COUNTER = COUNTER + 1
SUM = SUM + COUNTER
END DO
PRINT COUNTER, SUM
COUNTER = ____ SUM = ______
Do Until Control Structure (Looping)
What is a Do Until control structure?
Tests the condition at the the end of the loop
The action(s) will always execute at least once
Continues looping until the condition is true, and then stops
p.15.8 Fig. 15-9
Next
DO UNTIL LOOP
FLAG = 0 3000-READ-A-RECORD // Read first record from input file DO // Start of DO UNTIL loop 2000-COMPUTE-PAY // Invoke COMPUTE-PAY module 2500-PRINT-PAY-RECORD 3000-READ-A-RECORD // Read next record from file IF END-OF-FILE FLAG = 1 ELSE NULL ENDIFUNTIL (FLAG = = 1) // If FLAG is 1, exit the DO-UNTIL LoopEND DO // End of DO UNTIL loop
COUNT CONTROLLED LOOPS
SUM = 0 // SUM is an AccumulatorFOR I = 1 TO 10 SUM = SUM + I // 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 10NEXT I SUM = 0 // Without a loop, the statements would have to be written I = 1 // many times, making the program very long… SUM = SUM + I // SUM = 0 + 1 I = 2 SUM = SUM + I // 1 + 2 = 3 (SUM)
// Handy formula for this series: SUM = N (N + 1) /2 SUM = 10 ( 10 + 1) /2 = 10 (11)/2 = 5 * 11 = 55PRINT SUM // 55 is the printed SUM
Program Design Guidelines
The program, each of its modules, and each of its control structures must have: No dead code No infinite
loops Single entry
point; Single exit point
p.15.8
Next
Dead code
Any code, or program instruction, that a program never executes
Infinite loop
A set of instructions that repeats continuously
Entry point
The location where a program, a module, or a control structure begins
Exit point
The location where it ends
What are the guidelines of a proper program?
Program Design Guidelines
How are entry and exit points are shown?
Program modules often have control structures nested inside one another
Each control structure should have one entry point and one exit point
p.15.9 Fig. 15-10
Next
Solution Algorithms for Computer Programs
What is a solution algorithm? (3 common tools)Also called program logic.
A graphical or written description of the step-by-step procedures in a module.
To help develop a solution algorithm, programmers use design tools.
p.15.9
Next
Program flowchart
Nassi-Schneiderman
charts
Pseudocode
Flowcharting Computer Programs
What is a Program Flowchart?
Graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithm
Follows a set of standards published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in the early 1960s
p.15.9 Fig. 15-11
Next
Flowcharting Computer Programs
How is a program flowchart drawn?
Most symbols connect with solid lines showing the direction of the program
Dotted lines connect comment symbols
Next
A comment symbol or annotation symbol
Explains or clarifies logicp.15.10 Fig. 15-12
Flowcharting Computer Programs: Software
What is flowcharting software? (Visio, SmartDraw)
Used to develop flowcharts
Makes it easy to modify and update flowcharts
p.15.10 Fig. 15-13
Next
Nassi-Schneiderman (N-S) Charts
What is a Nassi-Schneiderman (N-S) chart?Graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithm
Sometimes called structured flowcharts: Process, Do-While loop, IF, Case
p.15.11 Fig. 15-14
Next
Pseudocode for Computer Program Design
What is pseudocode?
Uses a condensed form of English to convey the logic of a computer program
Also uses indentation to identify the three basic control structures
Often called “A combination of English and your favorite programming language”
p.15.12 Fig. 15-15
Next
Procedural Languages (3GL)
What is a procedural language? (3GL)
p. 13.04 Next
Examples: BASIC, COBOL, and C
Uses a series of English-like words to write instructions
Often called third-generation language (3GL)
Programmer assigns name to sequence of instructions that tells computer what to accomplish and how to do it
Procedural Languages: Compilers
What is a compiler?
p. 13.05 Fig. 13-4 Next
Program that converts entire source program into machine language
(0’s, 1’s) before executing it
Procedural Languages: InterpretersWhat is an interpreter?
p. 13.05 Fig. 13-5 Next
Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time
Does not produce an EXE object program (binary code) file which is executable
Procedural Languages: BASICA, QBASICWhat is BASIC? (BASICA, GWBASIC, QBASIC)
p. 13.06 Fig. 13-6 Next
Designed for use as simple, interactive problem-solving language
Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Procedural Languages: COBOL
What is COBOL? (Developed in 1959)
p. 13.06 Fig. 13-7 Next
Designed for business applications English-like statements make code easy to read, write,
and maintain COmmon
Business-Oriented Language
Procedural Languages: C
What is C? (Developed in early 1970’s by AT&T)
p. 13.07 Fig. 13-8 Next
Powerful language originally designed to write system software. Executes extremely fast as does C++
Requires professional programming skills
Object-Oriented Programming LanguagesWhat is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?
