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Development of a Growing Degree Day Model for Plant Growth Regulators On Ultradwarf Bermudagrass Pu=ng Greens Wendell J. Hutchens 1 , William C. Kreuser 2 , and James P. Kerns 1 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University 2 Department of Agronomy and HorLculture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Introduc*on Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are frequently applied on ultradwarf bermudagrass pu=ng greens. PGRs are oTen applied to increase ball roll distance (i.e. green speeds), reduce excessive clipping yields, allow for reduced mowing, and provide more consistent playing condiLons. PGR applicaLon intervals for ultradwarf bermudagrass pu=ng greens are not well characterized. There is concern that PGRs are applied too frequently, leading to increased bioLc and abioLc stresses. Many ultradwarf bermudagrass samples submiXed to the NCSU Turf DiagnosLcs Lab for disease diagnosis have oTen been treated with frequent, high rates of PGRs. Growing degree day (GDD) models are used to determine when chemicals should be applied based on weather paXerns. GDD models have been constructed for PGRs on cool season turfgrasses, but not ultradwarf bermudagrass. These models are beneficial to golf course superintendents allowing for more accurate PGR applicaLon Lmings. Two common PGRs labeled for ultradwarf bermudagrass pu=ng greens include trinexapac-ethyl (Primo Maxx) and prohexadione calcium (Anuew). The influence of PGRs on ball roll distance and turf quality is vital for golf course superintendents managing ultradwarf bermudagrass pu=ng greens. Objec*ves 1. Develop growing degree day models for various PGRs 2. Determine effects of PGRs on ball roll distance and turf quality Discussion Growing degree day models revealed that average applicaLon intervals are 170.84 GDD for Anuew at the 0.056 g/m 2 rate, 152.6 GDD for Anuew at the 0.112 g/m 2 rate, and 215.13 GDD for Primo Maxx at the 118.294 ml/m 2 rate PGRs should not be solely applied on a calendar basis ApplicaLons on August 2, 2016 resulted in regulaLon unLl late September PGR applicaLons had minimal impact on ball roll distance PGRs only had a negaLve effect on turf quality for 1-2 weeks aTer each applicaLon Growing Degree Day Models Funding provided by • Study performed from July 5, 2016-September 27, 2016 at Lake Wheeler Research StaLon in Raleigh, NC • PGRs Primo Maxx (118.294 ml/m 2 ) and Anuew at two different rates (0.056 g/m 2 and 0.112 g/m 2 ) applied on July 5, 2016 and August 2, 2016 • Treatments arranged in a RCBD with 3 replicaLons6mlm 2 • Clippings collected 2-3 Lmes per week Methods • Clippings were oven dried for 24 hours at 60°C • Sand was separated using an electric razor to vibrate an oven pan propped at a ~30° angle and clippings were weighed • Ball roll measurements were taken in two opposite direcLons using a SLmpmeter® and turf quality was visually assessed • Data analysis was performed using SAS and growing degree day models were constructed using Solver in MicrosoT Excel • GDD esLmates used a base 10°C temperature Anuew at 0.056 g/m 2 rate Anuew at 0.112 g/m 2 rate Primo Maxx at 118.294 ml/m 2 rate Figure 1. Survey conducted for ~300 golf course superintendents (GIE Media Inc., 2015) References “Controlled growth.” Golf Course Industry, 30 June 2015, hXp:// www.golfcourseindustry.com/arLcle/pgrs-063015-pgr-research- criLcal/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2016. NCSU Turf Pathology. Trivia 4me! Which side of this 'Champion' bermudagrass green received a PGR applica4on recently??. 13 June 2015. TwiXer. hXps://twiXer.com/ncturfpathology. Accessed 9 Dec. 2016. Figure 5. Anuew at 0.056 g/m 2 rate growing degree day model Figure 7. Anuew at 0.112 g/m 2 rate growing degree day model Figure 6. Primo Maxx at 118.294 ml/m 2 rate growing degree day model Figure 2. Ultradwarf bermudagrass on the right exhibiLng phytotoxicity from a recent PGR applicaLon (NCSU Turf Pathology, 2016) Figure 3. Sand separa*ng mechanism Figure 4. Clipping collec*on PGR Rate July GDD Interval July Maximum Suppression August GDD Interval August Maximum Suppression Average GDD Interval Average Maximum Suppression Anuew 0.056 g/m 2 191.32 81% 150.35 80% 170.84 80.50% Anuew 0.112 g/m 2 170.92 81% 134.27 87% 152.6 84% Primo Maxx 118 ml/m 2 281.21 73% 149.04 91% 215.13 82% Growing Degree Day Model Results Table 1. ApplicaLon intervals and maximum suppression for each PGR b a c a a a c a bc ab bc c ab c a b b b a a b b a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Figure 8. Effect of PGRs on ball roll distance Figure 9. Effect of PGRs on turf quality Anuew 0.056 g/m 2 Anuew 0.112 g/m 2 Primo Maxx 118.294 ml/m 2 Control Figure 10. Plot 2 weeks aTer applicaLon of Anuew at 0.056 g/m 2 rate Figure 11. Plot 2 weeks aTer applicaLon of Anuew at 0.112 g/m 2 rate Figure 12. Plot 2 weeks aTer applicaLon of Primo Maxx at 118.294 ml/m 2 rate Figure 13. Plot 2 weeks aTer no applicaLon of PGR 50% more 47.2% the same 2.8% less Growth RelaLve to Control Growing Degree Days Growing Degree Days Growing Degree Days Growth RelaLve to Control Growth RelaLve to Control

