Digital,Hand and Mechanical Printing

8/8/2019 Digital,Hand and Mechanical Printing

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DIGITAL/MECHANICAL/HAND

PRINTINGBy Jessica Curtis


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PHOTOCOPYING

Aphotocopier (also known as a copier or copy machine)is a machine that makes paper copies ofdocuments andother visual images quickly and cheaply. Most currentphotocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry

process using heat. (Copiers can also use other outputtechnologies such as ink jet, but xerography is standard

for office copying.)Xerographic office photocopying wasintroduced by Xerox in 1959, and it gradually replacedcopies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper,mimeograph machines, and other duplicatingmachines. The prevalence of its use is one of the factorsthat prevented the development of the paperless officeheralded early in the digital revolution[citation

needed].Photocopying is widely used in business,education, and government. There have been many

predictions that photocopiers will eventually becomeobsolete as information workers continue to increasetheir digital document creation and distribution, andrely less on distributing actual pieces of paper.


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LASER PRINTING

Alaser printer is a common type of

computer printer that rapidly produces

high quality text and graphics on plain

paper. As with digital photocopiers andmultifunction printers (MFPs), laser

printers employ a xerographic printing

process but differ from analog photocopiers

in that the image is produced by the direct

scanning ofa laser beam across theprinter's photoreceptor.


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INKJET

An inkjet printer is a type ofcomputer printer thatreproduces a digital image by propelling variably-sized droplets ofliquid material (ink) onto a page.Inkjet printers are the most common type ofprinterand range from small inexpensive consumer models

to very large and expensive professional machines.The concept ofinkjet printing dates back to the 19thcentury and the technology was first developed inthe early 1950s. Starting in the late 1970s inkjetprinters that could reproduce digital imagesgenerated by computers were developed, mainly byEpson, Hewlett-Packard and Canon. In the

worldwide consumer market, four manufacturersaccount for the majority ofinkjet printer sales:Canon, Hewlett-Packard, Epson, and Lexmark. Theemerging ink jet material deposition market alsouses ink jet technologies, typically piezoelectriccrystals, to deposit materials directly on substrates.


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IMPACT OF THE INVENTION OF PRINTING

Religious impact Samuel Hartlib, whowas exiled in Britain and enthusiastic about social andcultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art ofprinting will so spread knowledge that thecommon people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed by way ofoppression. For both churchmen and governments, it was concerning that print allowedreaders, eventually including those from all classes ofsociety, to study religious texts andpolitically sensitive issues by themselves, instead ofthinking mediated by the religious andpolitical authorities.

It took a long time for print topenetrate Russia and the Orthodox Christian world, a region(including modern Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria) where reading ability was largely restrictedto the clergy. In 1564, a White Russian brought a press to Moscow, and soon after that his

workshopwas destroyed by a mob.

In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic or Turkishwas strongly opposed throughoutthe early modern period (printing in Hebrewwas sometimes permitted). Indeed, the Muslimcountries have been regarded as a barrier to the passage ofprinting from China to the West.

According to an imperial ambassador to Istanbul in the middle ofthe sixteenth century, it was asin for the Turks toprint religious books. In 1515, Sultan Selim I issued a decree under whichthe practice ofprinting would be punishable by death. At the end ofthe century, Sultan MuradIII permitted the sale ofnon-religious printed books in Arabic characters, yet the majority wereimported from Italy.

Jews were banned from German printing guilds; as a result Hebrewprinting sprang up in Italy,beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading toother cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno and

Mantuba. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses topublish Hebrew books,and many ofthose printed during this period carry the words 'con licenza de superiori'(indicating their printing having been licensed by the censor) on their title pages.

It was thought that the introduction ofthe printing medium 'would strengthen religion andenhance the power ofmonarchs. The majority ofbooks were ofreligious nature with thechurch and crown regulating the content. The consequences ofprinting wrong material wereextreme. Markowitz used the example ofWilliam Carter who, in 1584, printed a pro-Catholicpamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence ofhis action was hanging.

