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Diasporas and Transnational Diasporas and Transnational Migrant NetworksMigrant Networks
►Global Patterns of MigrationGlobal Patterns of Migration
►Case studies: Europe; and US (North Case studies: Europe; and US (North Carolina)Carolina)
►Migration: Major issuesMigration: Major issues
Why People Migrate? Why People Migrate?
Theories in International StudiesTheories in International Studies
►"Push-Pull" Theory: "Push-Pull" Theory: ►Rational Economic Choices Rational Economic Choices
Pushed from poor places Pushed from poor places
Pulled to wealthy alternativesPulled to wealthy alternatives
Why People Migrate? Why People Migrate?
Theories in International StudiesTheories in International Studies
►"Migration Systems" Theory: "Migration Systems" Theory: ►Critique of Rational ChoiceCritique of Rational Choice
People don’t move just anywherePeople don’t move just anywhere Collective historical experiencesCollective historical experiences Macrosystems of economics recruitment, colonial Macrosystems of economics recruitment, colonial
legacylegacy Microsystems of family networks, Microsystems of family networks, --"--"Chain MigrationsChain Migrations""
Earlier Migrations vs. New MigrationsEarlier Migrations vs. New Migrations
►Globalization I:Globalization I: Southern Eastern Europe to USA, Southern Eastern Europe to USA, Northern Europe to Colonies, Northern Europe to Colonies, Asian Contract LaborAsian Contract Labor
►Globalization II: Globalization II: Displaced Populations, Political RefugeesDisplaced Populations, Political Refugees
►Globalization III: Globalization III: Developing World to First WorldDeveloping World to First World
Current Migrations and NetworksCurrent Migrations and Networks
►Movement to "Immigrant Nations" Movement to "Immigrant Nations" (Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina) (Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina)
►Movement from former colonies into Europe Movement from former colonies into Europe ►Movement from Asia, North Africa, and Movement from Asia, North Africa, and
Middle East to Oil-producing States Middle East to Oil-producing States
►Diasporas and Overseas Immigrant Diasporas and Overseas Immigrant CommunitiesCommunities
Who Migrates Today?Who Migrates Today?
►Movement from Poorer to Richer Nations Movement from Poorer to Richer Nations ►Blue-collar and Service Jobs:Blue-collar and Service Jobs:
Permanent or Short-termPermanent or Short-term
►Educated Professionals:Educated Professionals: Medical professions, engineersMedical professions, engineers 1972-1985: 145,000 science professionals from 1972-1985: 145,000 science professionals from
India, China, South Korea & Philippines to USAIndia, China, South Korea & Philippines to USA
►StudentsStudents►RefugeesRefugees
► Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, workers from Eastern Europe and Middle Eastworkers from Eastern Europe and Middle East
► In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted for 88% of population growthfor 88% of population growth
Europe, 1950-1988Europe, 1950-1988
►Germany - 25 millionGermany - 25 million Eastern and South Eastern Europe, TurkeyEastern and South Eastern Europe, Turkey
►France - 21.9 millionFrance - 21.9 million North and West AfricaNorth and West Africa
►UK, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia - UK, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia - 25 million25 million UK - UK - South Asia, CaribbeanSouth Asia, Caribbean Others - Others - Eastern-South Eastern Europe, Eastern-South Eastern Europe,
TurkeyTurkey
Case: Great Britain and ThatcherismCase: Great Britain and Thatcherism
►Margaret Thatcher, British Tory Margaret Thatcher, British Tory (Conservative Party) PM, 1979-1990(Conservative Party) PM, 1979-1990 Opposed influx of migrants from the former Opposed influx of migrants from the former
British empire, especially Caribbean, Pakistan, British empire, especially Caribbean, Pakistan, India, and Middle East; India, and Middle East;
seen as threat to English identityseen as threat to English identity
►But what was English identity?But what was English identity?
