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Developmental+Psychology+
The+study+of+YOU+from+womb+to+tomb,+including+how+we+change+physically,+socially,+cogni>vely+and+morally+over+our+life>mes.+
Nature+Versus+Nurture+
While+going+through+this+unit+always+been+in+the+back+of+your+head….+
Are+you+who+you+are+because+of+the+way:+
• you+were+bornG+Nature.+• you+were+raisedG+Nurture.+
Physical+Development+Focuses+on+our+physical+changes+over+>me.+
Prenatal+Development+
• Concep>on+begins+with+the+drop+of+an+egg+and+the+release+of+about+200+million+sperm.+
• The+sperm+seeks+out+the+egg+and+aLempts+to+penetrate+the+eggs+surface.+
• Females have XX chromosomes; males XY. +
• Once+the+sperm+penetrates+the+egg,+we+have+a+fer>lized+egg+called……..+
The$Zygote$The+first+stage+of+
prenatal+development.+++
Lasts+about+two+weeks+and+consists+of+rapid+
cell+division.+
Zygotes+• Less+than+half+of+all+zygotes+survive+first+two+weeks.+
• About+10+days+aRer+concep>on,+the+zygote+will+aLach+itself+to+the+uterine+wall.+
• The+outer+part+of+the+zygote+becomes+the+placenta+(which+filters+nutrients).+
Now+called+an+Embryo$++• Lasts+about+6+weeks.+• Heart+beats++• Spinal+cord+&+organs+develop+• Reflexes+begin+at+7.5+weeks+(flex+head+away+from+s>mula>on+near+mouth).+
Fetus+• By+nine+weeks+we+have+a…+
• Kidney+bean+size++• Webbed+fingers++• Touch+receptors+around+the+
developed+by+the+twelRh+week+• Reflexes:++• touching+the+palms+makes+the+
fingers+close+• touching+the+soles+of+the+feet+
makes+the+toes+curl+down+• touching+the+eyelids+makes+the+
eye+muscles+clench+
15+weeks+• 3+inches+long++• Complete,+unique+finger>ps++
• The+fetus+can+grasp,+frown,+squint,+and+grimace.+It+may+suck+its+thumb+and+swallow.++
• Nerve+cells+have+mul>plied,+synapses+are+being+formed.++
• These+movements+correspond+to+the+development+of+synapses+in+the+brain.++
• 5+inches+long++• At+20+weeks+nerveGcell+
produc>on+slows+as+the+exis>ng+cells+grow+larger+and+make+more+complex+connec>ons.++
• The+senses+of+taste+and+smell+are+now+formed.++
• The+nerve+cells+serving+each+of+the+senses+are+developing+into+specialized+areas+of+the+brain.++
• The+fetus+can+feel+movement+and+may+respond+to+sound+as+early+as+24+weeks.++
20+Weeks+
Youngest+Premature+Baby+to+Survive+Born+at+23+weeks.+“Amillia's+hand+was+the+size+of+my+
thumbnail,+and+her+leg+the+same+length+as+my+liLle+finger.”++
25+weeks+
• by+about+the+6th+month,+the+stomach+and+other+organs+have+formed+enough+to+survive+outside+of+mother.+
• At+this+>me+the+baby+can+hear+(and+recognize)+sounds+and+respond+to+light.+
25G27+weeks+• At+25+weeks+some+babies+born+
prematurely+can+survive.++• Nerve+supply+to+the+ear+is+
complete.++• Brain+scans+show+response+to+
touch+at+26+weeks+and+to+light+at+27+weeks.+
• A+light+shone+on+the+mother’s+abdomen+will+make+the+fetus+turn+its+head,+indica>ng+some+func>oning+of+the+op>c+nerve.++
• The+eyes+open+in+the+womb+and+the+fetus+may+see+its+hand+and+environment.++
• ++
32G35+weeks++• Some+researchers+put+the+start+of+
awareness+at+the+32nd+week,+at+which+>me+neural+circuits+are+as+advanced+as+a+newborn’s.+Brain+scans+show+periods+of+deep+sleep.++