The widespread distribution ofthe Bible 'had a revolutionary impact, because it decreased thepower ofthe Catholic Church as the prime possessor and interpretor ofGod's word.


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IMPACT OF THE INVENTION OF PRINTING

(CONT.)

Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build on the intellectualachievements of earlier ones. Print, according to Acton in his lecture On the Study of History (1895), gave "assurancethat the work of the Renaissance would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultationof knowledge and ideas as had depressed the Middle Ages would never recur, that not an idea would be lost.

Print was instrumental in changing the nature of reading within society.

Elizabeth Eisenstein identifies two long term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print created asustained and uniform reference for knowledge as well as allowing for comparison between incompatible views.(Eisenstein in Briggs and Burke, 2002: p21)

Asa Briggs and Peter Burke identify five kinds of reading that developed in relation to the introduction of print:Criticalreading: due to the fact that texts finally became accessible to the general population, critical reading emerged becausepeople were given the option to form their own opinions on texts.Dangerous Reading: reading was seen as a dangerouspursuit because it was considered rebellious and unsociable.

This was especially in the case of women because reading could stir up dangerous emotions like love. There was alsothe concern that if women could read, they could read love notes.Creative reading: Printing allowed people to readtexts and interpret them creatively, often in very different ways than the author intended.Extensive Reading: Printallowed for a wide range of texts to become available, thus, previous methods of intensive reading of texts from start tofinish, began to change.

With texts being readily available, people began reading on particular topics or chapters, allowing for much moreextensive reading on a wider range of topics.Private reading: This is linked to the rise of individualism. Before print,reading was often a group event, where one person would read to a group of people.

With print, literacy rose as did availability of texts, thus reading became a solitary pursuit."While the invention of

printing has been discussed conventionally in terms of its value for spreading ideas, its even greater contribution is itsfurthering of the long-developing shift in the relationship between space and discourse.

The proliferation of media that Ong is discussing in relation to the introduction of the printing press, to the death of anoral culture and that this new culture had more of an emphasis on the visual rather than in an auditory medium. Assuch the printing press gave birth to a more accessible and widely available source of knowledge in the sense that itbroke down the boundaries between the possessors of knowledge and the masses.

The narrative or discourse now existed in what would become indirectly through time, the global village.The inventionof printing also changed the occupational structure of European cities. Printers emerged as a new group of artisans forwhom literacy was essential, although the much more labour-intensive occupation of the scribe naturally declined.Proof-correcting arose as a new occupation, while a rise in the amount of booksellers and librarians naturally followedthe explosion in the numbers of books.


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DESKTOP PUBLISHING

Desktoppublishing (also known as DTP)combines a personal computer andWYSIWYG page layout software to createpublication documents on a computer for

either large scale publishing or small scalelocal multifunction peripheral output anddistribution.The term "desktoppublishing"is commonly used to describe page layoutskills. However, the skills and software are

not limited topaper and book publishing.The same skills and software are often usedto create graphics for point ofsale displays,promotional items, trade show exhibits,retail package designs and outdoor signs.

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MECHANICAL

PRINTING


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LETTERPRESS PRINTING

Letterpress printing is a term for the reliefprinting oftext and image using a press with atype-high bed" printing press and movabletype, in which a reversed, raised surface isinked and then pressed into a sheet ofpaper to

obtain a positive right-reading image. It was thenormal form ofprinting text from its inventionby Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th centuryuntil the 19th century and remained in wideuse for books and other uses until the secondhalfofthe 20th century. In addition to the

direct impression ofinked movable type ontopaper or another receptive surface, the termLetterpress can also refer to the directimpression ofinked printmaking blocks such asphoto-etched zinc "cuts" (plates), linoleumblocks, wood engravings, etc., using such apress.


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MANUFACTURING:

NEWSPAPER PRINTINGNewsprint is generally made by a mechanicalmilling process, without the chemical processes

that are often used to remove lignin from the pulp.

