Development of Guideline of Performance-based Design for Steel Strctures in Korea.pdf

7/21/2019 Development of Guideline of Performance-based Design for Steel Strctures in Korea.pdf

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2 6 12 24

The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on

Structural Steel Construction

Nov. 5, 2009

POSCO Center, Seoul, Korea

- eynote Lecture -

Development ofDevelopment of

Guideline of PerformanceGuideline of Performance--based Designbased Designfor Steel Structures in Koreafor Steel Structures in Korea

Sang-Hyo KIM

Yonsei University, Korea

Co-authors :

Jung-Sik KONG (Korea Univ.)

Kwang-Il CHO (Yonsei Univ.)


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The 10th Korea-China-Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction

Performance-based Design for Steel Structures 2

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Overview and scope of the project

3. Guideline of performance-based design for

steel structures1) Concept and philosophy

2) Basis of performance-oriented design

3) Performance evaluation

4) Limit states in performance-based design

5) Contents

6) Examples

4. Other research results

5. Conclusions


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Performance-based Design for Steel Structures

1. Introduction - Development of design concepts

3

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

1900

1931AASHTO

standard

1st Edition

1983

1980-

1960

1995(SEAOC)

1900

2000

2000

ASD

Service load effects

should not exceed

maximum allowable

stress

USD

Service load

effect should not

exceed ultimate

strength of

material

LRFD

Evaluate structural safety by

considering probabilistic

characteristics of loads and

the strength of material

?

Prescriptive Design Performance-based Design

1900s

ASD

1960s

USD

1980s

LRFD

1983USD in Korea

1995

PBD concept

(SEAOC*)

2000s

PBD concept

in Korea

* SEAOC: Structural Engineers Association of California


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1. Introduction - Definition of Performance

4

- Define required performances on each construction stages (planning, designing,

constructing, maintaining stages) and evaluate whether those performances are

satisfying specified criteria or not.

- Performance-based design allows to use any kinds of structural types, materials,

structural analysis methods, construction methods if the required performance is

satisfied.

Performance-based design

Definition of Performance and Performance criteria

Performance : Certain qualitative level of important characteristics at any time

- Important performances : fireproof, durability, seismic resistance, fatigue (ISO 15686)

Performance criteria: Criteria which focuses on satisfaction of

performance throughout the service life


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1. Introduction - Characteristics and Advantages

Characteristics of performance-based design Design based on performance evaluation

Systematic performance criteria

Classification of performance requirement and capacity

Limit states to measure performance

Comprehensive performance criteria

Advantages Easy to adapt new materials and construction methods

Flexible to use complicated but advanced analysis methods

Easy to describe performance in plain language for clients and designers

Suitable for LCC analysis considering time-dependent decreasing durability

Easy to confront against to opening construction markets

Proper to improve domestic design specification

Appropriate to construction technology and establish international standards

5

GoalGoal

PerformancePerformance

RequirementsRequirements

Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria

Design concepts, evaluationDesign concepts, evaluation

processes, analysis methodsprocesses, analysis methods


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1. Introduction - Performance-based design vs. Prescriptive design

6

Performance-based design VS Prescriptive design

Performance-based design is not an alternative

design concept compared to ASD and LRFD.

Rather, it is a design concept that defines

rational performance criteria and evaluatesthemby considering the design, construction,

maintenance of specified structure

Prescriptive designs can be also used, if they

satisfy design criteria specified in performance-based design code


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1. Introduction - Performance-based design in other countries

7

PBD

ATC

FEMA

Caltran

Euro

Code

JSCE

NZ Code

Vietnam

Code

Hong Kong

Many other countries have been already introduced performance-based

design concepts in their design specifications or developing it.

Performance-based

design


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Research Groupfor

Standardization of

ConstructionSpecifications and

Design Criteria Based

on Performance

Concrete

Structures

Pavement

Constructions

Contract

Methods

Other

Construction

Fields

Steel

Structures

Development of

Guideline of

Performance-based

Design for Steel

Structures


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System of Performance-based design