• The+fetus+begins+to+develop+daily+ac>vity+cycles.++
• At+35+weeks+hearing+is+mature.++• At+birth+the+baby+can+see+shapes+
and+colors+within+13+inches+of+its+face,+can+dis>nguish+loudness,+pitch,+and+tone,+and+may+even+show+a+preference+for+sweets+and+for+the+scent+of+its+mother’s+skin.++
Teratogens+• Chemical+agents+that+can+harm+the+prenatal+environment.+
• Alcohol+(FAS)+• Other+STDs+can+harm+the+baby…..+
• HIV+• Herpes+• Genital+Warts++
Healthy+Newborns+• Turns+head+towards+voices.+• Sees+8+to+12+inches+from+his/her+face.+• Gazes+longer+at+human+like+objects+from+birth.+• Infants+pay+more+aLen>on+to+new+objects+than+habituated+ones,+which+shows+they+are+learning.+
Reflexes+• Inborn+automa>c+responses.+
– Roo>ng+– Sucking+– Grasping+– Moro+– Babinski+
Click+on+pictures+to+see+clips+of+reflexes.++
Matura>on+• Physical+growth,+regardless+of+the+environment.+
• Although+the+>ming+of+our+growth+may+be+different,+the+sequence+is+almost+always+the+same.+
Click+to+see+movie+of+Captain+Marvel+and+his+matura>on.+++
Give+your+best+es>mate+of+the+age+at+which+about+50+percent+of+
children+begin+to:+++• Laugh++
• Pedal+a+tricycle++• Sit+without+support++• Feel+ashamed++• Walk+unassisted++• Stand+on+one+foot+for+10+seconds++• Recognize+and+smile+at+mother+or+father++• Kicks+ball+forward++• Think+about+things+that+cannot+be+seen++• Make+twoGword+sentences++
• Laugh—2+months++• Pedal+a+tricycle—24+months++• Sit+without+support—5–6+months++• Feel+ashamed—2+years++• Walk+unassisted—12months++• Stand+on+one+foot+for+10+seconds—4+1/2+years++• Recognize+and+smile+at+mother+or+father—4–5+months++• Kicks+ball+forward—20+months++• Think+about+things+that+cannot+be+seen—2years++• Make+twoGword+sentences—20–22+months++
Schemas+• Children+view+the+world+through+schemas+(as+do+adults+for+the+most+part).+
• Schemas+are+ways+we+interpret+the+world+around+us.+
• It+is+basically+what+you+picture+in+your+head+when+you+think+of+anything.+
Right+now+in+your+head,+picture+a+model.+
These+3+probably+fit+into+your+concept+(schema)+of+a+model.+
But+does+this+one?+
Assimila>on+When+you+first+meet+somebody,+you+will+assimilate+them+into+a+schema+that+you+already+have.++If+you+see+guys+dressed+like+this,+into+what+schema+would+you+assimilate+them?+• Would+you+always+be+right?+
Accommoda>on+
Changing+an+exis>ng+schema+to+adopt+to+new+informa>on.+
If+I+tell+someone+from+the+midGwest+to+picture+their+schema+of+the+Bronx+they+may+talk+about+the+gheLo+areas.+
But+if+I+showed+them+other+areas+of+the+Bronx,+they+would+be+forced+to+accommodate+(change)+their+schema+to+incorporate+their+new+informa>on.++
Cogni>ve+Development+
• Old+view:+kids+are+just+stupid+versions+of+adults.+
• Then+came+along+Jean$Piaget$
• New+view:+kids+have+different+understandings+of+the+world+than+adults+
Cogni>ve+Development+Piaget+believed+that+the+driving+force+behind+intellectual+development+is+our+biological+development+amidst+experiences+with+the+environment.+Our+cogni>ve+development+is+shaped+by+the+errors+we+make.+