The lignin causes the paper to rapidly become

brittle and yellow when exposed to air and/or

sunlight. Traditionally, newsprint was made

from fibers extracted from various softwood

species of trees (most commonly, spruce, fir,

balsam or pine). However, an increasingpercentage of the worlds newsprint is made with

recycled fibers.


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OFFSET PRESS:

MAGAZINE PRINTING Offset press article:Offset printing is a widely used printing

technique where the inked image istransferred (or "offset") from a plate to a

rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.When used in combination with thelithographic process, which is based on therepulsion of oil and water, the offsettechnique employs a flat (planographic)

image carrier on which the image to beprinted obtains ink from ink rollers, whilethe non-printing area attracts a film ofwater, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.


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GRAVURE

Rotogravure (rotoor gravure for short) is a type ofintaglioprinting process, that is, it involvesengraving the image onto an image carrier. Ingravure printing, the image is engraved onto acopper cylinder because, like offset and flexography,it uses a rotary printing press. The vast majority ofgravure presses print on rolls (also known as webs)ofpaper, rather than sheets ofpaper. (Sheetfedgravure is a small, specialty market.) Rotary gravurepresses are the fastest and widest presses inoperation, printing everything from narrow labels to12 feet (4 m)-wide rolls ofvinyl flooring. Additional

operations may be in-line with a gravure press, suchas saddle stitching facilities for magazine/brochurework. Once a staple ofnewspaper photofeatures,the rotogravure process is still used for commercialprinting ofmagazines, postcards, and corrugated(cardboard) product packaging.

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HAND PRINTING

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ETCHING

Etching is the process ofusing strong acid

or mordant to cut into the unprotected

parts ofa metal surface to create a design

in intaglio in the metal (the original

processin modern manufacturing other

chemicals may be used on other types of

material). As an intaglio method of

printmaking it is, along with engraving, the

most important technique for old masterprints, and remains widely used today.


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LINOCUT

Linocut is a printmaking technique, a

variant ofwoodcut in which a sheet of

linoleum (sometimes mounted on a wooden

block) is used for the reliefsurface. A

design is cut into the linoleum surface with

a sharp knife, V-shaped chisel or gouge,

with the raised (uncarved) areas

representing a reversal (mirror image) of

the parts to showprinted. The linoleumsheet is inked with a roller (called a

brayer), and then impressed ontopaper or

fabric. The actual printing can be done by

hand or with a press.


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SCREEN PRINTING

Screen printing is a printing technique thatuses a woven mesh to support an ink-blockingstencil. The attached stencil forms open areasofmesh that transfer ink as a sharp-edged

image onto a substrate. A roller or squeegee ismoved across the screen stencil, forcing orpumping ink past the threads ofthe wovenmesh in the open areas. Screen printing is alsoa stencil method ofprint making in which adesign is imposed on a screen ofsilk or other

fine mesh, with blank areas coated with animpermeable substance, and ink is forcedthrough the meshonto the printing surface. Itis also known as Screen Printing, silkscreen,seriography, and serigraph.


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WOODCUT

Woodcutformally known as xylographyis a

reliefprinting artistic technique in

printmaking in which an image is carved into

the surface ofa block ofwood, with the printing

parts remaining level with the surface while thenon-printing parts are removed, typically with

gouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut away

with a knife or chisel, leaving the characters or

image to show in 'black' at the original surface

level. The block is cut along the grain ofthewood (unlike wood engraving where the block

is cut in the end-grain). In Europe beechwood

was most commonly used; in Japan, a special

type of cherry wood was used


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LITHOGRAPHY

Lithography (from Greek - lithos,

'stone' + - graph, 'to write') is a

method for printing using a stone

(lithographic limestone) or a metal plate

with a completely smooth surface. Invented

in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder

as a low-cost method of publishing

theatrical works, lithography can be used to

print text or artwork onto paper or anothersuitable material.

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Digital,Hand and Mechanical Printing