p. 13.07 Next
Used to implement
object-oriented design
Major benefit is ability to
reuse existing objects
Event-driven—checks for
and responds to set of events
C++ and Java are complete
object-oriented languages
Object is item that contains data and
procedures that act on
data
Event is action to
which program responds
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is C++?
p. 13.08 Fig. 13-9 Next
Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts
Used to develop database and Web applications
Java: based on C++
C++ Programming Language
/ Demonstrates the declaration of a class and the
// definition of class methods C++ Program: CAR.CPP
#include <iostream.h> // For cout function
#include <stdio.h> // For the gets() function
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
class Car // Declare the class
{
public: // Begin public section
void Start(); // Accessor function
void Accelerate(); // Accessor function
void Brake(); // Accessor function
void HonkHorn(); // Accessor function
void SetYear (int year); // Accessor function
int GetYear(); // Accessor function
void SetCylinders (int cyl); // Accessor function
int GetCylinders(); // Accessor function
void SetSpeed (float speed); // Accessor function
float GetSpeed(); // Accessor function
private: // Begin private section
int Year; // Member variable
int Cylinders; // Member variable
int Speed; // Member variable
}; // End of class car
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is Java? (1995)
p. 13.08 Fig. 13-10 Next
Developed by Sun Microsystems.
Java programs are compiled into Bytecode.
Similar to C++ but uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code.
Java GUI Calculator
Java Anagram Program / Exercise8_12Healy.java Patrick Healy ITP120 Java I Chapter 8import javax.swing.JOptionPane; // Exercise 8.12 // Try: lemon, melon listen, silent, please, asleep garden, ranged// lingo, login ladies, ideals RESORT, ROSTERpublic class Exercise8_12Healy { public static void main (String[] args) {
while (true) // Infinite while loop { String output = "Angrams are words that have the same letters,\nbut are spelled differently\n Example: ROSTER &
RESORT"; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, output);
String wordQuit = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Press [Enter] to continue; Type Exit to Exit");
if (wordQuit.equals("exit") || wordQuit.equals("Exit")) break;
String word1 = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Anagrams: Enter word 1: "); String word2 = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Anagrams: Enter word 2: ");
outputAnagram (word1, word2); // Determine if words are anagrams
} // End of infinite while loop } // End of main method
Java Anagram Program public static void outputAnagram( String w1, String w2) { String word1 = w1.toUpperCase(); String word2 = w2.toUpperCase(); String output = "The words " + word1 + " and " + word2 + " are" + (isAnagram(word1, word2) ? "" : " NOT") + " anagrams."; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, output, "Exercise 8_12 Output", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); } public static boolean isAnagram (String w1, String w2) { char[] chars1 = w1.toCharArray(); // Convert to arrays char[] chars2 = w2.toCharArray(); java.util.Arrays.sort(chars1); // Sort the arrays java.util.Arrays.sort(chars2); String s1 = String.valueOf(chars1); // Convert to strings String s2 = String.valueOf(chars2); Boolean result = s1.equals(s2); return result; } // End of method
} // End of class Exercise8_12Healy
Java Sudoku Puzzle
Java Game Links
Text Twist Game (in Java):
http://www.gamefools.com/onlinegames/free/SuperTextTwist.html
Java Sudoku Puzzle (runs as an applet on a Web page)http://sudoku.klaas.nl/
Java Applets Example
<html>
<head>
<title> House Class Applet Demo
</title>
</head>
<body>
<applet
code = "HouseApplet.class"
width = 600
height = 500 >
</applet>
</body>
</html>
Java Applets
Minimum of three (3) files are needed:
HouseApplet.java (Java source code) HouseApplet.class (bytecode file) HouseApplet.html (HTML file which refers to HouseApplet.class)
Unified Modeling Language (UML) Class Name: Rectangle
length: double // Data Attributes width: double
+ Rectangle ( ) // Default Constructor+ Rectangle (double l, double w ) // Constructor w/params+ setLength( double l): void // Methods+ getLength( ): double+ setWidth( double w): void+ getWidth( ): double+ findArea ( ): double+ findDiagonal ( ): double+ findPerimeter ( ): double
Object Oriented Design
public class RectangleR // Goes with driver program TestRect1.java { private double width; private double height; private static String color;
public RectangleR( ) // Default constructor { height = 1.0; width = 1.0; }
public RectangleR(double w, double h, String c) { width = w; height = h; color = c; }
Object Oriented Design public double getWidth() { return width; } public void setWidth(double w) { this.width = w; }
public double getHeight() { return height; }
public void setHeight(double h) { this.height = h; }
public String getColor() { return color; }
public void setColor(String c) { this.color = c; }
public double findDiag { return Math.sqrt(height*height + width * width); } public double findArea() { return height*width; }} // End class RectangleR
Object Oriented Design
// Test Class (Driver Program) for the class RectangleR TestRect1.java
public class TestRect1 { public static void main(String [] args) {
RectangleR myRectangle1 = new RectangleR (3.0, 5.0, "Red");RectangleR myRectangle2 = new RectangleR (6.0, 10.0, "Yellow");
Object Oriented Design