Stages+of+Cogni>ve+Development+
Sensorimotor$Stage$
• Experience+the+world+through+our+senses.+
• Do+NOT+have+object+permanence.+
• 0G1+
Click+Mom+to+see+a+baby+with+no+object+permanence.+++
• Ages+2G7+• Have+object+permanence+• Begin+to+use+language+to+represent+objects+and+
ideas+• Egocentric:+cannot+look+at+the+world+through+
anyone�s+eyes+but+their+own.+(≠selfish)+• Show+mom+a+picture…+• Why+does+the+sun+shine?+“To+keep+me+warm.”+Why+
is+there+snow?+“For+me+to+play+in.”+Why+is+grass+green?+“Because+it’s+my+favorite+color.”+++
• Learning+Theory$of$mind++• Do+NOT+understand+concepts+of+conserva>on+
(upsideGdown+beaker)+• Sor>ng+Halloween+Candy+
– Jax:+Age+4 +Ella:+Age+7+ ++++Daisy:+Age+8++– Abbee:+Age+4.5+ +Anslee:+Age+7.5++++Tanner:+Age+7++
Click+the+boy+to+see+kids+with+egocentrism.+
Preopera>onal+Stage+
Conserva>on+Conserva>on+refers+to+the+idea+that+a+quan>ty+remains+the+same+despite+changes+in+appearance+and+is+part+of+logical+thinking.+
Click+the+boy+to+see+kids+trying+to+grasp+conserva>on.++
Concrete+Opera>onal+Stage+
• 8G11+• Can+demonstrate+concept+of+conserva>on.+
• Learn+to+think+logically+• Able+to+transform+mathema>cal+func>ons.+(4+++8+=+12+…+++++transforma>on++++++++…+12+–+4+=+8)+
Click+the+penguin+to+see+kids+try+to+grasp+concrete+logic.+
Formal+Opera>onal+Stage+
• 12++
• What+would+the+world+look+like+with+no+light?+
• Picture+God+
• What+way+do+you+best+learn?+
• Abstract+reasoning+• Manipulate+objects+in+our+minds+without+seeing+them+
• Hypothesis+tes>ng+• Trial+and+Error+• Metacogni>on+• Not+every+adult+gets+to+this+stage+
Cri>cisms+of+Piaget+
• Some+say+he+underes>mates+the+abili>es+of+children.+
• Informa;on<Processing$Model+says+children+do+not+learn+in+stages+but+rather+a+gradual+con>nuous+growth.+
• Studies+show+that+our+aLen>on+span+grows+gradually+over+>me.+
Social+Development+• Up+un>l+about+8+months+of+age,+infants+do+not+mind+strange+people+(maybe+because+everyone+is+strange+to+them?).+
• At+about+8+months,+infants+develop+stranger$anxiety.+
• Peaks+at+13+months.+++• Why+do+you+think+it+starts+at+about+a+year?+
ALachment+The+most+important+social+construct+an+infant+must+develop+is+aLachment+(a+bond+with+a+caregiver).++
If+parental+or+caregiving+support+is+deprived+for+an+extended+period+of+>me,+children+are+at+risk+for+physical,+psychological,+and+social+problems,+including+altera>ons+in+brain+serotonin+levels.++
Lorenz+discovered+that+some+animals+form+aLachment+through+imprin;ng.+(imprin>ng)+
ALachment+
Harry+Harlow+and+his+monkeys.++Harry+showed+that+monkeys+needed+touch+(not+nourishment)++to+form+aLachment.+
Click+the+monkey+to+see+a+video+of+Harlow�s+experiment.+
ALachment+
• Cri;cal$Periods:+the+op>mal+period+shortly+aRer+birth+when+an+organism�s+exposure+to+certain+s>muli+or+experiences+produce+proper+development.+
• Those+who+are+deprived+of+touch+have+trouble+forming+aLachment+when+they+are+older.+
Click+on+the+monkey+to+see+what+a+baby+monkey+does+when+he+HAS+aLachment+and+imagine+what+it+is+like+when+he+does+not+(like+above).++
Experience and Brain Development
Types+of+ALachment+