9

Basic Concepts

Limit State

Durability

Limit State

Performance design

for structures- Define required performances

- Target reliability

- Seismic and wind design

Actions

Material

Structural

Analysis

Reliability

Analysis

Experimental

Test

SafetyLimit State ServiceabilityLimit State

Environmental

Limit State



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Comprehensive Consensus

by Research Group andDesign Experts

Monthly research

group meeting and

workshops

Performance-based

Design Guideline

Development Strategy

presentation tocheck

workgroup

progress

Specialworkshops

Special lectures by

international experts

Papers and

advertisements

Survey

questionnaires

Special forum and

technical presentations


Research activities


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Commentary

included

11

Finalreport

Guideline forstructural design

code draftingfounded on theperformance-based design

concept

Proposefurther

researchsubjects

Guideline of

performance-

based design

for steel

structures

Research outputs and applicable specifications that

help designing structures with performance-based

design concept

Supplementations of Guideline of performance-based

design for steel structures with helpful design

examples

Design examples included

Establish important concepts for future performance-

based design specification

Propose further research subjects to develop

performance-based design code for steel structures

Final outputs of research



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Concept and philosophy

12

Design structures by

current design

specifications

Prescriptive terms

Lack of specifications for

special applications

Performance-oriented

design guideline for

steel structures

Get free of prescriptive

terms if satisfies requiredperformances and has

verification procedure

Various specifications

(including current design

specifications) can be

practically applied

Compensate current design

specification Considering various

required performances

Should check

prescriptive regulations

Need to adjust target

safety level : under

requirements of client orimportance of structure

Need of specifications

under circumstances

above

Authorized design

specifications

Various analysis

methods

Reliability-based

design

New materials

Verification by

experimental test

4. Guideline of performance-oriented design for steel structures


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Basis of performance-oriented design (1/2)

13

Define rational

Performance

requirements

Performance evaluation

considering various conditions in design, construction,operation, and maintenance stages


Structural design should be carried out by reliability-based design referring this guideline.

Preliminary design ofstructural element

: use existing prescriptive design codes

Performance verification and improvement

: use Guideline of performance-based design

If the structure or structural elements are difficult toperform reliability-based design

Independent performance requirement or criteria can be adopted selectively


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Basis of performance-oriented design (2/2)

14


Code calibration is possible in performance-based design

Specific code is not exist for the

structure in design Target reliability can be modified

Performance verificationand

improvement: use Guideline of performance-based design

Target service life of structure should be defined considering itspurpose andperformance

requirement level

Minimize Life-Cycle Cost

Appropriate maintenance should be performed

Satisfy performance requirement considered in design


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Performance evaluation

15


Evaluation

Method I

Evaluation

Method II

Evaluation

Method III

ComparativelyComparatively accurateaccurate, but, but easyeasy andand simplesimple methodmethod for practical designersfor practical designers

Applicable inApplicable in commercial softwarecommercial software


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Limit states in performance-based design

16

3. Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures

- Define limit states in accordance with required performances

and calculate performance demand and capacity

PD: Performance Demand : According to Actions (Loads)

PC: Performance Capacity : Performance capacity of structure

- Limit states in steel structures

Safety

Limit State

Safety

Limit State

Serviceability

Limit State

Serviceability

Limit State

Durability

Limit State

Durability

Limit State

Environmental

Limit State

Environmental

Limit State


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Guideline of performance-based design for steel structures(1/6)

Section 1

General

Scope

Composition

Assumptions

Section 2

Concept of

performance-based

design

Definition of performance-based design

Characteristics of performance-based design

Performance requirement

Performance classification

Definition of limit states

Performance assessment and verification

Section 3

Methodology of

performance-based

design

Basic of design

Procedure of performance-based design

Performance assessment and verification method

Life-cycle cost analysis



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Section 4

Actions

General

Classification of actions

Combinations of actions

Characteristics of actions

Section 5

Material

General

Performance requirements on structural steel

Material properties

Performance-based design using steel

Section 6

Structural analysis

Structural modeling for analysis

Global analysis

Imperfections

Method of analysis considering material non-linearities

Structural analysis methods for performance-based design



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Section 7

Reliability-based

design

General

Statistical estimation of parameters

Evaluation of reliability

Level of reliability analysis

Reliability analysis of structures

Probabilistic load model for reliability analysis

Probabilistic structural resistance model for reliability analysis

Procedure of reliability-based design

Section 8

Performance

assessment based on

experiments

Scope

General

Classification of experimental assessment

Planning experimental assessment

Preparation for specimen

Setup experiment and data analysis

Loads for experiments and termination of experiments

Property assessment for materials of specimen

Report of experimental assessment



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Section 9

Safety

General

Investigation of resistant performance

Resistance

Section 10Serviceability

General


Serviceability evaluation

Section 11

Durability

Fatigue

Corrosion resistance

Section 12

Environmentalperformance


General procedure for environmental assessment

Method of environmental analysis



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Section 13

Performance-baseddesign of connection

General

Performance requirement for safety

Investigation on safety

General concept of connection design

Weld connection

High-tension bolt connection

Structural details of high-tension bolt

Pin joint

Section 14

Performance-based

wind design

General

Basis of performance-based wind design

Wind load

Necessity assessment for dynamic wind design

Wind dynamic analysis



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Section 15

Performance-based

seismic design

General

Basis of performance-based seismic design


Performance classification

Performance assessment

Appendix.Steel towers

Temporary structures



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Performance-based design examples Design examples using procedures specified in the guideline and datafrom final report

