Slide 1

DISASTER MANAGEMENT1DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER

A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area. (W.H.O.)

A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or manmade that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)

2

TYPES OF DISASTER

3FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER4

CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER

Predictability ControllabilitySpeed of onsetLength of forewarningDuration of impactScope and intensity of impact

5

PHASES OF DISASTER

6

7Disaster management is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding both natural and manmade disasters. It involves preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. It may also involve preparedness training by private citizens8DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

9

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of governmentDisaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose.Organizations should function as an extension of their core businessIndividuals are responsible for their own safety.Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events.

10Contd.Disaster management planning should recognize the difference between incidents and disasters.Disaster management operational arrangements are additional to and do not replace incident management operational arrangementsDisaster management planning must take account of the type of physical environment and the structure of the population.Disaster management arrangements must recognise the involvement and potential role of non- government agencies.

11PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

12

Disaster preparedness

Preparedness should be in the form of money, manpower and materials Evaluation from past experiences about risk Location of disaster prone areas Organization of communication, information and warning system Ensuring co-ordination and response mechanisms Development of public education programme Co-ordination with media National & international relations Keeping stock of foods, drug and other essential commodities.

13E.g.: Indian Meteorological department (IMD) plays a key role in forewarning the disaster of cyclone-storms by detection tracing. It has 5 centres in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatanam, Chennai & Mumbai. In addition there are 31 special observation posts setup a long the east coast of India.

The International Agencies which provides humanitarian assistance to the disaster strike areas are United Nation agencies. Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA) World Health Organization (WHO) UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP) Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD)

E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE) International committee of Red cross International committee of Red cross

14

Disaster impact

15Triage

Golden hour Immediate or high priority: Delayed or medium priority: Minor or minimal or ambulatory patients: Expectant or least priority: Colour code:

16

17Disaster response

Epidemiologic surveillance and disease control Vaccination Nutrition

18Rehabilitation phase

Water supply Food safety Basic sanitation and personal hygiene Vector control

19Disaster mitigation

This involves lessening the likely effects of emergencies. These include depending upon the disaster, protection of vulnerable population and structure.

For examples, improving structural qualities of schools, houses and such other buildings so that medical causalities can be minimized. Similarly ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health services including water supply and sewerage system to reduce the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction. This mitigation compliments the disaster preparedness and disaster response activities.

20DISASTER-EFFECTS

Deaths Disability Increase in communicable disease Psychological problems Food shortage Socioeconomic losses Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.Environmental disruption

21DISASTER DRILL

A disaster drill is an exercise in which people simulate the circumstances of a disaster so that they have an opportunity to practice their responses. 22DISASTER PREPAREDNESS :To facilitate preparation with community To provide updated record of vulnerable populations within community Once rescue workers begin to arrive at the scene, immediate plans for triage should begin23Personal protection in different types of emergencies

FLOODSBEFORE FLOODS: 1. While town planning individual should find out the risk in the area where they leave.2. Forecasting of the tides, hurricanes,cyclones before few hours or days.

DURING THE FLOODSTurn off electricity ( to reduce the risk of electrocution)Protect people and property.Beware of water contamination.Evacuate danger zones. AFTER FLOODSPeople should not return home until told by the authorities.Wait until water is declared safe for drinking.Clean n disinfect flooded rooms.Sterilize kitchen utensils with boiling water.Get rid off any food which was kept near the water.Get rid of all consumables. Eg. Medicines, drinks, etc

24Earthquakes25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45FLOODS

BEFORE FLOODS: 1. While town planning individual should find out the risk in the area where they leave.2. Forecasting of the tides, hurricanes, cyclones before few hours or days.

DURING THE FLOODS1.Turn off electricity ( to reduce the risk of electrocution)2.Protect people and property.3.Beware of water contamination.4.Evacuate danger zones. AFTER FLOODS1.People should not return home until told by the authorities.2.Wait until water is declared safe for drinking.3.Clean n disinfect flooded rooms.4.Sterilize kitchen utensils with boiling water.5.Get rid off any food which was kept near the water.6.Get rid of all consumables. E.g.. Medicines, drinks, etc

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68STORMS, HURRICANE, TORNADOES

BEFORE:1.Find out the type of storm liable to strike the region.2.Choose the shelter in advance before the emergency occurs.3.Minimize the effects of the storm.4.Take measures against floods.5.Prepare a family emergency kit.

