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8/13/2019 Dinosaurs - Giants of the Earth (Gnv64)
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THE AUTHOR
Dougal xn is a u-tme writer and bookedtor specializng n Earth Scieceseoaphy, geology, d paleotoloy, thestudy f extnct ivng thgs such as dnosaurs.He has wtte more tha books on dosaurs,ad has acted as special advisor, mator, andmodel-maker' television and video dinsaurprorams n the Unted States, Britai, ad
Japan. He has a reptatio for psentg hissuject n a novel way. his book The NewDinosaurs he described what life would e liketoday dosaurs had ot died out. AfterMan: A Zology of the Future, he showed whatfe might b lke in miios of yers to come.He has aso wrtten several science ctiostoies. Dugal Dixo lives Egld.
E CONSULTANT
Peter Dson is professr of aatomy i thehool of Veteary Medicie and aductprofessor of gelogy at the Uiveity ofPesylvania n hladelphia. He is also a
esearch associate at the Academy of Naturalcieces n hladelpha He has coectedfossils in the Caada rctic as we as neste Caada ad the United States for myes he described a ew horeddosaur, vaceratops lammersi that heollected in Motaa.
SCENCE EDITOR
Jack Myers s scece editor for Highlights forhldre. He is also professor emeritus ofoolog and botny at the University of Texas Austn, ad a memer of the Natioal Academyof Scieces. Jack Myerss love for sciece isoceed with explorg ad descbig hows work nature, ad hs wtg ad
- edtig Jack Myers eats sciece as the ogog
OUT TS OOKThe dinosaurs were among th
successl and most magnichave ever lived. We cannot thfailures just because they do around anymore. hey lived million years ago up to m history of million yearhly one of failure! Especia
consider that our own successpecies has been around for he most.
The term comes words meaning''terrible liza
dinosaurs were indeed erce look like present-day lizrds
resembled different inds of crocodiles, or mammals and
In G wehisory of our planet, how dinand spread around the world,ypes of dinosaurs, and what followed the dinosaurs when
and mysteriously, died out.
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Giants of the Earth
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e Da ee wa ceae
f glg le c ee ca WeP.. x 266 Uxge 9 5X,gla
Pe e S
Pec : e ee
A Dec e WePc K caAa Maelee Saeleeg a Mea e
Pee MacDal & aMacaaa
gg e Ic. 19932300 We f Aee x 269lu O 436- 0269
caal A AewGee
Pc a Saa
09876 54
The Age of Dinosaurs
e f au apeae au2 25 ea ag (a ) wa ce cal eae ac Pe. e e
CTT
Dinosaur Parade Begins
Dinosaurs March On
Dinosaur Parade Ends
The me Scale of Evolution
The Moving World
At the BegnningBefore Dnosaurs
Late Trassc Perod
Early and Middle Jurassic Per
Late Jurassc PerodEarly Creaceous Period
Late Cretaceous Period
he Rise of Mamas
Do You Know?
Glossary
Index, Acknowledgments
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INTRODUCTION
When we look at a dinosaur skeleton in a
museum, at a dinosaur model in a display, orat a dinosaur picture in a book, we are at firstamazed by the strangeness of the creature.We wonder that such an incredible beastcould exst at all Then, when we begin to readabout dinosaurs, and to understand them andhow they lived, we begin to ask questions
Where did the dinosaurs come from? Whatkind of world did they live in How long didthey exist
These are all questions that scientists havebeen trying to answer for more than 60years Some answers to them come from the
rocks in whih dinosaur bones are found Thekinds of rocks can tell us about the landscapesof the past-for instance, sandstones thatformed in huge ancient deserts, shale andmudstones from deep, wide, muddy rivers,
and lmestones that formed i
millions of years agoThe remains of living creatu
in the rocks are called fossilstell us about the dinosaursPlant fossils show us the animal fossils show us the that lived at the same time
The fossils from rocks datthe Age of Dinosaurs can givelife on Earth up to tat time Wthe evolution of the dinosdiferent kinds of animals tha
We still do not ave all the
dinosaurs, and every fresh dsomething new However, syears we have been buildingthese magnificent creatures otheir world
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DINOSAUR PARADE BEGINS
H t com! A d o t m
tt v o Et bt t t Tcod bot 5 mo o dt d o t tco od bot 65mo o
At t b t c t d o t tmm t d t v
t ( o t tmmm o m m Amo t t omcocod m c t o td to d Sctt c t
In the parade ofTriassc and Early Jurassicanmas we can see thefirst of the dnosarsemergng. These incudedmeat- eaters keStaurikosaurus andCoelophysis, ong-necked
pan-eaters keAnchisaurus andPlateosaurus and wofooted panteaersthose that moved aroundon just ther hnd egske Fabrosaurus andHeterdontosaurus.