Mary+Ainsworth�s++Strange$Situa;on.++Three+types+of+aLachment:+1. Secure+2. Avoidant+3. Anxious/ambivalent+
Click+picture+to+see+clip+of+Ainsworth�s+experiment.+
Paren>ng+Styles+
Authoritarian$Parents$Parents+impose+rules+and+expect+obedience.++Permissive$Parents$Parents+submit+to+children�s+demands.++Authorita;ve$Parents$Parents+are+demanding+but+responsive+to+their+children.++
Puberty+The+period+of+sexual+matura>on,+during+which+a+person+becomes+capable+of+reproducing.+
Click+above+to+see+all+you+ever+need+to+know+about+puberty.+
Moral+Development+
Three+Stage+Theory+by+Lawrence$Kohlberg+
Kohlberg+(1981,+1984)+sought+to+describe+the+development+of+moral+reasoning+by+posing+moral+dilemmas+to+children+and+adolescents,+such+as+�Should+a+person+steal+medicine+to+save+a+loved+one�s+life?�+He+found+stages+of+moral+development.+
PreGconven>onal+Morality+
• Morality+based+on+rewards+and+punishments.+
• If+you+are+rewarded+then+it+is+OK.+
• If+you+are+punished,+the+act+must+be+wrong.+
Conven>onal+Morality+Look+at+morality+based+on+how+others+see+you.+If+your+peers+or+society+thinks+it+is+wrong,+then+so+do+you.+
PostGConven>onal+Morality+
Based+on+selfGdefined+ethical+principles.+
Your+own+personal+set+of+ethics.+
Kohlberg’s+Stages+of+Moral+Dev+–++Heinz+Dilemma++
• Woman+was+near+death+from+a+very+bad+disease.++• One+drug+could+save+her.++• The+druggist+was+charging+10+>mes+what+the+drug+cost+him+
to+make+G+$2000+for+a+small+dose+of+the+drug.++• Heinz+could+get+only+about+$1000,+which+was+half+of+what+it+
cost.++• He+asked+the+druggist+to+sell+it+cheaper+or+let+him+pay+later.++• But+the+druggist+said,+“No.”+• Heinz+got+desperate+and+broke+into+the+man’s+store+to+steal+
the+drug+for+his+wife.++• What+should+Heinz+have+done?+Why?++
Cognitive Development Developing Morality:
Moral Reasoning
Cri>cisms+of+Kohlberg+
• Carol+Gilligan+pointed+out+that+Kohlberg+only+tested+boys.+
• Overall,+males+tend+to+have+a+more+absolute+value+of+morality.+
• Many+females+tend+to+consider+situa>onal+factors+in+moral+decision+making.+
Heinz+Example+of+Morality+
Erik+Erikson+
• A+neoGFreudian+• Worked+with+Anna+Freud+• Thought+our+personality+was+influenced+by+our+experiences+with+others.+
• Stages+of+Psychosocial+Development.+
• Each+stage+centers+on+a+social+conflict.+
Trust+v.+Mistrust+
• Can+a+baby+trust+the+world+to+fulfill+its+needs?+
• The+trust+or+mistrust+they+develop+can+carry+on+with+the+child+for+the+rest+of+their+lives.+
• Who+do+you+know+in+this+stage?+++
• “Mommy!”++
Autonomy+V.+Shame+&+Doubt+
• Toddlers+begin+to+control+their+bodies+(toilet+training).+
• Control+Temper+Tantrums+• Big+word+is+�NO!�$• Can+they+learn+control+or+will+they+doubt+themselves?+
Ini>a>ve+V.+Guilt+
• Word+turns+from+�NO�+to+�WHY?�+
• "Mommy+watch+me!"++• Want+to+understand+the+world+and+ask+ques>ons.+
• Is+his/her+curiosity+encouraged+or+scolded?+
Industry+v.+Inferiority+
• School+begins+• We+are+for+the+first+>me+evaluated+by+a+formal+system+and+our+peers.+
• Do+we+feel+good+or+bad+about+our+accomplishments?+
• Can+lead+to+us+feeling+bad+about+ourselves+for+the+rest+of+our+lives…inferiority$complex.+
