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Distributed Generation &On-Site Power Conference
March 12, 2002Atlanta, Georgia
Presented by N. Richard FriedmanResource Dynamics Corporation
DG Interconnection: Will “Black Box”Technology Get the Job Done?
8605 Westwood Center DriveVienna, Virginia 22182
703/356-1300, Ext 203 | [email protected]©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20022 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
What is Distributed Generation (DG)?
Small power generating units that are close to load,under 50 MW, and most of output used by hostfacilityIncludes
– Combined Heat and Power (CHP)– Backup power– Niche applications such as premium power, peak shaving, and
green powerAbout 30-60 GW of DG in US (4-8 percent of allelectrical generating capacity)
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20023 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
The Dominant Myths ofDistributed Generation
Myth 1 - Lots of money is being madein the DG marketMyth 2 - DG can be installed for lessthan $500/kWMyth 3 - DG will replace central stationgeneration
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20024 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
The “Grid” is No Longer AssumedAs the Only Power Supply Option
Transition to competitive energy marketplaceunderwayNational concerns over grid reliability and securityare well establishedFacilities seeking more control over power supplyA diverse set of DG solutions emerging
– Fuel cells– Microturbines– Renewables– Reciprocating engines and combustion turbines
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20025 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
What’s the DG Market Opportunity?
Facilities use DG to generate power on-site in lieu of gridpurchasesCutting energy costs is a primary motivation, but boostingreliability and quality of power is also a driverCurrently, US manufacturers ship over $3 billion annually inDG worldwide, mostly diesel gensets for backup powerRough market estimates based on emergence of improvedDG units call for $5-10 billion annually in US markets alone(equipment and installation)Service market could be substantial at $1-2 billion annually
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20026 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
How to Get There
Emerging technologies must mature and provenoptions need improvementGrid needs to be DG ready– Interconnection technology issues need resolution– Grid/DG interactions must be encouraged
Backup powerSales to grid/net meteringTransmission and distribution system deferral valueGrid-independent operation?
Market should value non-energy benefits of DG
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20027 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Why Interconnect?
The users wants the ability to use both the DGand grid, sometimes simultaneouslyUtilities may want the ability to remotelydispatch a customer’s DG unit - the powerexport optionUser needs grid for backup, standby
DG
DGDG
DG
DG Can Be Applied at Many Locations
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 2002
©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 20029 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
DG May Interconnect with the Gridat Several Levels
DERDER
DER
DERDER
Requiring Dispatch and ControlEquipment at Varying Voltages
Complexity also varies by whether a single ormultiple gensets are being interconnected
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 2002
©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200211 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
The Interconnection System - Whyis it Important?
Understanding the interconnection "black box" marketis important to understanding the future role of andbarriers to distributed powerThe interconnection package is advancing quickly, withfunctional performance available today that was notpossible even 1 year agoThe convergence of software and hardware isproviding the protection relaying and coordinationfunctions at lower cost and at higher reliability
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200212 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
What is an InterconnectionSystem?
The equipment that makes up the physical linkbetween DG and the gridThe means by which the DG unit electricallyconnects to the outside electrical power system
Interconnection systems can also provides monitoring,control, metering, and dispatch of the DG unit.
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200213 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Interconnection “Black Box”The “Black Box” is often more than one boxThe interconnection “black box” provides a combination offunctions including power conversion, performance monitoring,protective relaying, and generator control and protection“Seamless” power transfer increases complexity with greaterdependence on sub-cycle transfer capability
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200214 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
DG - Grid Interconnection Options
No Interconnection - Complete IsolatedOperationIsolated DG - Automatic Transfer to GridParallel DG Operation - No Power ExportParallel DG Operation w/ Power Export
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200215 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
DG Application Benefits IncreaseWith Interconnection
But individuality of “Black Box”interconnection design, permitting,installation, testing and operationincreases costs
NoInterconnection
Isolated DEROperation With
Automatic TransferTo Area EPS
Parallel OperationTo Area EPS, No
Power Export
Parallel OperationTo Area EPS,
Power Export ToArea EPS
BaseloadCogenerationPeak ShavingEmergency/BackupPremiumRemote
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200216 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Technical Issues in Aggregation,Dispatch and Control
• Interconnection voltage and generator sizes• Utility and ISO interconnection requirements• Metering• Protection• System synchronization• Power system dispatch• Safety• Communications• Power quality• Islanding
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200217 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Interconnection System - Example
DER Prime
Mover
DER Electric
Generator
Power
Conversion
Local EPS
Protective
Relaying
Area EPS
Protective
Relaying
Interconnection System
TransferSwitch orParallelingSwitchgear
AC
Loads
Area Electric
Power System
UPS with
StoragePower
Distribution
Power Flow
Communication
Point of Common Coupling
Meter
DER Monitoring
and Metering
Dispatch
and ControlDER Control
DC
Loads
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200218 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Today’s Most CommonInterconnection Black Box