ct t tcodot
mb t ot dd ot d t dctt vovd om tmtoo t A t dd o bod to t t bo o tcodot b t to od
ot bd tm to bcbcm t t dodo mb ttot mc dt om tcto t ct t
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Pset day " a I
2 0'
' c 1 I 0U i65 my C c 2 ' Q
- Q .: r .: u 1 Q
c l Q o E . .
I
146 :0
QC
208
codo ts
Dinosau ancesos and reaives
0u0U
Al e dosar grops evoved from a grop of eeodos of e rass Perod e eodos
aso gave rse o e roodes ad e fygrepes aed perosars-ad o rds.
Oithosuchus
Dffn dn hp v
As time went on some dinosapanteating habits These evobodies to provide space for thestomachs and for the ong necreach around for food They wbecause they coud no onger hind egs Other panteating evoved that coud sti run arhind egs; they had differenty
Plateosaurus
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MCH
h d of do coti th
Jc Piod hi th tt tim ofth do h dt codto of thc v to mot cmt th Jc ho d ov thcott A ot of do vovdto v th oodd d fot of th vomt
h movi tt mtt ti od, t th o h,do mtt h t ivovd to fd o th t t tht hd
o o h. h o
tt th tht v vd h tofoocotd too, d om ofito mod tt ho hd o c to fo
h domtdt, th to, tvovd t th d of th Jh m mmm ti ct hd ot dvod ito c ct
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Jussc metetg
osus clue thesmll foms leOtholsts Compsognthus, theg hutes such sDlophosuusCtosuus.
mog the ogece
ltetes weeShunosuus Dplodocus Aptosuus hetwofoote lteteswee e esete
Scutllosuus
Dosuus Cmptosuus. hemoe pltetese Scldosuus Stgosuus h lsoee y theussc PeoPteosus of the tme
cue Dmophodon.
lw
lk
Bid-hipped dinosar bones aangelke hose o a bi
Ischum -,liPc oe .
Rhmphohynchus
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By the time the parade arrives in the
Cretaceous Period, it has reached the peak ofdinosaur developmet. Aong with the smalland big meat-eaters, the ogneked ad theto-footed pat-eaters, we aso find newkinds of armred dinosaurs including bizarrehorned types.
Up to this point the same types of dinosaurshad lived al over the world Now we areseeing different types appearing on differentcontiets A type of twofooted panteaterwas widespread in North America, while the
ong-necked panteaters co
ost important in South AmThen at the ed of the Crthey wee becoming really sdiosaurs suddeny vanishedcame to a hat. And aong wi
went the pterosaurs and othtypes of the tie. It was the that cotinued So unimporthe Age of Dinosaurs, they srepties and went o to prodparade that brings us up to t
Iguandn
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S/tsurus
Q zard-a typical reptwith a spawlng postur
Crocodile- with asemi-eect posture
Dnosaur- wth afulyerect posture
< \ Smal Cretaceous
meaeatg dosauscuded Dnonycus ad
Toodon ad bg oes
were Tynnosuus ad
Bonyx Logecked
plaeaers such as
S/t
mpdo
Edm
ad
clu
Euo
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TH TM CL F VLT
t as taken te Eat a ong tme to get to
wee t s todaabout .6 tousand mloneas, n act At st te Eat was a ball oot moten oc. Ten t stated to cool down.Tee ave pobab been vng tngs osome sot psent on Eat as ong as tssuace as been sod and cool enoug tosuppot tem
V he evoio o ohges o, he se ohe h om e e isre o oo i
he pese y heve o he oe bovers ie moe h1, illo yes
At ist, le oms wouldo
made up o moecules o matepoduce, o make copies oAn cange to tese molecuave impoved te canceswould be caed on to te netei ospng o clden Tmacne o evoluton woul
n moton Evouton s a ponew kinds, o speces, o ivnom otes
Tese eal oms o le eossils, and o about seveneEat's stoy we ave onl
o wat tpes o ivng tings
is l imls
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Then, 57 mlon years ao, anmals wt