23


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

-300-250-200-150-100-500

Displacement(mm)

Loadfactord

Performance-based design

examples

Structural

analysisReliability

analysis

Safety

DurabilityEnviron-mentalPerfor-mance

Connection

Wind

Seismic

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

-250-200-150-100-500

Displacement(mm)

Loadfactord

Definding

purpose

&

range

Collecting

data Report

LCIA

Improvement

ExaminationDesigning

network

Applying

input

material

Calculating

input-

output

Grouping

result

of

LCI

Arranging

result

of

LCIA

Applying

database

LCI

Analysing

result


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Deformation serviceability (1/2) Various deformation limits from various specifications

24


U.S.: AISC Spec. for Structural Steel Building (2005)

U.S.:AISC Manual of Steel Construction - LRFD (2001)

EUROPE: Eurocode 1993-1-1, 1993-2 (2006)

HONG KONG: Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel (2005)

JAPAN: Standard specifications for steel and composite structures (2007)

KOREA: Standard specifications for steel structures (2003)

KOREA: Korean building code (2005)

U.S.: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Spec. (2007)

U.S.: AASHTO Standard Spec. for Highway Bridges (2002)

CANADA: Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (2006)

JAPAN: Japanese design code for highway bridges (2002)

KOREA: Korean design code for highway bridges (2005)

Given LIMIT

STATE

(Maximum value

or functions)

Should be

verified for

serviceability& durability

* Although most of the specifications are not prescribed lateral displacement of buildings, 1/500~1/1000 of

building height is traditionally used for high-rise buildings (Korean building code, 2005)


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Deformation serviceability (2/2) Various deformation limits from specifications


Prevent structurally or mentally undesirable effects

Prevent blazing effects of surface

Prevent cracks on surface

Prevent bonding strength weakening on the pavement

Prevent excessive flexural stress on concrete slab

Improve runability of vehicles Prevent effects of secondary stress (Prestressed members)

Prevent unpleasant vibrations (Vibration serviceability)

Prevent undesirable impact from vehicles (near expansion joint)*

By examine

serviceability,

safety,

durability,

aestheticality,

it is possible to

obtain required

serviceability.

Gather Desirable gap (for supports)

Prevent cracks on surface

Prevent damages on drainage system

Prevent anxious appearance (Cracks and large deformation)

Prevent removal of cladding materials

Purpose

for

deformation

assessment

Performance -

based design

Service

-abilty

Safety

Dur-

ability

Aesthe-

ticality

* On Eurocode 1993-2 Steel Bridge, deflection of parts near expansion joints in bridge

structures is limited as 5mm.

Th 10th K Chi J S i St t l St l C t ti


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Reliability-based design (1/4)Example I. Adjustment of structural reliability (1/2)

26


STEP 1. Design using Korean Highway Bridge Design Specification (MOCT, 2005)

- Allowable stress of steel : 190 MPa

L D

Designing section

R

L

L

D

D

R

R

STEP 2. Perform reliability analysis for the section

- Determine probabilistic characteristics of member strength (R) and

load (live load (L) and dead load (D)).

- Calculate reliability index Limit state equation : g = R-D-L

* Probabilistic models:

D:Normal (Ellingwood, 1982)

L: Type-I (Ellingwood, 1982)

R:Log-normal (Nowak ,1995)

The 10th Korea China Japan Symposium on Structural Steel Construction


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Reliability-based design (2/4)Example I. Adjustment of structural reliability (2/2)


STEP 3. Decide target reliability and adjust allowable stress

- Target reliability : 3.0 (as an example)

- To satisfy target reliability 3.0, allowable stress of steel is adjusted as 230MPa and 205MPa

(Reliability adjustment)

- Reduction of steel : 9.66%

Ps : Non-exceedance probability

=3.5,Ps=99.98%, Steel needed : 66,240 mm2

Design using Korean design code for highway bridges :

Allowable stress : 190MPa


Adjust allowable stress : 230MPa


Adjust allowable stress : 205MPa

3.5

2.0

3.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Allowable stress (MPa)

Adjust allowable stressTarget reliabilityindex ()

27



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Reliability-based design (3/4)Example II. Reduction of design live load (1/2)

