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3/27/2017 1 Inflammatory Dermatopathology: A Casebased Update Claudia I. Vidal, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Dermatology and Pathology Department of Dermatology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships USCAP requires that all planners (Education Committee) in a position to influence or control the content of CME disclose any relevant financial relationship WITH COMMERCIAL INTERESTS which they or their spouse/partner have, or have had, within the past 12 months, which relates to the content of this educational activity and creates a conflict of interest. DISCLOSURE OF RELEVANT RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDUSTRY No relevant disclosures Case 1 53 year old male with metastatic melanoma currently being treated with Nivolumab Nivolumab Human IgG4 anti–programed cell death 1 (PD1) antibody Approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma, advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer, advanced renal cell carcinoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma Works by activating the immune response against cancer cells Member of the novel class of drugs known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) Other similar agents include Anti–cytotoxic Tlymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) Anti–programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) inhibitors

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Page 1: Disclosure of Relevant Inflammatory Financial ... · PDF fileurticaria (1.4%), photosensitivity ... • Mnemonic “HANG PIC” HCTZ A ... • Causes a lobular or mixed lobular and

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Inflammatory Dermatopathology: A Case‐based Update

Claudia I. Vidal, M.D., Ph.D.Associate Professor of 

Dermatology and PathologyDepartment of Dermatology

Saint Louis University School of Medicine

Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships

USCAP requires that all planners (Education Committee) in a position to 

influence or control the content of CME disclose any relevant financial 

relationship WITH COMMERCIAL INTERESTS which they or their 

spouse/partner have, or have had, within the past 12 months, which relates to 

the content of this educational activity and creates a conflict of interest. 

DISCLOSURE OF RELEVANT RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDUSTRY

No relevant disclosures

Case 1

53 year old male with metastatic melanoma currently being treated with Nivolumab

Nivolumab 

• Human IgG4 anti–programed cell death 1 (PD‐1) antibody

• Approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma, advanced non‐smallcell lung cancer, advanced renal cell carcinoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma

• Works by activating the immune response against cancer cells

• Member of the novel class of drugs known as immune checkpointinhibitors (ICIs) 

– Other similar agents include

• Anti–cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA‐4)

• Anti–programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) inhibitors

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Dermatologic Toxicity From Anti‐PD‐1 Therapy• Occurs in 14‐40% of patients

– Less than that seen in patents treated with anti‐CTLA‐4 (47‐68%)

• Classically manifests as a faintly erythematous and maculopapular rash, involving the trunk and extremities (head, palms, and soles are often spared), and may be pruritic

– Appears weeks to months following therapy and are not does dependent

• Vitiligo is also common

– Incidence between 8‐25%

– Has delayed appearance after several months of treatment

– Seen exclusively in patients being treated for melanoma

• Other dermatologic adverse events include xerosis (5.3%), alopecia (2%), stomatitis (1.5%), urticaria (1.4%), photosensitivity (1.4%), hyperhidrosis (0.9%), skin exfoliation (0.7%)

• Case reports of exacerbation and new onset psoriasis, bullous pemphigoid, lupus, etc.

• Early studies suggest an association with cutaneous toxicity and positive outcome

Dermatologic complications of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune checkpoint antibodies. Curr Opin Oncol. 2016 Jul;28(4):254‐63. Current Diagnosis and Management of Immune Related Adverse Events (irAEs) Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Feb;8:49. 

• Histologically appears as a lichenoid dermatitis

– Parakeratosis

– Perivascular/ periadnexal inflammation

– Eosinophils

• Unsure if lichenoid eruption is secondary to antigen unmasking, neoantigen created by antibody, or generalized immune upregulation

Lichenoid Dermatologic Toxicity From Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy: A Detailed Examination of the Clinicopathologic Features. Am J Dermatopathol. 2017 Feb;39(2):121‐129. 

Take home points• ICIs can be added to the ever growing list of medications that induce a lichenoid drug reaction

• Mnemonic “HANG PIC”

HCTZAntimalarials / Allopurinol / Anti –TNF / Anti‐CD20Naproxen/NSAIDSGoldPenicillamine / PhenothiazineICIs (immune checkpoint inhibitors)

Captopril / ACEI / Ca Channel blockers

Case 2

Courtesy of Dr. Elaine C. Siegfried

4 month old infant; r/o  viral, mast cell, LCH

Courtesy of Dr. Cirilo Sotelo‐Avila, MD

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Dx: Superficial and deep perivascular dermatitis 

T. pallidum IHC

Additional photos

Syphilis• Caused by spirochete T. pallidum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_syphilis

• Acquired 1. Primary – painless chancre, 21 days after sexual exposure

2. Secondary – mucocutaneous, condyloma lata lesions 4‐8 weeks after

• T. Pallidum IHC  (sensitivity of 71% versus 41% Warthin‐Starry stain)

• Histopathology – *Interstitial inflammation

– *Vascular changes – endothelial cell swelling

– Elongated rete ridges

– Plasma cells variable

– Epidermal changes (spongiosis, psoriasiform, lichenoid reaction)

– Exocytosis of neutrophils

3. Latent – no signs or symptoms

4. Tertiary – cardiovascular, CNS, skeleton, less likely skin (nodular or chronic gummatous ulcer)

Histologic features of secondary syphilis: A multicenter retrospective review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 Dec;73(6):1025‐30. 