hard shels evoved. These produced fosss.From that tme we have a cearer pcture ofhow fe developed. At frst all creatures vedn the sea. But about mon years ao,pants and anmas bean to row on the land.Some fsh et the water and evolved ntoamphbans, of whch present-day fros and
toads are exampes. From these, the reptlesevoved. The perod of tme between 5 and65 mon years ao s known as the Ae ofReptes Wthn ths perod was the tme ofdnosaurs When the b reptles vanshed, theAe of Mammas bean, and hs has lasted to
the present day
Fir hard-heled animal
Geoogica perods
Geology i he dy o
he Earh' rockGeological me, heEah epan, i olong ha ceni ndi helpl o divde po econ caledperiod Each period marked by he knd o
animal ha exied aha ime and hence onhe ol ha we nd inhe rock lad downhen he dnoarlived n he Age oRepehe riac,raic, and
Creaceo period[All dae in he chaare n milon oyear ago]
Holoc
Mode
Peist
Iceageary h
oc
Coo csimia
aleo
Foresmam
Creta
Foes
Last o
rm
MounRepti
Carb
Seas repti
Devo
Mounaph
Sur
ce caseas
Ordo
D aseas
THE MOVING WORLD
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THE MOVING WORLD
360286 myaIn the Cabonerous
Peod most of thecontnents of the tme(gray aeas) were jonedtogethe and the restwere drftng toad thsgeat andmass
24208 mya
n the rassc Perodwhen the dnosaus rstappeared the contnentswere jammed togethe toorm a supercontnentcaed Pangaea.
208-46 mya
Dung the Jurassc PeodPangaea was tl onesnge contnent but twas begnnng to sptShalow seas oodedover much of t.
North Amerc
We ive, and the dinosaurs ived, in a wordthat is constanty changing
The surface of the and is continuay beingworn away by the action of the rain, rivers,gaciers, wind, and a other inds of naturaprocesses Over miions of years, mountainsare worn down to rubbe and sand, which arecarried away by streams and rivers anddumped on pains and in oceans There theyform rocs, which can be foded up into newmountains and added to the continents
Austraa
Structure of the Earthhe mante orms thelargest poton o theEarth Movements nthe mante n whchmolten roc materia rsesand spreads out and coolroc matea sns are
responsbe for themovement o the arth'souter ayers he top ayers caled the cust It s theEaths sn
Oceben
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Movement of plate
Oceanc c
onnena crt
Oter corelqd
Manteqdand od
rt-od
Noth Ameca
Pates of the crustEach o he ace pateof the Eah gow alongan ocean dgeUndewae volcanoehow happenng Oneplate ldng eneahanohe fo an ocean
trench, wh volcancand At he edge oa connen h formontan
/,: Monan range
Afrca Araa
46
In hhe tmeowe wmod
65-
Drhe contowawhche
Mooaconhe dcoe d
Te Eart's plates lie on a soand so move around like leavwater At certain places moltway to te surface to form neAt oter places old plate mat
swallowed up in te mantle are caugt up in tis movemgeograpy of te world cons
Tis is te mecanism taworld's continents in motionA i i i f
AT THE BEGINNING
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AT THE BEGINNING
The irst part o the history o lie on ourplanet-the time known as the Precambrianra-is very unclear. All living things had sotbodies and le ew ossils or us to study.Then, in the Cambrian Period, animalsdeveloped shlls and horny coverings. Theseare the kinds o things we oten ind as ossils.We do not know why this change happened
Maybe the chemicals in the seawater changedand allowed animals o grow hard partsAnyway, rom the Cambrian Period onward,the rocks are ull o ossils and we can tracethe evolution o lie with some conidence.
In telling the dinosaur story, two eventswere very important: the development overtebrates, and the colonization o land. Theirst vertebratesanimals with backbones
were the ish. These evolved rom wormlikecreatures that had a sti rod supporting a
long body.
Cambra ero 570-50 mllo years agoTh frt coo fol r od br rock.
h r o oglk d work crtr,d of th frt l wth hrd hl.
