Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Nichols PHHS

Digestive System Digestive System Anatomy and Anatomy and

PhysiologyPhysiology

Mr. NicholsMr. Nichols

PHHSPHHS

Cartoons of the Day!Cartoons of the Day!




MouthMouth

Hard PalateHard Palate– Anterior roofAnterior roof

Soft PalateSoft Palate– Posterior RoofPosterior Roof

UvulaUvula– Projection of soft palateProjection of soft palate

TeethTeeth

Deciduous teethDeciduous teeth– Baby teethBaby teeth

Incisors- cut foodIncisors- cut food Canines- tear Canines- tear

and pierce foodand pierce food Molars- grindingMolars- grinding

EsophagusEsophagus

Tube carries food to stomach (Avg 9.87 Tube carries food to stomach (Avg 9.87 inches)inches)

PeristalsisPeristalsis– Muscle contractions that move the foodMuscle contractions that move the food

PharynxPharynx

Passageway for food and airPassageway for food and air

Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands

Parotid glands- near ears in mouthParotid glands- near ears in mouth Submandibular and sublingual glandsSubmandibular and sublingual glands

– Produce saliva under tongueProduce saliva under tongue SalivaSaliva

– Moistens foodMoistens food– Helps start startch digestionHelps start startch digestion

Large Intestine (Colon)Large Intestine (Colon)

Absorbs water (5ft long)Absorbs water (5ft long) Get rid of wasteGet rid of waste AppendixAppendix

– Inflamed appendix=appendicitis Inflamed appendix=appendicitis

UC up close!UC up close!

PancreasPancreas Produces enzymes that breaks down Produces enzymes that breaks down

macromolecules (especially carbs)macromolecules (especially carbs) Empties into small intestineEmpties into small intestine Neutralizes gastric acidNeutralizes gastric acid Produces insulin and glucagonProduces insulin and glucagon

Liver and Gall BladderLiver and Gall Bladder

Produces bileProduces bile Bile enters small intestineBile enters small intestine Helps breakdown lipids Helps breakdown lipids Gall bladder stores bileGall bladder stores bile

How the stomach produces How the stomach produces Gastric Juice.Gastric Juice.

Gastric acid is produced by parietal Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells in the stomach. Its secretion is a cells in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically complex and relatively energetically expensive process. expensive process.

Parietal cells contain an extensive Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network from which the secretory network from which the gastric acid is secreted into the gastric acid is secreted into the lumen (Inside surface) of the lumen (Inside surface) of the stomach.stomach.

Disorder of the Day!Disorder of the Day!

Hepatitis (Plural Hepatitides)Hepatitis (Plural Hepatitides) There are five main types of hepatitis that

are caused by a virus, A, B, C, D, and E -Inflammation of the Liver.-Inflammation of the Liver.

Two types of HepatitisTwo types of Hepatitis Acute- Flu like symptoms, muscle and joint Acute- Flu like symptoms, muscle and joint

ache, fever, nausea or vomitting, headache ache, fever, nausea or vomitting, headache ect. Key Sign: Dark Urine, jaundice.ect. Key Sign: Dark Urine, jaundice.

Second TypeSecond Type

ChronicChronic Extensive Damage and scarring of Extensive Damage and scarring of

the liver (cirrhosis), this leads to the liver (cirrhosis), this leads to excessive weight loss, easy bruising excessive weight loss, easy bruising and bleeding tendencies. and bleeding tendencies.

TreatmentsTreatments Hepatitis A - this is caused by eating infected food

or water. The food or water is infected with a virus called HAV (Hepatitis A Virus). Nearly everyone who develops Hepatitis A makes a full recovery - it does not lead to chronic disease.

Hepatitis B - This is an STD. It is caused by the virus HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) and is spread by contact with infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids.

Up Close. Up Close.


Crohn’s Diseaseis a type of Crohn’s Diseaseis a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, causing a tract from mouth to anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms.wide variety of symptoms.

Cause: Unknown but there are theories, Cause: Unknown but there are theories, dietary and stress or genetics. dietary and stress or genetics.

SymptomsSymptoms

It primarily causes abdominal pain, It primarily causes abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is at its worst), inflammation is at its worst), vomiting (can be continuous), or vomiting (can be continuous), or weight loss, but may also cause weight loss, but may also cause complications outside the complications outside the gastrointestinal tract such as skin gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack of eye, tiredness, and lack of concentration.concentration.

TreatmentTreatment

Mild Symptoms: Mild Symptoms: Ciprofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole.metronidazole.

Severe Cases: Severe Cases: Treated with steroids Treated with steroids through IV, the disease and through IV, the disease and symptoms must be controlssymptoms must be controls

What is looks like!What is looks like!

Disorder of the DayDisorder of the Day

DiverticulitisDiverticulitis

-When a pouch forms in the wall of -When a pouch forms in the wall of the colon, the pouch typically the colon, the pouch typically becomes inflamed or infected. becomes inflamed or infected.

This becomes very painful. This becomes very painful.

SymptomsSymptoms

Belly pain, usually in the lower left Belly pain, usually in the lower left side, that is sometimes worse when side, that is sometimes worse when you move. This is the most common you move. This is the most common symptom.symptom.