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Congenital syphilis• Transplacental infection

• Diagnosis: immunoblotting for T. palladium‐specific IgM

• Early or late

• Early

– Prematurity

– Low birth weight

– Rhinorrhea

– Mucocutaneous lesions

• Macular rash, vesiculobullous or scaling lesions predominantly on palms and soles

• Condyloma lata Incidence in the US has more than doubled since its lowest recoded rate in 2000

Why are the rates of syphilis climbing again?

• Increase of infection in medically hard to reach groups, with partners difficult to locate

• Growing role of technology in people’s sex lives – apps that facilitate casual sex

• Most Americans don’t think of it as a threat since the worst epidemics happened centuries ago, when the infection had no known cause or cure

• Syphilis can be difficult to recognize or can go unnoticed, especially if the chancre (the primary lesion of syphilis) presents on a non‐genital location and because the chancre is painless

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/oralsex.htmlhttp://www.johnyfit.com/can‐i‐get‐hiv‐from‐oral‐sex/

Take home points• Syphillis is not new but rising

• Remember to consider syphilis in your differential diagnosis as many of the histologic features are subtle

• T. Pallidum IHC (71% versus 41% Warthin‐Starry stain)

• As a result of this case we changed our comment for cases signed out as “Superficial and deep perivascular dermatitis” 

– COMMENT:  The histological differential diagnosis is extensive and includes a viral / rickettsial infection an infectious related exanthem, a drug eruption, gyrate erythemas, connective tissue disorder, and less likely lymphoma/leukemia cutis.  Clinical correlation is recommended.

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Case 3A 65 year old male; clinical history r/o med vessel 

vasculitis, thromboembolic, infectious 

Courtesy of Dr. M. Yadira Hurley

Courtesy of Dr. M. Yadira Hurley

Tissue culture: Fusarium spp.

Ecthyma Gangrenosum

• Generally accepted definition = Severe variant of ecthymapresent in 5% of immunosuppressed individual and is 2/2 septicemia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Erythematous macule or patch that becomes vesicular and develops into a gangrenous ulcer with an erythematous halo

• Histopathology– Necrosis of epidermis and dermis with hemorrhage into the dermis

– Mixed inflammatory infiltrate surrounds infarcted region

– Vascular thrombosis present at the margins

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Ecthyma‐like

• There are cases in the literature that have been reported in immunocompetent patients, not associated with septicemia and other bacterial or fungal microorganisms

• EG is not new but there is a call for acceptance of a broader definition of the disease

Ecthyma gangrenosum and ecthyma‐like lesions: review article. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;34(4):633‐9.The Concept of Ecthyma Gangrenosum Illustrated by a Fusarium oxysporum Infection in an Immunocompetent Individual. Mycopathologia. 2016 Oct;181(9‐10):759‐63. 

Take home points• Disease not limited to infection by Pseudomonas or immunocompromised as once thought

• Skin infection of various etiologies can lead to vasculitis and local skin necrosis

• Thus, the disease should be defined by clinical and histologic features not determined by the etiologic agent

Case 438 year old female with painful “bumps” at right abdomen

Courtesy of Dr. Sofia Chaudhry

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The rest of the story…

• Using insulin pump

• Four weeks ago started on exenatideinjections

Exenatide Panniculitis• Exenatide is a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist that is 

administered once‐weekly subcutaneously in a long‐acting, formulation

– Utilizes a PLG [poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)] microsphere technology

• Causes a lobular or mixed lobular and septal panniculitis consisting of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and eosinophils

• Injected material, that appears as slightly retractile, rounded structures corresponding to the injected microspheres of PLG 

– Only occasionally found depending on the timeframe of biopsy as microspheres degrade

Exenatide‐Induced Eosinophil‐Rich Granulomatous Panniculitis: A Novel Case Showing Injected Microspheres. Am J Dermatopathol. 2015 Oct;37(10):801‐2. 

Take home points 

• Don’t be afraid to use all the resources available to you

• Panniculitis with new foreign body  with rather characteristic morphology and possibly staining pattern

Case 560 year old female; r/o calciphylaxis, nephrogenic 

system fibrosis, focal anasarca,  other 

Courtesy of Dr. Eddy Prodanovic

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Calciphylaxis• Also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy, calcifying 

panniculitis, uremic gangrene syndrome

• Lethal variant of metastatic calcification

• Incidence is 4.5 per 1 million / Prevalence in patients on hemodialysis is 4.1%

• Usually seen after the onset of end stage renal disease with secondary hyperparathyroidism– Hypercoagulable state

– Obesity

– Systemic steroids

• Pathogenesis:– Activation of the NF‐KB pathway – Treatment:  inhibitors of the RANKL‐RANK‐NF‐KB pathway 

(bisphosphonates, recombinant osteoprotegerin)– Diagnosis based on wedge biopsy– Net‐like pattern on plain radiographs (90% specific)

• Mortality rate 60‐80% related to wound infection, sepsis and organ failure

• Surgical debridement is associated with improved survival

Calciphylaxis: Controversies in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. Am J Med Sci. 2016 Feb;351(2):217‐27. 