Early lfe forms
h frt lvg crtr
hd j o cl Tht hv rbld
o odr blgr
g I odr wr
t of blgr g
tr d d bld
l cld trotolt
lk th o th hoto
Fol troo r
rock
Sglcl
blgr lg
Ooa ero 50-439 mllh frt fh volvd th Ordovc
or coo fol r of h
l trlobt, d ll
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Slura Pero 439409 mllo years agoCmm fsss f e Sa Ped cde bes
ad cas. Fsss f e fs adv ceaes f s
me ae ae
In the early fish, the stiff rod
into sections, maing it flexFlaps evolved at each side ofswimming. And the brain atanimal became encased in afor protection. The basic fishbacbone, fins, and sll, haDevonian times
For most of the Earth's hatmospherethe air arondmixtre of poisonos gases.first primitive animals in thprimitive plants evolved. Plasnlight as energy to mae
give off oxygen as a prodct existed only in the sea, oxygbbbling p from the seaweprimitive plants. EventallyPeriod, there was enogh ox
atmosphere to spport life o
eoa Pero 409-363 mllBy Deva mes ad fe was d
fs ad becme vey cmm. Tcaed e Ae f s.
FOR DINOSAURS
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FOR DINOSAURS
T rst vrtbrat to v on land was mostlky a knd o s k t lungs today twould av ad a lung so t could brat aras w do and pard muscular ns so t coudpul tsl ovr and. t would av bn abto lv on lan9 or ony sort prods. Tsmay av alowd t to surv wn pondsdrd out n dry sasons or to unt t nscts
and spdrs tat wr arady vng on and.n Dvonan tms t rst ampbans
vovd Ts wr muc k t ungsTy stl ad a ad and ta lk tos o as. But ty aso ad strong rbs to work tungs and propr lgs wt tos Som coudv out o t watr or ong prods yt st
ad to rturn to t watr to ay ggs.T Carbonrous Prod was a tm o
rvrs wt broad dtas and swamps dalpacs or ampbans Al knds volvd. But
t rst rpts dvlopd at ts t as w
Coeo Peo 363 mllo
h Cboos o fosts
hbs d sts d ls
tl Wtthn sho h
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daphosauus
Dploaulus
Peia Peo 29 lio yeas ago
Amphbs flshd h ss f h m
dss b m sssfl pls lk h
hdlv daphosauus d Dmodon h.
' y h ss dpls hd dvlpd
my dff yps
h mmmllk pls
sl d d
ldd hpppms
lk Lysosauus
Dynodon
h l Pm ps s
mmmls h s h p
d ldd bblk Dynodon
d mllk Csphalus.
The big dierence beteen a amphibian is that the reptile a protective covering nsideluid allo the developing anair It does not need to live in
The olloing Permian Perdeserts and ice caps The amto the dry climate by evolvinglandliving types t as the rthat did best in the drier conreptile types o that tme erThey had straight not spra
LATE TRIASSIC PERIOD2 5 208 illi
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245 to 208 million years ago
, \ I In'the Late Triassc Perod the frstI; the Age of Dnosaurs the desert conditions: still existed over much of our planet. All the I
continents of the world were jammed ' . :-together to make up one huge landmasscalle! Pangaea. This supercontinent wasso big that most of it was a long way fromthe moist winds of the sea, and so hotdry conditions were common The
earlier Permian Period had been a tmeof mountains formed as all the separatecontnents crashed into one another.By the Triassc Period these mountains
were mostly worn down to hills
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" ...1 growing upaong the edges of tinents From the
young Rocky Mountains, streams tumeddownwar and spread rue and sand over
what is now Arizona Aong the routes of theserivers grew groups of conifer trees andcycdeoids, whih were pants with swoentrunks that ooked ike the modern cycadsThe sma pants covering the ground of these
woodands were mainy ferns Reededs ofhorsetais ined the riveranks
How do we know a this? The remains ofa these pants now ie in Petrified ForesNationa Park iArizona The ogs of the
EARLY AND MIDLE JURASSIC PERIOD
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28 to 157 mon year ago
In the eary part of the Jurac erod theupercontnent of angaea wa t ntactIt woud not be ong, though, before t woudbegn to pt apart Spt n the and beganto form aong the ne that woud tear orthAmerca awa from Afrca.