Fever and chills. Fever and chills. Bloating and gas. Bloating and gas. Diarrhea or constipation. Diarrhea or constipation. Nausea and sometimes vomiting. Nausea and sometimes vomiting. Not feeling like eating. Not feeling like eating.

TreatmentTreatment

For mild cramps and belly pain:For mild cramps and belly pain: Use a heating pad, set on low, on Use a heating pad, set on low, on

your belly. your belly. Relax. For example, try meditation or Relax. For example, try meditation or

slow, deep breathing in a quiet room.slow, deep breathing in a quiet room. Take medicine, such as Take medicine, such as

acetaminophen (Tylenol, for acetaminophen (Tylenol, for example).example).

Dietary ChangesDietary Changes

You may be able to prevent You may be able to prevent diverticulitis if you drink plenty of diverticulitis if you drink plenty of water, get regular exercise, and eat water, get regular exercise, and eat a high-fiber diet. A high-fiber diet a high-fiber diet. A high-fiber diet includes whole grains, fresh fruits, includes whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables.and vegetables.

Disease of the DayDisease of the Day

JaundiceJaundice

-Literally means ‘yellow’ in French.-Literally means ‘yellow’ in French. -Yellowing of the skin and whites of -Yellowing of the skin and whites of

the eyes from the backup of bile into the eyes from the backup of bile into body tissues.body tissues.

-May result from a blockage of ducts -May result from a blockage of ducts of the liver which empty bile into of the liver which empty bile into intestines.intestines.

ExamplesExamples

Severe JaundiceMild Jaundice

TreatmentsTreatments Mild to moderate Jaundice usually go Mild to moderate Jaundice usually go

away with out treatment in 5-7 days.away with out treatment in 5-7 days.

Other cases require a treatment called Other cases require a treatment called ‘Phototherapy,’ this treatment breaks ‘Phototherapy,’ this treatment breaks down ‘bilirubin’ in the skin to non-toxic down ‘bilirubin’ in the skin to non-toxic levels. levels.

Pro Tip: Blood transfusions accelerate Pro Tip: Blood transfusions accelerate the rate of jaundice recovery. Why?the rate of jaundice recovery. Why?


Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC)Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC)

A form of ‘Inflammatory Bowel Disease A form of ‘Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), UC is a form of colitis, a disease of a (IBD), UC is a form of colitis, a disease of a colon. No known cure. colon. No known cure.

Characterized by peptic ulcers, or open Characterized by peptic ulcers, or open sores.sores.

Ulcer- A break in a body membrane. Ulcer- A break in a body membrane.

CausesCauses

Like Crohn’s Disease, scientists have no Like Crohn’s Disease, scientists have no definitive cause identified. definitive cause identified.

1.) Immune System: Virus or bacterium 1.) Immune System: Virus or bacterium may trigger UC, the digestive tract may trigger UC, the digestive tract becomes inflamed as the immune becomes inflamed as the immune system attacks the microorganism. system attacks the microorganism.

2.) Heredity: A random mutation or 2.) Heredity: A random mutation or inherited genes may cause the disorder. inherited genes may cause the disorder.

SymptomsSymptoms

1.) Diarrhea mixed with blood, often 1.) Diarrhea mixed with blood, often a gradual onset. a gradual onset.

2.) Rectal pain2.) Rectal pain 3.) Swelling of the abdomen 3.) Swelling of the abdomen 4.) Painful bowel movements. 4.) Painful bowel movements.

TreatmentsTreatments

The goal of medical treatment is to The goal of medical treatment is to reduce the inflammation that triggers reduce the inflammation that triggers your signs and symptoms. your signs and symptoms.

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Sulfasalazine, Corticosteroids. Sulfasalazine, Corticosteroids.

Surgery to repair/remove the ulcer. Surgery to repair/remove the ulcer.

Worst Colitis I’ve seenWorst Colitis I’ve seen

StomachStomach

Cardioesophageal SphincterCardioesophageal Sphincter– Opening at top of stomachOpening at top of stomach

Gastric JuiceGastric Juice– Stomach acidStomach acid

ChymeChyme– Substance left after stomach digestionSubstance left after stomach digestion

Pyloric SphincterPyloric Sphincter– Opening at bottom of stomach leads Opening at bottom of stomach leads

to intestinesto intestines

Can comfortably hold 1 liter of food, can Can comfortably hold 1 liter of food, can hold 2-3 liters (super full)hold 2-3 liters (super full)

Small IntestineSmall Intestine

Nearly all food absorption occurs here Nearly all food absorption occurs here (90%)(90%)

Three SectionsThree Sections– Duodenum (1ft-1.5ft)Duodenum (1ft-1.5ft)– Jejunum (Avg 8.2ft)Jejunum (Avg 8.2ft)– Ileum (Avg 11.5 ft)Ileum (Avg 11.5 ft)

-Length can vary greatly-Length can vary greatly

Between people (19-32ft) Avg: 21-23 ftBetween people (19-32ft) Avg: 21-23 ft

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Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Nichols PHHS