DURING:1.Listen to the information and advice provided by the authority.2.Evacuate the houses if the authority request to.3.If caught outside in a storm take refuge as quickly as possible.4.In thunderstorm keep away from fences and electric cables.

AFTER:1.Follow the instructions.2.Stay indoor3.Give first aid to the injured4.Check the exterior of dwellings.STORMS, HURRICANE, TORNADOES

BEFORE:Find out the type of storm liable to strike the region.Choose the shelter in advance before the emergency occurs.Minimize the effects of the storm.Take measures against floods.Prepare a family emergency kit.

DURING:Listen to the information and advice provided by the authority.Evacuate the houses if the authority request to.If caught outside in a storm take refuge as quickly as possible.In thunderstorm keep away from fences and electric cables.

AFTER:Follow the instructions.Stay indoorGive first aid to the injuriedCheck the exterior of dwellings.69CLOUDS OF TOXIC FUMES

BEFORE:Familiarize themselves with the alarm signals used in case of emergency.Equip doors and windows with tightest possible fastening.Prepare family emergency kit.

DURING:Leave telephone lines free for rescue services.Close doors and windowsStop up air intakesSeal any cracks or gaps in doors and windowsOrganize a reserve of water.Turn off ventilators, air-conditioners.

AFTER:Comply with the authorities instructions and do not go out until there is no longer any risk.Carry out necessary decontamination measures.

70MANMADE DISASTERS71What is a man -made disaster?:

What is a man -made disaster? Man-made disasters are disasters resulting from man-made hazards (threats having an element of human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a man-made system), as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards. Man-made hazards or disasters are sometimes referred to as anthropogenic .72Man made and Technological Disasters:Man made and Technological Disasters Manmade or technological disasters are unpredictable, can spread across geographical boundaries, may be unpreventable, and may have limited physical damage but long-term effects. Some disasters in this class are entirely manmade, such as terrorism. Other technological disasters occur because industrial sites are located in communities affected by natural disasters, equipment failures occur, or workers have inadequate training or fatigue and make errors. The threat of terrorism is categorized as a potential technological disaster and includes bioterrorism, bombings, civil and political disorders, riots, and economic emergencies.73Types of man-made disasters

Sociological disasters:Sociological disasters A riot is a form of civil disorder characterized often by what is thought of as disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of violence against authority, property or people. While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots are thought to be typically chaotic and exhibit herd behavior , and usually generated by civil unrest. However, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that riots are not irrational, herd-like behavior , but follow inverted social norms . 74Terrorism. What is terrorism?

TERRORISM Meaning of the word terrorism is any use of terror in the form of violence or threats meant to coerce an individual, group, or entity to act in a manner in which any person or group could not otherwise lawfully force them to act.Recent Terrorists AttackGermen bakery Bomb Blast Koregaon Park Pune: On the 13th February 2010Mumbai Terrorist Attack: Begin on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 NovemberBangalore serial blasts: July 25, 2008Jaipur bombings: 13 May 2008Mumbai Train bombings: 11 July 2006 Malegaon blasts: 8 September 2006Ram Janmabhoomi attack in Ayodhya: On July 5, 2005Delhi Serial bombings: The 29 October 2005Indian Parliament attack: On 13 December 2001

Social ImpactEffects the Living conditions of a person.

Education level goes lower day by day.

Life length decreases.

Youth will be distracted.WARS:WARS War is a conflict between relatively large groups of people, which involves physical force inflicted by the use of weapons. Warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies and inflicted great suffering on humanity. Other terms for war can include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. Acts of war are normally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster planning.