Development of a Growing Degree Day Model for Plant Growth

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Page 1: Development of a Growing Degree Day Model for Plant Growth

DevelopmentofaGrowingDegreeDayModelforPlantGrowthRegulatorsOnUltradwarfBermudagrassPu=ngGreens

WendellJ.Hutchens1,WilliamC.Kreuser2,andJamesP.Kerns1

1DepartmentofEntomologyandPlantPathology,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity2DepartmentofAgronomyandHorLculture,UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln

Introduc*on

Plantgrowthregulators(PGRs)arefrequentlyappliedonultradwarfbermudagrasspu=nggreens.PGRsareoTenappliedtoincreaseballrolldistance(i.e.greenspeeds),reduceexcessiveclippingyields,allowforreducedmowing,andprovidemoreconsistentplayingcondiLons.PGRapplicaLonintervalsforultradwarfbermudagrasspu=nggreensarenotwellcharacterized.ThereisconcernthatPGRsareappliedtoofrequently,leadingtoincreasedbioLcandabioLcstresses.ManyultradwarfbermudagrasssamplessubmiXedtotheNCSUTurfDiagnosLcsLabfordiseasediagnosishaveoTenbeentreatedwithfrequent,highratesofPGRs.Growingdegreeday(GDD)modelsareusedtodeterminewhenchemicalsshouldbeappliedbasedonweatherpaXerns.GDDmodelshavebeenconstructedforPGRsoncoolseasonturfgrasses,butnotultradwarfbermudagrass.ThesemodelsarebeneficialtogolfcoursesuperintendentsallowingformoreaccuratePGRapplicaLonLmings.TwocommonPGRslabeledforultradwarfbermudagrasspu=nggreensincludetrinexapac-ethyl(PrimoMaxx)andprohexadionecalcium(Anuew).TheinfluenceofPGRsonballrolldistanceandturfqualityisvitalforgolfcoursesuperintendentsmanagingultradwarfbermudagrasspu=nggreens.