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Histopathology • Epidermal ulceration, focal dermal necrosis and vascular calcification• Calcification involves small to medium vessels particularly in the subcutis• Intimal fibroblastic proliferation• Microthrombi / Fibrin thrombi in smaller vessels• Extracellular soft tissue calcification / Calcifying panniculitis• *Perieccrine calcification• * Von Kossa or Alizarin red for subtle calcification• Rule out Mönckeberg's sclerosis 

• Elderly patients• Small amount of calcification in small vessels w/o thrombosis

Cutaneous calciphylaxis: a retrospective histopathologic evaluation. Am J Dermatopathol. 2013 Jul;35(5):582‐6. 

Take home points

• Perieccrine calcification is rare but highly specific 

• Special stain Von Kossa or Alizarin red for subtle calcification

• Excisional biopsy (wedge) at a site where the edge of the necrotic eschar, the livedoid area, and the indurated skin can all be simultaneously captured to include subcutaneous tissue

Cases 6 and 7

25 year old female with progressive hyperpigmented nodular plaques

Courtesy of Dr. Patricia Missall

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40 year old female with discoloration/nodules on buttocks/hips following buttock augmentation with sesame oil

Courtesy of Dr. Hala Adil

A) Left low back  B) Left lateral thigh  C) Left anterior thigh

A

B

C

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GMS negative Fite negative

• Adverse reactions – related to the filler product itself

• most injectable fillers are particulate or break down into particulates upon injection 

• size, shape, mechanical properties and surface chemistry of the particulates are known to influence their in vivo performance

– Migration: smaller– Amount of  inflammatory cytokines (TNF): phagocytosis– Surface chemistry: inflammatory response– Shape: angular forms lead to more foreign body response

– procedural techniques– concentration of the product– presence of impurities 

Adverse cutaneous reactions to soft tissue fillers‐‐a review of the histological features. J Cutan Pathol. 2008 Jun;35(6):536‐48. 

Amateur Silicone Injection Reported Adverse Events

• Immediate (seconds to hours)– Bleeding, Vessel Occlusion, Necrosis, Embolization, Sudden Death, Multiorgan System Failure, 

Acute pneumonitis, Alveolar Hemorrhage, Respiratory Failure

• Early (days to weeks)– Inflammatory nodules, Infection (bacterial, AFB), Migration, Angioedema, Lymphadenitis 

• Late (months to years)– Granulomas

– Recurrent Cellulitis

– Morphea‐like changes 

– Reactive Amyloidosis (28 years latent)

– Auto‐Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants

– End organ Toxicity – Autoimmune Dz, Hypercalcemia due to granuloma

Lipogranuoloma• Incidence is likely higher with improper technique and materials• Described in the literature in the gluteal region, limbs, male and 

female breast, orbital region, abdomen and male genitalia• Hotel/House parties (aka “pumping parties”)

– Patient 5 injected Silicone and Hydrogel– Patient 6 injected Sesame oil

• Muscle augmentation as an alternative or additive to intramuscular injections of steroids where it can cause muscle necrosis, fibrosis and atrophy

Bodybuilder oleoma. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Dec;149(6):1289‐90.Irreversible muscle damage in bodybuilding due to long‐term intramuscular oil injection. Int J Sports Med. 2012 Oct;33(10):829‐34. Subcutaneous oleomas induced by self‐injection of sesame seed oil for muscle augmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Feb;42(2 Pt 1):292‐4.

What is the cause of the late appearing reticular cutaneous pattern?

• Rare report of sesame oil injections causing vasculitis for which the authors postulated was secondary to an allergic reaction

• Migration of filler along septae in the SQ • Mass effect

– Diminished blood flow secondary to amount of substance injected or exuberant inflammatory response

Bodybuilding, sesame oil and vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Sep;44(9):1135.

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Take home points • Popularized dangerous trends can be sources for inflammatory dermatoses

• Pumping parties are a dangerous way to obtain curves• Cutaneous reactions may occur at sites distant from injected sites as a result of migration of the filler substance 

• There may also be a lapse of months to years prior to the development of a cutaneous reaction

• Reticular pattern can be a late manifestation

Important Information Regarding CME/SAMs

The Online CME/Evaluations/SAMs claim process will only be available on the USCAP website until September 30, 2017.

No claims can be processed after that date!

After September 30, 2017 you will NOT be able to obtain any CME or SAMs credits for attending this meeting.

Thank you

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