System.out.println ("The width of Rectangle 1 is " + myRectangle1.getWidth());System.out.println ("The heigth of Rectangle 1 is " + myRectangle1.getHeight());System.out.println ("The color of Rectangle 1 is " + myRectangle1.getColor());System.out.println ("The area of Rectangle 1 is " + myRectangle1.findArea());System.out.println(“The diagonal length is: “ + myRectangle1.findDiag() );System.out.println ("The width of Rectangle 2 is " + myRectangle2.getWidth());System.out.println ("The heigth of Rectangle 2 is " + myRectangle2.getHeight());System.out.println ("The color of Rectangle 2 is " + myRectangle2.getColor());System.out.println ("The area of Rectangle 2 is " + myRectangle2.findArea());
} // End of main method} // End of class TestRect1
Example of Java program: OOP
Defining the circle class:public class Circle{
double radius = 1.0d; // Default radius of circle is 1 unit
double findArea( ){
return Math.PI * radius * radius;}double findPerimeter( ) // Computes circumference of circle{
return 2 * Math.PI * radius;}
} // End of class Circle
Example of a Java program: OOP
public class TestCircle // A test class program to test Circle class{
public static void main(String[ ] args){
Circle circle1 = new Circle(5); // circle1 has radius 5Circle circle2 = new Circle(12); // circle2 has radius 12Circle circle3 = new Circle(45); // circle3 has radius 45// Print the radii of the various circles
System.out.println(“The radius of circle1 is “ + circle1.radius );System.out.println(“The radius of circle2 is “ + circle2.radius );System.out.println(“The radius of circle3 is “ + circle3.radius );} // End of main method
} // End of class TestCircle
Nonprocedural Languages: 4GLs: SQLWhat is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?
p. 13.13 Fig. 13-15 Next
A Nonprocedural language that allows users to access data in a database
A popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in a relational DBMS
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is a Visual Programming Language? (a 5GL)
p. 13.09 Next
Programmer writes and implements
program in segments
Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to
drag and drop objects to build programs
Often used in a RAD (rapid application
development) environment
Sometimes calledFifth generation
language
Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code
Examples:Visual Basic .NETVisual C++Visual J#
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is Visual Studio 2010?
p. 13.10 Next
Suite of visual programming languages and RAD tools .NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet Visual Basic is used to build complex object-based programs
Step 1. The programmer designs the user interface.
Step 2. The programmer assigns properties to each object on the form.
Step 3. The programmer writes code to define the action of each command button.
Step 4. The programmer tests the application.
93
Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools
• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any type of program to run on the Internet or an internal business network, as well as computers and mobile devices
• Features include:
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13Page 670
CLR (Common Language Runtime)
Classes
Object-Based Programming Languages Visual Basic 2010 (sometimes called VB .NET) is a
visual programming languages that easily allows programmers to develop complex task-oriented object-based programs.
VB 2010 is based on the Visual Basic programming language developed by Microsoft in the early 1990’s.
VB 2010 is a good language for beginning programmers although it is really not that easy!
Object-Oriented Programming Languages Also, in the Visual Studio .NET suite are the Visual
C++ 2010 and Visual C# 2010 (pronounced Visual C sharp) programming languages. Very powerful ! Programmers can develop software for nearly every computer platform !
Visual C# 2010 is a visual programming language built on the .NET platform that takes the complexity out of C++ for easier, rapid software development
Object-Oriented Programming Languages Visual C# 2010 (C# means “C – sharp”)
is a visual programming language that combines the features of C++ with an easier development environment.
This language is supposed to take the complexity out of
Visual C++ 2010 an still provide an object-oriented
language.
More on C# (C-Sharp)
C# (pronounced "see sharp" or "C Sharp") is one of many .NET programming languages. It is object-oriented and allows you to build reusable components for a wide variety of application types. Microsoft introduced C# on June 26th, 2000 and it became a v1.0 product on Feb 13th 2002.
C# is an evolution of the C and C++ family of languages. However, it borrows features from other programming languages, such as Delphi and Java. If you look at the most basic syntax of both C# and Java, the code looks very similar, but then again, the code looks a lot like C++ too, which is intentional.
C# tutorials: http://www.csharp-station.com/Default.aspx
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Delphi (from Borland Software)
p. 13.11 Fig. 13-12 Next
Powerful visual programming tool Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Delphi
p. 13.11 Fig. 13-12 Next
Delphi can be used to develop programs quickly for Windows, Linux, and .NET platforms in a RAD environment Delphi has more functionality and features than Visual Basic .NET but is more difficult to learn and use.
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is PowerBuilder? (from Sybase Corp.)
p. 13.12 Fig. 13-13 Next
Another powerful visual programming tool Best suited for Web-based and large-scale
object-oriented applications A widely used RAD programming tool
Web Page Development HTML
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
p. 13.16 Fig. 13-18 Next
A special language used to create Web pages
Web Page Development HTML
You usually view a Web page written with HTML in
a Web browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer
or FireFox or Safari (Apple) or Chrome (Google),
Opera
HTML is a language used for the placement of text,
graphics, video, and audio on a Web page.