Shaow ea began to pread acro theurface of angaea Thee brought much
more mo cmate far nand on thecontnent, and foret fourhed where oncethere had been deert The ea fooded theow and between orth Amerca and Afrca
At that tme, much of Brtan and thecontnent of Eur9pe conted of ow andn a haow ea Sea repte, uch a eekdophnke Ihthyosaurus and the ongnecked Piesosaurus, chaed fh and thecoheed ammonte n the warm, how
water. The and woud have beencovered by a pant fe ookng e that of theTrac erod The eary armored dnoaur
SceJdosaurus ved here, and had to guardtef agant bg meateater, whepteroaur crced n the ky oerhead
At the other end of angaea, where SouthAfrca now e, there w&e pant-eatngdnoaur ke Heterodontosaurus andMassospondyius and meateatng knd
ke Syntarsus _
Suhe Eglaabu 165 m eas
ag A Plesosuus haulssel up he beachalgse a eachthyosuus.A bg meaeagsau le a aSceldosuus, rgh,ae eab
Diophodonl vehea
Bg meaeae
reae Meglosuus '
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Plesosauus
Dmophodon
ATE JURASSIC PERIOD157 t 16
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157 to 16 mo yars ago
As t Mdd Jrassc Prod gav way tot Lat Jrassc, t sprcott ofPagaa bga sowy to b pd apart.T saow sas cotd to sprad ovrt owyg aras O partcar sa, owcad t Sdac Sa, sprad sotwardovr t cott o Nort Amrca It ctoff t w Rocky Motas to t wst from
t ma part of t cott to t astSad ad pbbs sprad ot to t safrom t foot of t motas ad formda broad rvr pa I spt of t arbysa, ts pa was qt dry.
\ Pa-eag diosaurs,mea-eag dosaursad peosaurs lved ad aroud a coifeous
ores o a dry pa iColorado
Co
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Brachosaurus
Pants gew n age numbecouses o te many steamsoed ee consst o sandsmudstones and ststones n layes caed te Mosono te edges o te ayes canMontana Uta Cooado an
he Moson Fomaton dnosau emans tat t wasdnosau unts n te yeas and 19. Te osss dscovemagne te oen
16 to 97 mo e go
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16 to 97 mo ye go
I Ey Cetceou tme te ptup of Pge w we udey. A oce opeed up betwee ot Amec d Afc,toug ot Amec Euope wee toed te ot Afc d Sout Amecwee t o dm, but Atctc dId d boke wy d At tebegg te ow e coveg ote
Euope d goe A ge fewte ke, teWede, w e ove oute Egd dote Fce Aoud t wee dge ofmetoe ock fomed te Cbofeou Peod, d to te ot y eve odeout ge
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do tt vd o
cdd guanodon t vd d d o oW omtm d guanodo t mdto o to t do
t md v t o Hypslophodon mttBaonyx d mod Hylato c Ornthodovd d mmmt dot
d d d d
T CRTACOUS PRIOD9 t 65 g
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9 to 65 mo years ago
By te Late Cretaceos Perod te ed o te
Age o Dosars Pagaea ad ceased to exstte spercotet ad competey brokep Nort Amerca was separate rom otAmerca ad rom Erope ad Arca adbroke away rom ot Amerca HoweverAtarctca ad Astraa were st joedad wester Nort Amerca was coected
to orteaster Asa by a ad brdgeMay paces were covered by saow seasA broad saow sea te Nobrara ea ctNort Amerca competey two romort to sot
' Heavy wooelanscape in wha isnow Wyomng eso Edmntsarsmove acoss counyeepng wel clea oTyrannsarsMoernlookng irs flyoveea
I_
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Pnt fe ws chngng evehee The hgefoests of confe tees nd fens wee bengepced by modenlookng foests of ok
nd wow Floweng pnts fomed thendegowth. Plm tees gew n the wmees The egon tht tody s Wyomng hd
h f b d b h d f f d
TH F MMML
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The dnoaur and many other creature dedout uddeny about 65 mon year ago, atme tha mark the end of the CretaceouPerod e do not know why th appenedPoby the mong contnent canged thecmate too much the weather became toohot or cod Maybe deae pread throughthe whole dnoaur kngdom r perhap
thee anma could not cope wth thechangng plant lfe Another pobty thatthere wa ome knd of great dater Perhapthe Earth wa truck by a gant meteortehateer occurred, the dnoaur al perhedalong wth the other great repte of the tme.
Aer a the bg repte were wped out,
the ttle mammal tat had payed uch amnor part for the preou 16 mlon yearuddeny became mportant
Panetotheriu .