United States of America: United States of America: Some Immigration Statistics: Some Immigration Statistics:
►1880-19201880-1920: 30 million, : 30 million, Southern and Eastern EuropeSouthern and Eastern Europe
►1945-19901945-1990: 18 million: 18 million Northern Europe, Asia, Latin AmericaNorthern Europe, Asia, Latin America
►1991-19951991-1995: 1 million annually: 1 million annually West Africa, South Asia-Middle East, East and West Africa, South Asia-Middle East, East and
Southeast Asia, Central & South America, Southeast Asia, Central & South America, Caribbean Caribbean
Immigration in the U.S.A.http://www.immigration-usa.com/i_suphwy.html
http://www.wave.net/upg/immigration/resource.html
The New Melting PotThe New Melting Pot
State Growth1. North Carolina 73%2. Nevada 60%3. Kansas 54%4. Indiana 50%5. Minnesota 43%6. Virginia 40%7. Maryland 39%8. Arizona 35%9. Utah 31%10. Oregon 26%
Ranked by percentage increase of immigrants from 1995 to 1999**For states with a foreign-born pop. of at least 50,000 in 1995, Urban Institute
Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3
Percent Distribution of Foreign BornPercent Distribution of Foreign Bornby World Region of Birth: 2000by World Region of Birth: 2000
Latin America 51.0%
Asia25.5%
Europe 15.3%
OtherRegions 8.1%
U.S. Immigration DataU.S. Immigration Data
►The leading source countries for legal The leading source countries for legal immigration are immigration are 1.1.Mexico (91,000), Mexico (91,000), 2.2.Vietnam (78,000), Vietnam (78,000), 3.3.the Philippines (59,000), and the Philippines (59,000), and 4.4.the republics of the former Soviet Union the republics of the former Soviet Union
(44,000). (44,000).
►Undocumented immigration total Undocumented immigration total approx. 300,000 annually. approx. 300,000 annually.
Percent of Population with a Bachelor’s Percent of Population with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher by Origin: Degree or Higher by Origin: 20002000
25.8
32.9
44.9
11.2
36.8
25.6
TotalForeign
Born
Europe Asia LatinAmerica
OtherRegions
Native
Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3
(In Percent)(In Percent)
Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-3
Percent of Population with Full Time, Year Percent of Population with Full Time, Year Round Earnings of $50,000 or More Round Earnings of $50,000 or More
by Origin: 2000 by Origin: 2000 (Population 15 years and over with income)(Population 15 years and over with income)
19.1
33.229.5
8.5
27.524.6
Total ForeignBorn
Europe Asia LatinAmerica
OtherRegions
Native
Perc
en
t
Percent Distribution of Hispanic by Type: Percent Distribution of Hispanic by Type: 20002000
Mexican66%
Puerto Rican9%
Cuban4%
Central and South
American15%
Other Hispanic
6%
Top States in Percentage Top States in Percentage Growth of Mexican PopulationGrowth of Mexican Population
North CarolinaNorth Carolina 655%655%
GeorgiaGeorgia 460%460%
TennesseeTennessee 457%457%
ArkansasArkansas 390%390%
South CarolinaSouth Carolina 379%379%
AlabamaAlabama 368%368%
DelawareDelaware 321%321%
KentuckyKentucky 261%261%
New JerseyNew Jersey 258%258%
NevadaNevada 235%235%
U.S.U.S. 53%53%
Family reunification Family reunification Permanent migrantsPermanent migrants
Public School growthPublic School growth
Latino Organizations CBOLatino Organizations CBO
Hispanic leadership in Hispanic leadership in GovernmentGovernment
Mexican Counsel Mexican Counsel (Historic)(Historic)
Latino Legislative AgendaLatino Legislative Agenda
Hispanic voting potentialHispanic voting potential
Latino buying power Latino buying power interestinterest
Professional bilingual Professional bilingual searchessearches
Developed ties Developed ties
Rural community Rural community (church) (church)
Other industries Other industries
Meat processing Meat processing plants plants
Year round Year round opportunities opportunities
Public Sector Public Sector
Focus on interpretersFocus on interpreters
Single males Single males
Seasonal workSeasonal work
Dynamic immigration Dynamic immigration
Agriculture Agriculture
No participation in No participation in gov’t gov’t
Military Military representationrepresentation