HTML is really NOT a programming language.
p. 13.16 Fig. 13-18 Next
Web Page Development HTML
A Web page is a file that contains both text and HTML tags. Examples of tags:<html><head><title> ITE100 Web Page example </title></head><body> ( Most of the HTML code goes here )</body></html>
Web Page Development HTML Example<HTML><HEAD> <TITLE> ITE 100 Sample Web Page</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER> <IMG SRC = “bigwood.gif” HEIGHT = 75
WIDTH = 170> </CENTER><P><ADDRESS> Nova Community College<BR> 15200 Neabsco Mills Road </BR><BR> Woodbridge, Virginia 22191</BR> </ADDRESS></BODY></HTML>
p. 13.16 Fig. 13-18 Next
HTML 5
Drag & Drop feature http://html5tutorial.net/tutorials/drag-and-drop.html
W3 Schools Link http://www.w3schools.com/html5/default.asp
XP
Tutorial 1 New Perspectives on HTML and XHTML, Comprehensive
A Basic Web Pagehttp://www.nvcc.edu/home/phealy/ElmerFuddHomePage.htm
• <html>• <head>• <title>My Test Page at Woodbridge Campus</title>• </head>• <body>• <center> • <img src =“ElmerFudd.jpg”> alt=“Elmer Fudd Photo” />• </center>• <p>• <h2><center>Woodbridge Campus</center></h2>• <h2><center><b>Web page developed by Elmer P.
Fudd.</b><center></h2>• </p>• <p>• The NOVA Woodbridge Campus is located in Northern Virginia.• </p>• </body>• </html>
Programming Languages: Ajax
What is Ajax?
p. 683 Next
Stands for: Asynchronous JavaScript And XML Method of creating interactive Web applications designed
to provide immediate response ! Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, and XML The Google Maps Web site uses Ajax Web browsers that support Ajax are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Netscape Navigator, Safari (for Apple)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming)
Ajax: Example from W3Schools
http://www.w3schools.com/Ajax/ajax_example.asp
109
Microsoft Visual Basic
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13
Page 677Figure 13-16
Microsoft Visual Basic Example Code
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic
VBScript Language
VBScript (short for Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft. The language's syntax reflects its pedigree as a limited variation of Microsoft's Visual Basic programming language. VBScript is installed as default in every desktop release of the Windows Operating System (OS) since Windows 98, and may or may not be included with Windows CE depending on the configuration and purpose of the device it is running on. It initially gained support from Windows administrators seeking an automation tool more powerful than the batch language first developed in the late 1970s. A VBScript script must be executed within a host environment, of which there are several provided on a standard install of Microsoft Windows (Windows Script Host, Windows Internet Explorer). Additionally, The VBScript hosting environment is embeddable in other programs, through technologies such as the Microsoft Script control (msscript.ocx).
Rexx Language
REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is an
interpreted computer programming language which
was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level
programming language which was designed to be both
easy to learn and easy to read. Both commercial and
open source interpreters for REXX are available on a
wide range of computing platforms, and compilers are
available for IBM mainframes.
http://www.kilowattsoftware.com/tutorial/rexx/
Ruby on Rails (RoR)
RoR provides technologies for developing object-
oriented , database-driven Web sites.
Rails uses a free object-oriented scripting language
called Ruby which is derived from a variety of
languages including Ada, Lisp, Perl and Smalltalk.
Rails is designed to make Web developers more
productive by eliminating time-consuming steps in the
Web development process.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails
Ruby on Rails Sample Code
Click on this link to view sample Ruby code
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ruby-on-rails/rails-introduction.htm
Microsoft Silverlight
http://www.microsoft.com/SILVERLIGHT/
Silverlight is a Web page authoring program that also enables Web developers to combine interactive content with text, graphics, audio and video.
It is based on the .NET framework and it works with a variety of languages including JavaScript, Ruby, C#, and Visual Basic .NET
Can run on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux platforms
Expression
WebFlash
Web Development Software
What is Web page authoring software?
p. 683
Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML This software generates the HTMLcode
Dreamweaver Flash http://www.adobe.com/products/flash/ Microsoft Expression Web Visual Web Studio by Microsoft
Dreamweaver
Microsoft Expression Web
Microsoft Expression Web, code-named Quartz, is a WYSIWYG
HTML editor and general web design program by Microsoft,
replacing Microsoft FrontPage. It is part of the Expression
Studio suite.