Technological disasters:Technological disasters Industrial disasters occur in a commercial context, such as mining accidents. They often have an environmental impact. The Bhopal disaster is the world's worst industrial disaster to date, and the Chernobyl disaster is regarded the worst nuclear accident in history. Hazards may have longer-term and more dispersed effects, such as dioxin and DDT poisoning. Industrial hazards

92

Radiation contamination:Radiation contamination When nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems are otherwise compromised, airborne radioactive particles (nuclear fallout) can scatter and irradiate large areas. Not only is it deadly, but it also has a long-term effect on the next generation for those who are contaminated. Ionizing radiation is hazardous to living things, and in such a case much of the affected area could be unsafe for human habitation.112DISASTER RECOVERY

Successful Recovery Preparation Be vigilant in Health teaching Psychological support Referrals to hospital as needed Remain alert for environmental health Nurse must be attentive to the danger

113With a wide range of topographic and climatic conditions, India is prone country in Asia pacific region with an average of 8 major natural calamities a year. Apart from this major accidents happen in railways, mines and factories casing extensive damage to human life and property.Northern mountain regions are prone to snow storms ,landslides and earthquakesEastern coastal areas are prone to several floods and cyclonesBihar,Assam and Uttarpradesh get major floods almost every yearOrrisa had super cyclones on 29th October 1999,when thousands lost their lives..Gujarat had a severe earthquake in which 16,480 people had died and many were injured, tsunami killed more than 200,000 persons in India in dec 2004..India also saw worlds worst manmade disasters in 1984,when gas leaked at a pesticide plant in Bhopal killing about 3000 people DISASTERS IN INDIA-Indian Meterological Department plays a key role in forwarning a disaster. It has five centers in Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Mumbai for detection and tracind of cyclones-Satellite imagery facilities and cyclone warning raders are provided to various cyclone warning centers.- The Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment in manali has been issuing warning to people about avalanches 24 to 48 hours in advance.-Insat Disaster Warning System recievers have been installed primarily in the costal areas of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh

With a wide range of topographic and climatic conditions,India is prone country in Asia pacific region with an average of 8 major natural calamities a year. Apart from this major accidents happen in railways, mines and factories casing extensive damage to human life and property.Northen mountain regions are prone to snow storms,landslides and earthquakesEastern coastal areas are prone to several floods and cyclonesBihar,Assam and Uttar pradesh get major floods almost every yearOrrisa had super cyclones on 29th october 1999,when thousands lost their lives..Gujrat had a severe earthquake in which 16,480 people had died and many were injured, tsunami killed more than 200,000 oersond in India in dec 2004..India also saw worlds worst manmade disasters in 1984,when gas leaked at a pesticide plant in Bhopal killing about 3000 people 114Disaster relief programmesIn the federal structure of India, the state governments are responsible for the relief work incase of a natural disaster. Government of India plays a supportive role in terms of supplementations of resources. -The Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal ministry for coordination of all activities during a disaster-Since health is an important part of disaster management, under the ministry of Health and family Welfare there is a special wing called the Emergency Medical Relief Wing which coordinates all activities related to health.-along with government machinery different NGOS are also involved inn disaster reduction programmes-public education and community involvement plays a vital role-as a part of International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction activities, every year, the second Wednesday of October has been designated as WORLD DISASTER REDUCTUON DAYIn the federal structure of India, the state govrnments are responsible for the relief work incase of a natural disaster. Government of India plays a supportive role in terms of supplementaitions of resourses. -The Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal ministry for coordination of all activites during a disaster-Since health is an important part of disaster management, under the ministry of Health and family Welfarethere is a special wing called the Emergency Medical Relief Wing which coordinates all activites related to health.-along with government machinaries different NGOS are also involved inn disaster reduction programmes-public education and community involbement plays a vital role-as a part of International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction activities, every year, the second Wednesday of October has been designated as WORLD DISASTER REDUCTUON DAY115FORWARNINGS OF A DISASTER-Indian Meteorological Department plays a key role in forewarning a disaster. It has five centers in Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Mumbai for detection and tracing of cyclones-Satellite imagery facilities and cyclone warning radars are provided to various cyclone warning centers.- The Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment in manali has been issuing warning to people about avalanches 24 to 48 hours in advance.-Insat Disaster Warning System recievers have been installed primarily in the costal areas of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh

116