• "Plays+well+with+others."++
Iden>ty+v.+Role+Confusion+
• In+our+teenage+years,+we+try+out+different+roles.+
• “Who+am+I?”+• What+group+do+I+fit+in+with?+• If+I+do+not+find+myself+I+may+
develop+an$iden;ty$crisis.+• Who+do+you+know+in+this+
stage?+
In>macy+v.+Isola>on+
• Have+to+balance+work+and+rela>onships.+
• What+are+my+priori>es?+
• "Do+you+love+me?"++
Marriage+At+least+a+5+to+1+ra>o+of+posi>ve+to+nega>ve+interac>ons+is+a+clear+indicator+of+a+healthy+rela>onship.++Eye+rolling,+or+other+signs+of+lack+of+respect,+indicate+low+chances+of+success.++
Genera>vity+v.+Stagna>on+
• Is+everything+going+as+planned?+
• Am+I+happy+with+what+I+created?+
• Mid+–life+crisis?!+• "I+just+want+to+give+something+back"++
Integrity+v.+Despair+
• Was+my+life+meaningful+or+do+I+have+regret?+
• Robert+Sears+reports+that+in+actual+lateGlife+reminiscences,+even+those+who+have+enjoyed+excep>onal+career+success+aLach+greater+meaning+to+their+close+rela>onships+than+to+their+stellar+accomplishments.+
• Designer+clothing,+an+expensive+house,+a+sportscar,+a+luxury+yacht,+an+amazing+educa>onal+or+career+achievement.++
• Close,+sa>sfying+rela>onships,+especially+bonds+with+family+and+friends.++
Kohlberg,+Erikson,+and+Piaget+
Life+Expectancy+• Life+Expectancy+keeps+increasing+G+
now+about+78.7+years+in+the+USA.+• Women+outlive+men+by+4.8+years.+• More+males+are+conceived+by+126+
to+100.+105+males+are+born+for+every+100+female.+++
• About+60+million+women+are+missing+in+3rd+world+countries+because+of+female+infan>cide,+++sexGselec>ve+abor>on,+health+care+neglect,+nutri>onal+deficiency,+and+mistreatment+that+lead+to+death+
Old+Age:+Sensory+Abili>es+ARer+age+70,+hearing,+distance+percep>on,+and+the+sense+of+smell+diminish,+as+do+muscle+strength,+reac>on+>me,+and+stamina.++ARer+80,+neural+processes+slow+down,+especially+for+complex+tasks.+
Michael+N
ewman/+PhotoEdit+
Research+Methods+Cross<Sec;onal$Studies$
• Par>cipants+of+different+ages+studied+at+the+same+>me.+
Longitudinal$Studies$
• One+group+of+people+studied+over+a+period+of+>me.+
Alzheimer's+disease++• a+progressive,+neurodegenera>ve+disease+characterized+by+
memory+loss,+language+deteriora>on,+impaired+ability+to+mentally+manipulate+visual+informa>on,+poor+judgment,+confusion,+restlessness,+and+mood+swings.+
• AD+usually+begins+aRer+age+65,+but+its+onset+may+occur+as+early+as+age+40,+appearing+first+as+memory+decline+and,+over+several+years,+destroying+cogni>on,+personality,+and+ability+to+func>on.++
• Confusion+and+restlessness+may+also+occur.+The+type,+severity,+sequence,+and+progression+of+mental+changes+vary+widely.+However,+there+are+some+earlyGonset+forms+of+the+disease,+usually+linked+to+a+specific+gene+defect,+which+may+appear+as+early+as+age+30.+
Types+of+Intelligence+Crystallized$Intelligence$
• Accumulated+knowledge.+• Increases+with+age.+• Vocabulary+and+general+
knowledge+increase+with+age.+
Fluid$Intelligence$
• Ability+to+solve+problems+quickly+and+think+abstractly.+
• Peaks+in+the+20�s+and+then+decreases+over++>me.+