28


Traffic control system using WIM sensor

Height

Restriction

Barrier

Monitoring

Camera

Monitoring

Camera

Monitoring

Cameras

Gate for

Emergency

Traffic Control

Gate

WIM Sensor

Smallpassenger vehicles freely pass the bridge

Vehicle that could not pass the Height Restriction Barrier should move to the way where WIM sensor is located

Over-weighted vehicles should detour around the bridge

Vehicles which WIM sensor admitted to pass the bridge should wait for a sign to enter the bridge

Reduce live load effect and its uncertainties



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Reliability-based design (4/4)Example II. Reduction of design live load (1/2)

29


OriginalOriginalDesignDesign

Uncertainty of live load L Live load effect L

Structural resistance R

Section area

TrafficControlSystem

ModifiedModifiedDesignDesign

PDF

Load

Resistance

Q

R

PDF

Load

Resistance

Q

0

0

R-Q

R-Q

SimilarPf

( similar )

R = iQi

R



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Vibration serviceability (1/4)

30


(1) Define required performance

- Required performances in vibration serviceability can be subdivided into lateral and vertical

vibration

Performance Required performances

Vibration

Serviceability

Lateral vibration

Vertical vibration

- Vertical vibration : Generally severe for motorway bridges and railway bridges

- Lateral vibration : Generally severe for seashore structures, towers, and cranes

- Both vertical and lateral vibration : Generally for pedestrian bridges

Required performances can be determined by the propose of structure



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p y p



31


(2) Determine required performance and performance classification

- Vertical and lateral required performances can be classified as follows (as an example) :

Conditions

Long exposure time

or

massive use(1)

Intermediate

exposure time or

common use(2)

Short exposure time

or

occasionally use(3)

Classification B C D

(1) Structure which has residents or is accessed by lots of users

(2) Structure which is accessed by moderate amount of users

(3) Structure which is accessed by few amount of users



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p y p



32


- Vertical vibration performance can be classified in accordance with a structure condition

(As an example bridge structure)

Conditions

Source of vibration*

Many

pedestrians(1)

Moderate

pedestrians(2)

Few

pedestrians(3)

No pedestrians

are allowed(4)

Abundant B C D E

Moderate B C D E

Few A B C D

Serviceability classes in Reiher-Meister curve

A : Just perceptible B : Clearly perceptible C : Annoying D : Unpleasant E : Painful

(1) Lots of pedestrians (including bicycles) are using the bridge

(2) Average amount of pedestrians are using the bridge

(3) Few pedestrians are using the bridge

(4) Pedestrians are restricted to across the bridge

*) Source of vibration

- Abundant : Lots of vibration occur due to running vehicle speed

and heavy traffic condition.

- Moderate : Moderate vibration occur due to running vehicle speed

and moderate traffic condition.

- Few : Few vibration occur due to running vehicle speed and

light traffic condition.



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(3) Performance assessment (evaluation)

- Designers can choose various evaluation methods regarding to the desirable accuracy

Performance assessment

methodsEvaluate indexes Examples of limit state

Maximum deformation due to

design load (1)Deformation,

Eigenvalues

Apply deformation and eigenvalues

into the Reiher-Meister curve

Artificial wheel load and frame

element model (2)

Displacement,

Acceleration,

Eigenvalues

Define a limit state by referring to

the Reiher-Meister curve

3-D vehicle model and shell

element model with probabilistic

variables(3)

Displacement,

Acceleration,

Eigenvalues

Define a limit state by referring to

the Reiher-Meister curve

(1) Evaluate static deformation of structure by considering impact factor : Not very reliable

(2) Improve moving force model to consider dynamic effects of vehicle : Highly reliable and comparatively easy

(3) Most accurate dynamic analysis model : Highly reliable and accurate, but hard to model

33



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Artificial wheel load

34


Propose easy and accurate dynamic

analysis method

ObjectiveObjective

- Consider dynamic effects such as bridge-vehicle interaction and road roughness during the analysis

- Perform dynamic analysis and serviceability evaluation using commercial FE software

- Consider dynamic effects such as bridge-vehicle interaction and road roughness during the analysis

- Perform dynamic analysis and serviceability evaluation using commercial FE software

Dynamic analysis

program

0 1 2 3 4 5TIME(sec)

0

20

40

60

80

WHEELLOAD(kN)

5 Axis trailer model

Generate artificial wheel load

0 100 200 300 400 500

1E-006

1E-005

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

Real PSD

Proposed PSD

Propose PSD function

of wheel load

1 10 1002 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 30 4 0 50 60708090

Frequency (Hz)