Expression Web allows authoring of web pages integrating
XML, CSS 4.0, ASP.NET 2.0, XHTML, XSLT and JavaScript
into sites. It requires the .NET Framework 2.0 to operate. Its
sibling is Microsoft SharePoint Designer. Expression Web can
also work with PHP. Expression Web uses its own standards-
based rendering engine.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Expression_Web
Client-side & Server-side Languages
Client-side Languages: (your computer) JavaScript (based on Java) VBScript (Visual Basic Script)
Server-side Languages PHP (Personal Hypertext Preprocessor)
Usually runs on Apache Web servers ASP (Active Server Page .asp) runs on IIS (Windows) ASP.NET (Similar to PHP) runs on IIS (Windows) JSP (Java Server Page) .jsp ColdFusion (to connect Web pages to a database)
Note: IIS means Internet Information Services (by Microsoft)
Server-Side Web Development LanguagesUsed for Web development:
Perl (Practical Extraction & Report Language)
ASP (Active Server Pages) .asp
JSP (Java Server Pages) .jsp
PHP (Personal Hypertext Preprocessor) .php
The Python Programming Language
Visit: http://www.python.org/ Python is a programming language that lets you
work more quickly and integrate your systems more effectively. See almost immediate gains in productivity and lower maintenance costs.
Python runs on Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac OS X, and has been ported to the Java and .NET virtual machines.
The Python Programming Language
Visit: http://www.python.org/
Example of nested if statement in Python:
>>> x = int(raw_input("Please enter an integer: "))
>>> if x < 0:
x = 0
print 'Negative changed to zero‘
elif x == 0: print 'Zero'
elif x == 1: print 'Single' .
else: print 'More'
PHP (Personal Hypertext Preprocessor)PHP is an interpreted SERVER-side scripting language used for creating dynamic Web pages. PHP is used to process data sent from a Web form to a Web server.
PHP is embedded in HTML pages but is usually executed on the Web server.
The code example on the next slide is a very simple PHP CGI application that creates the message
“Hello World, Hello ITE100 Class!” in XHTML. (see next slide)
p. 13.16 Fig. 13-18 Next
PHP Code Example
<?php$enVars =array(“HTTP_USER_AGENT”);foreach($enVars as $var){print “<html><head><title>PHP CGI Example</title></head></body><h1>Hello, World! Hello ITE100 Class!</h1>Your user agent is:<strong>${$var}.</strong></br></body> </html>“; } ?>
p. 13.16 Fig. 13-18 Next
Example of an Active Server Page (ASP)<%@ LANGUAGE="VBSCRIPT"%>
<% ' Patrick Healy April 15, 2010 Apps Dev II ITP295 If Request.Form("Name") <> "" Then Dept = Request.Form("Dept") Name = Request.Form("Name") Home_Phone = Request.Form("Home_Phone") Extension = Request.Form("Extension") %>
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Cyber Company Employee Input Results</TITLE></HEAD>
Comment line
Example of an Active Server Page (ASP)<BODY><H2>Confirm Results</H2><HR><B>You input the following data:</B><P> <TABLE BORDER="1"><TR><TD><B>Department</B> <TD><%= Dept%><TR><TD><B>Name</B> <TD><%= Name%><TR><TD><B>Home Phone</B> <TD><%= Home_Phone%><TR><TD><B>Extension</B> <td><%= Extension%></TABLE>
</BODY></HTML>
<% Else %>
Table definition
Example of an Active Server Page (ASP)<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Add an Employee to Healy Company Database</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY onLoad="document.empForm.Name.focus()"><H2>Add an Employee to Healy Company Database</H2><HR>
<TABLE><FORM NAME="empForm" METHOD="post" ACTION="add1.asp"><TR><TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"><B>Department:</B>
<TD><SELECT NAME="Dept"><OPTION>Personnel<OPTION>Finance<OPTION>Education<OPTION>Sales<OPTION>Management
</SELECT>
Example of an Active Server Page (ASP)
<TR><TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"><B>Name:</B><TD><INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="Name">
<TR><TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"><B>Home Phone:</B><TD><INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="Home_Phone">
<TR><TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top"><B>Extension:</B><TD><INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="Extension">
<P><P><TR><TD ALIGN="left" COLSPAN="2"><INPUT TYPE="submit" NAME="cmdSubmit" VALUE="Submit"><INPUT TYPE="reset" NAME="cmdReset" VALUE="Reset">
</FORM></TABLE>
</BODY></HTML><% End If %>
Web Development: Applets, Servlets
How are special effects and interactive elements added to a Web page?
p. 13.17 Next
Hit Countertracks
number of visitors to a
Web site
Image mapgraphic
image that points to a
URL
ScriptInterpreted
program that runs on client
Appletusually runs
on client, but is compiled
Processing form
collects data from visitors to a Web site
ServletApplet that
runs on server
ActiveX control
Small program that runs on
client
Web Development: ActiveXControls
An ActiveX Control is a small program, similar to an applet, that runs on the client computer instead of the server.
ActiveX is a set of object-oriented technologies developed by Microsoft that allows components on a network to communicate with one another.
Web browsers must support ActiveX in order to
run an ActiveX control program.
More on ActiveXControls
It is a control using ActiveX technologies. An ActiveX control can be automatically downloaded and executed by a Web browser.