WellGBeing+Across+the+Life+Span+WellGbeing+and+people�s+feelings+of+sa>sfac>on+are+stable+across+the+life+span.+No+scien>fic+evidence+for+the+mid+life+crisis.+++
Death Elizabeth+KublerGRoss�s+Stages$of$Grief.$1. Denial$2. Anger$3. Bargaining$4. Depression$5. Acceptance$
Gene>cs+
• Every+human+cell+contains+46+chromosomes+(23+pairs).+
• Made+up+of+deoxyribonucleic+acidG+DNA.+
• Made+up+of+Genes.+• Made+up+of+nucleo>des.+
Twins+• Best+way+to+study+gene>cs+because+they+come+from+the+same+zygote.+
• Bouchard+Study+• .69+Correla>onal+coefficient+for+IQ+tests+of+iden>cal+twins+raised+apart.+
• .88+raised+together.+
Chromosomal+Abnormali>es+
• Gender+comes+from+23rd+pair+of+chromosomes…men+have++XY…woman+have+XX.+
• Turner�s+syndrome+is+single+X.+
• Klinefelter�s+syndrome+is+extra+X…XXY+
• Down+syndrome….extra+chromosome+on+21st+pair.+
Gender+Development+• Why+do+males+&+females+
typically+have+different+behaviors?++
• Biology$(neuroscience)$perspec;ve:$Corpus+Callosum+larger+in+woman.+
• Psychodynamic$perspec;ve:$$Compe>>on+for+opposite+sex+parent.+
• Social<Cogni;ve$Perspec;ve:$Gender+Schema+Theory+
• Behavioral$Perspec;ve:$Social+Learning+Theory+
Parental/Environmental/Peer/Cultural+Influences+Parents:$$
• Siblings+are+about+as+similar+as+strangers+picked+randomly+• Being+loved/belonging+makes+the+difference++Environmental:$$• Twins+who+share+a+placenta+are+more+alike+in+
psychological+traits+like+selfGcontrol+and+social+competence.++
• Rats+raised+in+solitary+confinement+without+toys+had+lighter,+thinner+cerebral+cortex++
• “Handled”+infants+gain+weight+and+develop+neurologically+faster+
• Kids+who+learn+an+instrument+before+age+12+have+larger+and+more+complex+neural+connec>ons+in+motor+cortex+
Parental/Environmental/Peer/Cultural+Influences+
Peers:++• Kids+will+eat+a+hated+food+if+peers+eat+it,+not+if+parents+ask+
• Kids+develop+the+accent+of+their+peers+rather+than+parents+
• Peer+smoking+is+more+strongly+linked+than+parent+smoking+to+adolescent+smoking+
Cultural:++• Behaviors,+ideas,+values+and+tradi>ons+transmiLed+• SocioGecon+status+best+indicator+of+lifestyle/success/health+
Gender Development • Gender - the socially constructed roles and
characteristics by which a culture defines male and female. – Influences on social development
How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ?
• Gender and aggression – Aggression - physical or verbal behavior intended to
hurt or destroy. • Physical versus relational aggression
• Gender and social power • Gender and connectedness
The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture Gender Roles
• Gender Role - a set of unexpected behaviors for males or for females. – Role - a set of
expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture How Do We Learn to Be Male or Female?
• Gender and child-rearing – Gender identity - our sense of being
male or female. – Gender typing - the acquisition of a
traditional masculine or feminine role. • Social learning theory - the theory that we
learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
• Transgender - an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.