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Displacement

A : PainfulB : Unpl easan tC : AnnoyingD : Cleary perceptibleE : Just perceptible

Line/ScatterPlot 37

Line/ScatterPlot 39

Proposed Method

Moving Vehicle

A

B

C

D

E

A

A

1 10 1002 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 09 0

Frequency(Hz)

0.1

1

10

100

Acceleration

ProposedMethod

Moving Vehicle

Legend

A :PainfulB:UnpleasantC :AnnoyingD :ClearlyPerceptibleE:JustPerceptible

asdfasdf

B

C

D

E

0 2 4 6 8 1 0Time(sec)

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

Displacement(m)

1car

2cars

3cars

Apply on bridge dynamic analysis

and serviceability evaluation



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Environmental performance evaluation (1/2)

35


Evaluate environmental load throughout the life cycle of structure

Available to establish an alternative plan to reduce environmental load

Estimate environmental load quantitatively using each environmental impact categories.

Practical designers can make a technical decision regarding environmental performance.

Environmentalimpact categories

Global warming (CO2)

Ozone depletion(CFC11)

Acidification (SO2)

Eutrophication (PO43)

Photochemistry ozonecreation (ethylene)

Define objective and

scope of analysis

Establish database

Develop construction stages

Apply input materials

Calculate input & output

Apply databaseReport

Examination

Classify results from LCI

Characterize results fromeach stages and materials

Analyze results

Improvements

A

A

LCI : Life cycle inventory LCIA : Life cycle inventory analysis



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Performance-based Design for Steel StructuresReliability(Safety)

Life Cycle Cost

LCC

(Minmum LCC)

Environmental performance evaluation (2/2)

36


1.16E+07

1.79E+07

2.00E+07

2.63E+07

2.84E+07

0.00E+00

1.16E+07

1.74E+07 1.87E+07

2.45E+072.58E+07

0.00E+00

5.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.50E+07

2.00E+07

2.50E+07

3.00E+07

0 100 1 200 2 300

(

C

()

Carbon (CO2)

emission cost

Compare and determine

appropriate plan

Current recycling ratio

Target recycling ratio

W/O

Recycling

stage

Consider

recycling

stage

W/O

Recycling

stage

Consider

recycling

stage

W/O

Recycling

stage

Consider

recycling

stage

W/O

Recycling

stage

Consider

recycling

stage

W/O

Recycling

stage

Consider

recycling

stage

Global warming AcidificationEutrophication

Ozone depletionPhotochemistry ozone creation

Ph

otochemistryozonecreation

Environmental performance

evaluation results

Oz

onedepletion

Eutrophication

Globalwarming

Acidification

First Recycle Second Recycle

Time (years)

Globalwarming

Price

Expected

Maintenance fee

Alternatives

LCC analysis results

Optimal

Point

Initial cost



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37

1. General

1.1 Scope

1.2 Framework of design code

2. Performance requirements of structures

2.1 Objectives of structures

2.2 Performance requirement

2.3 Performance criteria

3. Performance verification procedures

3.1 Allowable verification procedures

3.2 Verification approach A

3.3 Verification approach B

4. Structural design report

Guideline for structural design code drafting founded on theGuideline for structural design code drafting founded on the

performanceperformance--based design conceptbased design concept



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Structural analysis Nonlinear-nonelastic analysis technology for steel structures

High-tech structural analysis

Reliability analysis

Probabilistic load and resistance model based on domestic data

Durability Durability test on corroded steel structures

Performance-based design specification for corrosion resistance

Environmental performance

Database for environmental performance assessment Criteria for environmental performance

38

Lots of other future research projects were proposed from different fields.

However, proposals from above fields are shown in this presentation as a representative.

Proposal of further research projectProposal of further research project



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39

- Based on this research, apply performance concepts into the current design specifications

- Achieve more rational design procedure with performance evaluation methods

- Perform more advanced and user-friendly design

Research applicationsResearch applications



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5. Conclusions

General provisions and some examples of the guideline of

performance-based design for steel structures are introduced

Performance-based design provides users with intrinsic guidelines to

assess the performance

Performance-based design is an innovative design concept which

may attain economical design

Fundamental concepts of performance-based design for steel

structures are determined through this study. Further researches

should be carried out for practical use of performance-based design

40



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Thank You

Prof. Sang-Hyo KIM

Structure and Bridge Engineering Lab.

School of Civil Environmental EngineeringYonsei University, Seoul, Korea

Tel: +82-2-2123-2804

E-mail: [email protected]

Documents

Development of Guideline of Performance-based Design for Steel Strctures in Korea.pdf