The pteroaur, the fy]g replaced by wnged mammalchthyoaur were eentuaywmmng mammal, te whdfferent type of dnoaurand the panteater bg and repaced by al knd of meat-mammal Thee pread from
through deert to te poar brd, too, pread out and becmportant than tey were be
At frt mot mamma wertype, but oon the foret gapan Panng mamma
wth ong runnng eg and
eatng teeth Thee were the ore and the anteope It wMammal n whch we are l
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The Age of Humans
Te nosurs omnte
te rth or ong gesToy umn bengs o.
Al te known story of
humn bengs s
mesre n thousns o
yers The emergence o
umn bengsuque,
self-conscous
creturess mysteryScentists re trckng
own hyscl clues lke
the smrty o oter
"om n s (sown ere)
n mn Tere s much
stl to be erne; you
my e ern t.
Y KW?
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When did the dinosaurs rst appear?e eaest dosaus we pesety kow ae
Herrerasarus ad Staurkosaurus esemeateates ved a te stat of te ateassc Peod Sout Ameca teyevoved fom te cocodeke tecodontsabout 225 mo yeas ago
When did the dinosaurs die out?osaus became extct at te vey end ofte Cetaceous Peod, about 65 mon yeasago. Fo a few mo yeas befoe ts teumbes of dosaus ad bee gettgsmae, but te suddey a tese amas,and may otes, ded out
How are dinosaurs named?A dnosau's pope scetfc ame ( factte pope scetfc ame fo a anmas)cossts of o pats e fst pat, tegenusame, as a capta ette e second pat,te speces ame, oes ot Bot names ae
wtte tacs Vey sma speces o kdsof dnosaus ae gouped togete te samegeus at s wy we sometmes tak aboutTyrannosaurus re Moe oe we just use tegenus ame, suc as Tyrannosaurus
How many kinds of dinosaurs were there?t as bee estmated tat te tota umbeof dosau geea (genera s te pua ofgenus) tat eve ved s beee 9 and1 2 Scetsts tk tat tey ave
umbe of dffeet knds
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agae ve pimitve tpe o pl ewee
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ginkgoes ee loo lieoe b w eve ee i ll ee i ol oe
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ungfishi ve l wel il o bee i e vive o o ive i wte
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orntopod pl-ei guanodon
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Figures in bod referto captions
Allosaurus a mph ib ia ns 1 7Anchisaurus 5ankyosaurs 5Ankylosauus ZApatosaurus 7 Archaeopteryx 7Atlascopcosaurus
Baryonyx 8, 9 Brachiosaurus
Camptosaurus 7Cabonerous Period 11 12 ceratopsians 5Ceratosaurus 7 Chasmosaurus
Coelophysis 19Compsognathus 6 7contnents changes in 2 3 12
13Cretaceous Period 9 11 13
Eary 3 Late 3
Cynognathus
Deinonychus 8, 9Desmatosuchus Dilophosaurus 6 7 Dimetrodon 17Dimorphodon 7 2dinosaurs
amored 7 9 evoution and deveopment
horned 9 see also meateatng d inosaurs
planteating dinosaursDryosaurus 7
eggs Erythrosuchus
Euoplocephalus 9 ev olut io n 29see also dinosaurs evolution and
development
Fabrosaurus 5oss i ls I I 11 1 15
geological pe riods 11 see also
Cetaceous Jurassc TrasscPeriods
Herrerasaurus Heterodontosaurus 5 Hylaeosaurus Hyperodapedon Hypsilophodon 2
Ichthyosaurus 2Iguanodon 8 2
Jurassic Period 2 7 11 12 aly 2 ate 3 Middle 2
Kuehneosaurus
Leaellynasaura Leptoceratops Lycaenops 17Lystrosaurus 17
meateating dinosaus 5 7 92 22
Minmi
Ornithodesmus Ornitholestes 7Ornithomimus 9ornthopods 5
PachyrhinosquruParasauro/ophus
planteating dino armored 7fourooted longnecked twofooted
Plateosaurus Plesiosaurus Psittacosaurus 8
Pterodactylus 7pterosaurs 5
reptles 19
Saltasaurus 9sauropods 5
Scelidosaurus 6Scutellosaurus 6Shunosaurus 6 Staurikosaurus stegosaurs 5Stegosaurus 7 Stygimoloch 9 Syntarsus
thecodonts 5theropods 5assc Peiod 2
ate 2
Triceratops 9 Troodon 9yrannosaurus 8
walking
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