Objec*ves1.  DevelopgrowingdegreedaymodelsforvariousPGRs

2.  DetermineeffectsofPGRsonballrolldistanceandturfquality

DiscussionGrowingdegreedaymodelsrevealedthataverageapplicaLonintervalsare170.84GDDforAnuewatthe0.056g/m2rate,152.6GDDforAnuewatthe0.112g/m2rate,and215.13GDDforPrimoMaxxatthe118.294ml/m2rate

PGRsshouldnotbesolelyappliedonacalendarbasisApplicaLonsonAugust2,2016resultedinregulaLonunLllateSeptemberPGRapplicaLonshadminimalimpactonballrolldistance

PGRsonlyhadanegaLveeffectonturfqualityfor1-2weeksaTereachapplicaLon

GrowingDegreeDayModels

Fundingprovidedby

WheelerTurfResearchFarm•  StudyperformedfromJuly5,

2016-September27,2016atLakeWheelerResearchStaLoninRaleigh,NC

•  PGRsPrimoMaxx(118.294ml/m2)andAnuewattwodifferentrates(0.056g/m2and0.112g/m2)appliedonJuly5,2016andAugust2,2016

•  TreatmentsarrangedinaRCBDwith3replicaLons6mlm2

•  Clippingscollected2-3Lmesperweek

Methods

•  Clippingswereovendriedfor24hoursat60°C•  Sandwasseparatedusinganelectricrazortovibrateanovenpanpropped

ata~30°angleandclippingswereweighed

•  BallrollmeasurementsweretakenintwooppositedirecLonsusingaSLmpmeter®andturfqualitywasvisuallyassessed

•  DataanalysiswasperformedusingSASandgrowingdegreedaymodelswereconstructedusingSolverinMicrosoTExcel

•  GDDesLmatesusedabase10°Ctemperature

Anuewat0.056g/m2rate Anuewat0.112g/m2rate

PrimoMaxxat118.294ml/m2rate

Figure1.Surveyconductedfor~300golfcoursesuperintendents(GIEMediaInc.,2015)

References

“Controlledgrowth.”GolfCourseIndustry,30June2015,hXp://www.golfcourseindustry.com/arLcle/pgrs-063015-pgr-research-criLcal/.Accessed8Dec.2016.NCSUTurfPathology.Trivia4me!Whichsideofthis'Champion'bermudagrassgreenreceivedaPGRapplica4onrecently??.13June2015.TwiXer.hXps://twiXer.com/ncturfpathology.Accessed9Dec.2016.

Figure5.Anuewat0.056g/m2rategrowingdegreedaymodel Figure7.Anuewat0.112g/m2rategrowingdegreedaymodel

Figure6.PrimoMaxxat118.294ml/m2rategrowingdegreedaymodel

Figure2.UltradwarfbermudagrassontherightexhibiLngphytotoxicityfromarecentPGRapplicaLon(NCSUTurfPathology,2016)

Figure3.Sandsepara*ngmechanism

Figure4.Clippingcollec*on

PGR Rate JulyGDDInterval

JulyMaximumSuppression

AugustGDDInterval

AugustMaximumSuppression

AverageGDDInterval

AverageMaximumSuppression

Anuew 0.056g/m2 191.32 81% 150.35 80% 170.84 80.50%

Anuew 0.112g/m2 170.92 81% 134.27 87% 152.6 84%

PrimoMaxx 118ml/m2 281.21 73% 149.04 91% 215.13 82%

GrowingDegreeDayModelResults

Table1.ApplicaLonintervalsandmaximumsuppressionforeachPGR

b

a

c

aa

a

c

a

bc

abbc

c

ab

c

a

bb

b

aa

bb

a

aaa

a

aa

a

aa

a

a

aaaa

Figure8.EffectofPGRsonballrolldistance

Figure9.EffectofPGRsonturfquality

Anuew0.056g/m2 Anuew0.112g/m2

PrimoMaxx118.294ml/m2 Control

Figure10.Plot2weeksaTerapplicaLonofAnuewat0.056g/m2

rate

Figure11.Plot2weeksaTerapplicaLonofAnuewat0.112g/m2

rate

Figure12.Plot2weeksaTerapplicaLonofPrimoMaxxat118.294ml/m2rate

Figure13.Plot2weeksaTernoapplicaLonofPGR

50%more47.2%thesame

2.8%less

Grow

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Con

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GrowingDegreeDays

GrowingDegreeDaysGrowingDegreeDays

Grow

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Con

trol

Grow

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