1970-80’s 1980-90’s 1990 - 2000
30 years: Latinos in NC30 years: Latinos in NC
NC Hispanic Demographic GrowthNC Hispanic Demographic Growth
►Hispanic population in NC:Hispanic population in NC: 1990: 76,745 1990: 76,745 2000: 2000: 379,000379,000
►NC Metro Growth (now):NC Metro Growth (now): 44,000 Charlotte, 44,000 Charlotte, 34,000 Raleigh, 34,000 Raleigh, 100,000 Triangle100,000 Triangle
►NC Rural Growth (future)NC Rural Growth (future)
Cycles of the Migration ExperienceCycles of the Migration Experience
►Temporary Labor or Study Temporary Labor or Study ►Prolonged Stay, Links Develop, Ethnic Prolonged Stay, Links Develop, Ethnic
Network Network ►Family members join the WorkerFamily members join the Worker►Permanent Settlement (Children) Permanent Settlement (Children)
GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONGENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Dr. H. Nolo Dr. H. Nolo MartínezMartínez
DirectorDirector
Hispanic/Latino AffairsHispanic/Latino Affairs
Office of the GovernorOffice of the Governor
NC Latino Growth in NC
Contemporary migration: Major issuesContemporary migration: Major issues
► Complex identity formation: Complex identity formation: New working classesNew working classes transnationalism and disporatransnationalism and dispora
► Multiculturalism and "National Coherence” (politics Multiculturalism and "National Coherence” (politics of recognition)of recognition)
A new working class?A new working class?
►
•
Transnationalism and DiasporasTransnationalism and Diasporas
►Maintain close links with home Maintain close links with home countriescountries
►Play major role in political and Play major role in political and economic processes in their home economic processes in their home countries: countries: E.g. South African, Eritreans, immigrants E.g. South African, Eritreans, immigrants
(Post-conflict reconstruction)(Post-conflict reconstruction)
TransnationalismsTransnationalisms
National Identities and the Challenge of National Identities and the Challenge of ImmigrantsImmigrants
► Citizenship Rights? Blood or Soil? Citizenship Rights? Blood or Soil? ► Multiculturalism and "National Coherence"Multiculturalism and "National Coherence"► Europe: issue of migration from former colonies, Europe: issue of migration from former colonies,
workers from Eastern Europe and Middle Eastworkers from Eastern Europe and Middle East
► In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted In Europe, 1990-1995: migration accounted for 88% of population growthfor 88% of population growth
►Rise of anti-Immigration sentimentsRise of anti-Immigration sentiments►NetherlandsNetherlands►FranceFrance
Xenophobia and the New RightXenophobia and the New RightPim FortuynPim Fortuyn (Source: The Independent, Tuesday 7 (Source: The Independent, Tuesday 7
May 2002)May 2002)
Take the US Census Bureau Pop Quiz:
http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/foreign/p20-534/quiz/popquiz.html
Immigration in the U.S.A.http://www.immigration-usa.com/i_suphwy.html
http://www.wave.net/upg/immigration/resource.html
BBC Asian DiasporasBBC Asian Diasporas
►http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_family.shtmlnd_family.shtml
►http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_business.shtmlnd_business.shtml
►http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/news/asiand_politics.shtmlnd_politics.shtml
Europe: Migration debateEurope: Migration debate
►Sheila Barter, Le Pen’s success ‘stuns’ Sheila Barter, Le Pen’s success ‘stuns’ ethnic minorities BBC Online: ethnic minorities BBC Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1949154.stme/1949154.stm
►Paul Reynolds, ‘Fortress Europe’ raises Paul Reynolds, ‘Fortress Europe’ raises the drawbridge BBC Online: the drawbridge BBC Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2042779.stme/2042779.stm
►Rise of Pim Fortuyn and immigration in Rise of Pim Fortuyn and immigration in the Netherlands: the Netherlands: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/ihttp://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2002/europe_and_I…/n_depth/world/2002/europe_and_I…/netherlands.stnetherlands.st