ActiveX is not a programming language, but rather a set of rules for how applications should share information.
Programmers can develop ActiveX controls in a variety of languages, including C, C++, Visual Basic, and Java.
Web Page Development: CGI
What is the common gateway interface (CGI)?
p. 13.18 Next
Communications standard that defines how Web server communicates with outside sources
Step 3. When the user submits a request, it is sent to the CGI program. The CGI program contacts the database and requests information for the user. In this case, it looks for a movie titled The Secret Garden.
Step 1. The programmer stores the CGI program in a special folder on the Web server such as /cgi-bin.
Step 2. The Webmaster creates a link between the CGI program and Web page. When a user displays the Web page, the CGI program automatically starts.
Step 4. The CGI program receives information from the database, assembles it in an HTML format, and sends it to the user’s Web browser.
Database
CGI script—program that manages sending and receiving across CGI
Web Development: XHTML
What is XHTML ?
eXtensible HTML is a combination of HTML & XML
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML
p. 13.20 Next
XHTML (Extensible HTML)
enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers (PDAs)
Includes features of HTML and XML
Web Page Development: XHTML 2.0Like HTML 5 (latest version of HTML)There are 3 flavors of XHTML:
1) XHMTL Transitional (most popular version) and allows formatting inside the document.
2) XHTML Strict (requires the use of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for formatting all elements.
3) XHTML Frameset (required for Web pages that use frames which divide up a Web page window)p. 13.20 Next
Web Page Development: XHTML
p. 13.20 Next
Web Page Development: XHTML
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"><head><meta name="Keywords" content="CIW, Foundations, Example"/><meta name="Description" content="For the CIW Foundations Course"/><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/><!-- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="myform.css" title="stylesheet"/> --
><!-- Patrick Healy, NVCC-Woodbridge --><title>Basic Web Form for ITE Classes</title></head><body><h1>Basic NVCC XHTML Input Form</h1><form method="post" action="http://ss1.ciwcertified.com/cgi-bin/process.p1">
p. 13.20 Next
Web Page Development: XHTML
<strong>Enter Your Name: <input type = "text" name="Name" size="47"/></strong> <br/> <br/> <strong> Enter Your Email Address: <input type = "text" name="Email" size="40"/></strong> <br/> <br/><strong>Do you want to be adding to our mailing list?</strong><input type="radio" name="AddToList" value="yes" checked="checked"/>Yes<input type="radio" name="AddToList" value="no" />No <br/> <br/>Which campus of NVCC to you regularly visit ? (Check all that apply): </br><input type="checkbox" name="Alexandria"/> Alexandria <br/><input type="checkbox" name="Annandale"/> Annandale <br/><input type="checkbox" name="Loudon"/> Loudon <br/><input type="checkbox" name="Manassas"/> Manassas <br/><input type="checkbox" name="Woodbridge"/> Woodbridge <br/><br/><br/>
p. 13.20 Next
Web Page Development: XHTML
How often do you want to receive an Email from NOVA? <br/><select name="EmailFreq"><option>Every Day </option><option> Once a Week </option><option> Once every two weeks </option><option> Once a Month </option><option value="Remove">Never </option></select><br/><br/>Where would you like to vacation? (Choose all that apply)<br/><select name="vacation" multiple="multiple" size="4"><option>Hawaii</option><option>Virgin Islands</option><option>Canada</option><option>France</option><option>Mexico</option></select><br/><br/> <input type="submit"/> <input type="reset"/></form></body></hmtl> p. 13.20 Next
Web Page Development: XML, WMLWhat are XML and WML?
p. 13.20 Next
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
allows developers to create customized tags
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers
Uses wireless application protocol (WAP),
standard that specifies how wireless devices
communicate with Web
Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without
going back to server
XML: eXtensible Markup Language
With XML, the server sends an entire record to the client, enabling the client computer to do much of the processing without going back to the server.
XML allows developers to define a single link that points to multiple Web sites.
XML separates Web page content from its format, allowing the Web browser to display the contents of a Web page in a form appropriate for the display device. (Smart phone, PDA, Laptop, PC, iPod )
XML
XML Does not DO Anything !Perhaps it is hard to understand, but XML does
not DO anything. XML was created to structure, store,
and transport information.