DER Prime
Mover
DER Electric
Generator
Area EPS
Protective
RelayingInterconnection System
AutomaticTransferSwitch
AC
Loads
Area Electric
Power System
Power
Distribution
Power Flow
Communication
Point of Common Coupling
Meter
DER Control
DC
Loads
Reciprocating Engine/Combustion Turbine Used for Emergency/Backup Power
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200219 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Alternative Configurations RequireDifferent Black Box Components
DER Prime
Mover
DER Electric
Generator
Power Conversion that Includes: Synchronization for Paralleling Operation Local EPS and Area EPS Protective Relaying DER Control and Monitoring Dispatch and Control
Interconnection System
AC
Loads
Area Electric
Power System
Power
Distribution
Power Flow
Point of Common Coupling
Meter
DC
Loads
Microturbine Used for Prime Power, as a Peaking Unit,For Backup or For Power Export
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200220 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Black Box Components areProduced by Over 80 FirmsManufacturer
Tran
sfer
sw
itche
s
Para
llelin
gsw
itchg
ear
Com
mun
icat
ion
and
cont
rol
DER
gen
erat
orco
ntro
lPo
wer
con
vers
ion,
Inve
rter
sM
eter
ing
and
mon
itorin
gR
elay
s an
dpr
otec
tive
rela
ying
ABB Automation, Inc. X X X X X X XAdvanced Energy Inc. X XAeroVironment Inc. X XAlpha Power Systems, Inc X X X XAmetek Power Instruments XAsco Power Technologies X X XAstroPower, Inc.Baldor Electric Company XBallard Generation SystemsBasler Electric Co. X X XBeckwith Electric Co., Inc. X X XCapstone Turbine Corporation X X X XCaterpillar, Inc. X X X X
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200221 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Protection Equipment• 81 O/U• 3PH 59• 3PH 27• 47• 59N• 51G• 50/51• 50/51G
Power MonitoringEquipment• 3PH• All powerparameters incl kwHkVA hr etc andharmonics• Modbus Output• Typically notRevenue grade, butmight be
All components interfaced with PLC or other microprocessor basedsystem controller
Typical “Mid Size” Interconnection System (4160V, 5.6MW on35kV radial feeder)
Duration of Interconnection
Continuous
Type of Interconnection System
Momentary(<100ms)
Extended(30 min - 12 hours)
Short(1 min - 5 min)
Closed TransitionAutomatic
Transfer Switch
SoftloadAutomatic
Transfer Switch
SoftloadParalleling
Switchgear
Peak ShaveParalleling
Switchgear
BaseloadParalleling
Switchgear
Customer Focus
Power Quality
Power Reliablity
Power Reliablity
Rate Abatement
Power Producer
Thousands of Installations
Hundreds of Installations (>250)
Hundreds of Installations (>250)
Over 100 hundred installations
25 - 50 installations
Scalability of Interconnection Systems
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200223 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Static Transfer Switch Pricing $/kW
0
50
100
150
200
250
$0.00 $100.00 $200.00 $300.00 $400.00 $500.00 $600.00 $700.00 $800.00 $900.00
$/kW
kW
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200224 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Inverter Pricing $/kW
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
$0.00 $200.00 $400.00 $600.00 $800.00 $1,000.00 $1,200.00 $1,400.00 $1,600.00 $1,800.00 $2,000.00
$/kW
kW
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200225 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Automatic Transfer Switch Pricing $/kW
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
$0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00 $70.00 $80.00
$/kW
kW
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200226 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Manual Transfer Switch Pricing $/kW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
$0.00 $50.00 $100.00 $150.00 $200.00 $250.00
$/kW
kW
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200227 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Interconnection Codes andStandards
Codes and standards primarily addressreliability, safety and power quality issues.Codes and standards set requirements for DGinterconnection equipment manufacture,installation, and operation.Major organizations:
– National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),– Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)– Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
BODY OF STANDARDSP1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.
P1589 Standard forConformance TestProcedures forEquipmentInterconnectingDistributed Resourceswith Electric PowerSystem.
P1608Application Guidefor IEEE 1547Standard forInterconnectingDistributedResources withElectric PowerSystems.
Guide forMonitoringand Control
Guide for NetworkInterconnection
Guide for Grid/DGImpactsDetermination
Guide forIslanding &Anti-Islanding
DG Specifications andPerformance
InterconnectionSystem
CertificationGuide
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200229 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Coverage of Standards
Limited coverage interconnection systems– IEEE P1547– UL 1741
Most standards apply to “components”Certification for grid interconnection is a hugegap
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200230 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Cutting Edge TechnologyDevelopments are Needed
Successful integration of all DER technologies into theutility networkCode and market requirements must be achievable bythe technologyIncreasingly need seamless transfer of powerMust build in design flexibilityIncreasingly complex control systems, parallelingswitchgear, transfer switches are needed for a smartsystem
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200231 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
Proposed RD&D Efforts
Defining a single communications protocol (“grid to chip”)Transforming the interconnection system into a set of plug-and-play componentsTurning the black box into a distributed metering and monitoringstation of a smart Area EPSDeveloping more flexible, adaptive, cheaper, and reliable controlsystems using digital processors/telemetry to perform enhancedmetering, logging and dispatchUsing interconnection control and monitoring systems toimprove DER environmental performance, as well as unitpredictive and scheduled maintenance
Distributed Generation & On-Site PowerAtlanta, GeorgiaMarch 12, 200232 ©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation
For More Information
www.distributed-generation.com“Richard Friedman”<[email protected]>
703-356-1300 Ext 203
Distributed Generation &On-Site Power Conference
March 12, 2002Atlanta, Georgia
Presented by N. Richard FriedmanResource Dynamics Corporation
DG Interconnection: Will “Black Box”Technology Get the Job Done?
8605 Westwood Center DriveVienna, Virginia 22182
703/356-1300, Ext 203 | [email protected]©Copyright 2002 Resource Dynamics Corporation