The following example is a note to Tiny from Jane,
stored as XML:
<note><to>Tiny</to><from>Jane</from><heading>Reminder</heading><body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body></note>
XP
Tutorial 1 New Perspectives on HTML and XHTML, Comprehensive
141
XML: eXtensible Markup Language
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
<!-- Edited with XML Spy v2007 http://www.altova.com) -->
- <note>
<to>Shawn</to>
<from>Caitlyn</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language
used to describe the presentation of a document
written in a markup language. Its most common
application is to style web pages written in HTML and
XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind
of XML document. The CSS specifications are
maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets
CSS Example
<html>
<head>
<title> Sunny Acres Farm </title>
<style type=“text/css”>
h2 h3 {color: yellow; background-color: black }
</style>
<link href=“farm.css” rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css”/>
</head>
<body>
( much more goes here )
</body>
</html>
Perl: (Practical Extraction & Report Lang) Perl is a cross-platform programming language that enables users to
write custom CGI scripts. Perl is used for Web server processes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PerlAn example of Perl follows: #!/usr/bin/perluse CGI qw/:all/;$cgi_object = CGI::new( );print “Content-type: text/html\n\n”;print”<html>\n<head>\n<title>\nPerl CGIExample\n</title>\n<body>\n<h1>Hello, World!</h1>\nYour user agent is: <b>\n”;print $cgi_object->user_agent( );print “</b>.</html>\n”
Microsoft
Expression Web
Adobe Flash
Web Page Development: Author Software
Adobe Fireworks
What is Web page authoring software?
p. 13.21 Next
Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML Generates HTML
Adobe Dreamweaver
Lotus FastSite
Adobe LiveMotion
Adobe GoLive
and SharePoint Designer
146
Web Page Development
• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs (Application Programming Interface)– An API enables programmers to interact with an
environment such as a Web site or operating system
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13Page 684Figure 13-21
Adobe Dreamweaver
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromedia_Dreamweaver
Adobe Dreamweaver, or simply Dreamweaver, is a web development tool, originally created by Macromedia. Initial versions of the application served as simple WYSIWYG HTML editors but more recent versions have incorporated notable support for many other web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, and various server-side scripting frameworks. [1] The software is available for both the Mac and Windows platforms, but can also be run on Unix-like platforms through the use of emulation software such as Wine. Dreamweaver is currently owned by Adobe Systems which purchased Macromedia in 2005. http://www.adobe.com/devnet/dreamweaver/articles/working_with_images_04.html
Web Developer Software
Perl
Python
PHP4, PHP5, PHP6(beta) Adobe Dreamweaver Adobe Flash
NetObjects Fusion
Perl
Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier.[1][2] Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular amongst programmers. Larry Wall continues to oversee development of the core language, and its upcoming version, Perl 6.
Perl Syntax
my $a = 5; $a++; # $a is now 6; we added 1 to it. $a += 10; # Now it's 16; we added 10 to $a $a /= 2; # And divided it by 2, so $a is 8 #!/usr/bin/perl print "Content-type: text/html \n\n";
#HTTP HEADER #CREATE STRINGS WITH ESCAPING CHARACTERS $string = "David paid \$4.34 for Larry\'s shirt."; $email = "youremail\@youremail.com"; #PRINT THE STRINGS print "$string<br />"; print "$email<br />"; print '$string and $email';
PHP (Used in Facebook)
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. As a general-purpose programming language, PHP code is processed by an interpreter application in command-line mode performing desired operating system operations and producing program output on its standard output channel.
It may also function as a graphical application.
PHP Syntax
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Test</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo "Hello World";
/* echo("Hello World"); works as well, although echo isn't a function, but a language construct. In some cases, such as when multiple parameters are passed to echo, parameters cannot be enclosed in parentheses. */
?>
</body>
</html>
Multimedia Software Development
What is multimedia authoring software?
p. 13.22 Fig. 13-23 Next
Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation
Used for computer-based training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT)
Software includes Toolbook, Authorware, and Director
Mobile Phone Software Development Tools
Varies greatly by platform:
Java/Eclipse for Android
Objective-C/Xcode for iPhone
C# VB/Visual Studio for WinPhone
C++ Java/Blackberry SDK
Which platform(s) do you target?
The market is fragmented.
Build it from scratch for each platform.
Different tools, equipment, skills.
Different processes, rules, form factors.
Expensive. Difficult for small shops.
Which platform(s) do you target?
The market is fragmented.
Build it from scratch for each platform.
Different tools, equipment, skills.
Different processes, rules, form factors.
Expensive. Difficult for small shops.
We chose to build a Native Android App
Bad Move: 9 months to build in Java.
First question everyone asked: Do you have an iPhone version?Not enough time to learn/build a version in Objective-C.
Then it was: Kindle Fire? Blackberry? WinPhone7?
Even big s/w shops can't build for all.
Android, iPhone, Blackberry, WinPhone
Kindle Fire, iPad, Playbook, and more.
But there are so many mobile devices!
There is only one technology stack common to almost all devices.
i.e. Next Generation Web Technologies(and there's little the platform vendors can do about it.)
Javascript
Now a very serious development language.
Many consider it the “must-know” language.
Microsoft making JS/HTML5 first class citizen.
Many unbelievable projects in Javascript:
PC Emulator/Game of DOOM in Javascript Google Apps Anyone? Calc, Doc, Maps, etc Other languages implemented in Javascript
HTML5 Apps have a serious limitation
Work inside a web browser.
Sandboxed. No accessing the phone.
No access to local files.
Typically served from a web server.
Cannot be installed on a phone. Big Problem!
HTML5 apps are web-apps not phone-apps.
Bridging the Gap between Web and Phone
The browser is just a control.
What if an app could load the brower control?
Feed it pages?
Provide hooks to allow pages to access the phone?
Camera, Databases, Contacts, Files, GPS, etc
Could a web-app then be packaged like a real app?
Multimedia Development: ToolBook
Next
ToolBook, from SumTotal Systems has a GUI and uses an object-oriented approach. Developers can design multimedia applications using basic objects such as buttons, fields, graphics, backgrounds, and pages.
In ToolBook, developers can convert a multimedia applications into HTML and Java so it can be distributed over the Internet.
ToolBook can be used to create content for distance learning courses.
164
Multimedia Program Development
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13Page 685Figure 13-22
Multimedia Development: Authorware 7
p. 13.22 Fig. 13-23 Next
Authorware, from Adobe, is a multimedia authoring program that provides the tools developers need to build interactive multimedia training and educational programs.
Authorware offers a powerful authoring environment for developing multimedia magazines, catalogs, and reference titles for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.
Users need the Shockwave software plug-in to view certain applications.
http://www.adobe.com/products/authorware/
Multimedia: Adobe Director
p. 13.22 Fig. 13-23 Next
Director from Adobe, is a popular multimedia authoring program that provides powerful features for developers who need to build highly interactive multimedia applications and games.
Director’s features make it well suited for developing electronic presentations.
Users need the Shockwave software plug-in to view certain applications.
http://www.adobe.com/products/director/
Other Programming Languages and Development Tools
• Classic programming languages include:
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 13 167Page 675Figure 13-14
Ada ALGOL APL BASIC
Forth FORTRAN HyperTalk LISP
Logo Modula-2 Pascal PILOT
PL/1 Prolog RPG Smalltalk
Other Programming Languages LISP: LISt Processing– used for artificial
intelligence applications. (began in 1958) Logo: Used to teach children programming and
problem-solving. Pascal: used to teach structured programming. Modula-2: A successor to Pascal; used for
developing systems software. PL/I: Combination of FORTRAN & COBOL Smalltalk: Object-oriented programming language
LISP PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
LISP (LISt Processor) is generally regarded as the language for AI. LISP was formulated by AI pioneer John McCarthy in the late 1950's. Although LISP doesn't have a built-in inference mechanism, inference processes can be implemented into LISP very easily. LISP's essential data structure is an ordered sequence of elements called a "list." The elements may be irreducible entities called "atoms" (functions, names or numbers) or they can be other lists. Lists are essential for AI work because of their flexibility: a programmer need not specify in advance the number or type of elements in a list. Also, lists can be used to represent an almost limitless array of things, from expert rules to computer programs to thought processes to system components.
Originally, LISP was built around a small set of simple list-manipulating functions which were building blocks for defining other, more complex functions.
Today LISPs have many functions and features which facilitate development efforts. Among contemporary implementations and dialects, have gained acceptance as a standard. A substantial amount of work has also been done in Scheme, a LISP dialect which has influenced the developers of Common LISP.
John McCarthy
LISP: LISt Processor
DescriptionThis program demonstrates a fairly simple conversion implemented in LISP. Each time the program (CONVERT) is called it asks the user for any Fahrenheit degree, then displays the equivalent Celsius degree for the user. Source Code
;;; This function, given a specific number of degrees in Fahrenheit,;;; presents the user with equivalent Celsius degree.
(defun convert ()(format t "Enter Fahrenheit ") (LET (fahr) (SETQ fahr (read fahr)) (APPEND '(celsisus is) (*(- fahr 32)(/ 5 9)) ) ))
LISP Result
Do While Loops
Given the following pseudocode, what are the values of COUNT and SUM
when they are printed in the PRINT statement?
COUNT = 0
SUM = 0
DO WHILE (COUNT < 5)
COUNT = COUNT + 1
SUM = SUM + COUNT
END DO
PRINT COUNT, SUM COUNT = ____ SUM = _______
Do Until Loops
Given the following pseudocode, what are the values of COUNT and SUM
when they are printed in the PRINT statement?
COUNT = 0
SUM = 0
DO
COUNT = COUNT + 1
SUM = SUM + COUNT
UNTIL (COUNT > 7)
PRINT COUNT, SUM
Nanotech: Future of Computers
According to a recent Computer World magazine article, magnetic disk drives in laptops and other devices will be replaced with nanotechnology in the coming years, which will greatly speed up performance. LiveScience.com also reported in July 2008 that researchers had created the first artificial DNA, which will influence technological advancements, including computers.A security engineer and tech expert who wishes to remain anonymous because of the nature of his job, explains: “With regard to nanotechnology and artificial DNA, computers are going to get smaller and be able to handle more tasks. For example, I see artificial DNA being used with accelerating the use of 'self-healing' servers (servers that can fix themselves when a problem occurs).” “What technology experts want to achieve is what they've wanted to achieve for decades now: computerized devices with more capacious storage and faster processing units. Nanotech and DNA-based computers are just possible means to these ends.”
End of Chapter 13 Presentation
