Growing expertise for plant conservation

Why Kew is committed tobuilding capacity for plantconservationConservation action worldwide is compromised by a shortage oftrained biodiversity and conservation specialists working withadequate facilities.This lack of capacity must be addressed if theinternational conservation and development targets, towards whichKew and its partners are working, are to be met.The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Global Strategyfor Plant Conservation (GSPC) and the Millennium DevelopmentGoals all recognise the need to build scientific and technologicalcapacities globally. Existing capacity does not map with need –regions with the highest biodiversity usually have the fewest skilledspecialists. But the problem also exists within Europe, as highlightedin the 2008 European Strategy for Plant Conservation, and withinthe UK itself.Skills in taxonomy (identifying plants and understanding their inter-relationships), in situ biodiversity management and ex situconservation of both wild and domestic biodiversity are particularlyneeded.An increased understanding of the components ofbiodiversity is essential for effective decision making aboutconservation and sustainable use.There is also a need for appropriatetools and technology, ranging from field guides and vegetation mapsto suitably equipped research facilities.Dealing with the shortage of skills and resources is becoming evenmore urgent in the face of climate change, as plants and plantconservation are vital in providing long-term sustainable solutions.Many of Kew’s partners work in areas where biodiversity willexperience the first major impacts of climate change.Kew remains committed to working with its partners to build globalcapacity for conservation by sharing its knowledge and skills.

Kew’s Mission

We are achieving this through partnership and collaboration, foundedupon capacity building, education and training in our areas ofexpertise – plant diversity, science, collections, conservation,environmental sustainability, horticulture and education.Kew’s capacity building covers a spectrum from short trainingcourses and technical support, to sustained long-term partnerships.The goal is always the same: to transfer the knowledge and skillsneeded to enable the people and organizations we work with torespond to botanical, horticultural and plant conservation challenges.Kew’s work is enriched by this exchange.

Kew’s Learning Action Plan:

The four priorities of Kew’s learning action plan areto inspire its visitors, to develop the gold standardfor digital plant content and services, to enhancecapacity worldwide through higher education andtraining, and to reach out to children.

To inspire and deliver science-based plantconservation worldwide, enhancing the quality of life

We are delivering

Inspiration for the next generation of plant scientists• year-long placements for 18 sandwich students annually

• teaching days for undergraduate biologists provided for >10 universities annually

Specialist training• specialist modules delivered to >100 students on 9 different MSc courses

Research opportunities to build the knowledge base• >150 PhD students supervised since 2001

• >90 research fellowships for early career scientists since 1993

• >330 co-authored journal articles with PhD students since 2001

Horticulture skills for conservation • 107 Kew Diploma graduates since 2001

• >200 horticulture interns since 2001

Professional DevelopmentKew International Diplomas in:

• Plant Conservation Strategies

• Herbarium Techniques

• Botanic Garden Management

• Botanic Garden Education

awarded to 377 people from 103 countries since 1987

Increased numbers of trained people • short courses in seed collection and conservation delivered to >1150 people from 43

countries

• other specialist short courses (UK and overseas) delivered to >300 people in 9 countries

• regional herbarium management courses delivered in Brazil, Cameroon, China, Malaysia,Papua, Russia, Trinidad and Turkey to >200 participants

• support and training for partners through 17 Darwin Initiative projects since 2001

• >20 people trained in digitisation techniques to support conservation

Skills to implement and enforce international treaties• CITES training delivered to >350 UK and overseas enforcement officials

• training activities regularly provided for CBD policymakers

• two regional GSPC implementation courses delivered to delegates from 26 countries;several have since become national GSPC focal points

• training manuals and presentations for CITES and CBD implementation

RBG Kew is an Affiliated Research Centre of theOpen University and able to offer postgraduatedegrees under this scheme. Maria Vorontsovacompleted her PhD in 2008 under this programme:“Doing a PhD through the Open University has beenan amazing opportunity for me. I was able to pursueresearch in the evolution of tropical Euphorbiaceae.No PhD studentships were available and I wouldotherwise not have been able to work towards adoctorate in this area. The Open UniversityProgramme at Kew enabled me to be supervised bythe two best specialists in their fields. I supportedmyself by doing curatorial work in Kew Library andcompiling the International Plant Names Index,picking up useful skills for my research. Kew helpedsupport course fees and fieldwork. Four and a halfyears later, I have completed the PhD, and now havethe skills I need for a career in plant systematics andevolution research and have just started a post-docat the Natural History Museum”.

Malin Rivers’ PhD is on the conservationstatus and conservation genetics of thegenus Delonix in Madagascar. Malin isground-truthing the effectiveness of GIStools for assigning preliminary IUCN ratingsto species. She is studying the geneticdiversity of fragmented subpopulations ofDelonix species and modelling the futureimpacts of climate change on thedistribution and conservation status of theseendemic Madagascan legumes.

With its wide-ranging botanical research programmeand carefully curated plant collections, RBG Kew isa valuable resource for postgraduate education.We work closely with many universities tooffer taught modules for Masters studentsand research opportunities for PhDstudents and for post-doctoral scientists.Kew staff currently supervise around75 PhD students, around 35% of themfrom Africa,Asia or Latin America.A Kew-supervised PhD is often thestart of a lasting collaboration.

Xiangyun Yang spent 3 years at Kew as part of her PhD studies into thestorage, germination and characterisation of Cactaceae seed. Shesubsequently joined the Kunming Institute of Botany in Yunnan Provinceand has played a key role in the development of China's GermplasmBank of Wild Species (GBWS), one of the Chinese Academy of Sciences'(CAS) most important projects. Kew has a 10 year agreement with CASto promote and emphasize the conservation and research of wild plantspecies and to encourage the exchange of scientific information.

Building the knowledge base

www.kew.org/education/phd

Kew’s MSc activities give students an opportunity to hear at firsthand from specialist practitioners. Many choose to carry out theirresearch projects with Kew in such diverse fields as conservationgenetics, wood identification, seed ageing and storage, ethnobotanyand plant conservation.

Kew is one of three institutional partners withImperial College, London in a new MSc inConservation Science. Part of the course is taughtat Kew which provides students with experienceof real conservation projects being undertaken byKew staff. Students can carry out a 6-monthresearch project with Kew staff. During 2008 twostudents undertook projects in Montserrat, oneon threatened species and one on invasivespecies. Results from both these projects have feddirectly into conservation planning in Montserrat.

We teach a module on seed banking for SussexUniversity’s MSc in Plant Conservation and severalstudents have completed 5-month researchprojects on various aspects of seed conservation.Thomas Roach’s MSc project on orchid seedbiology gave him an insight into the possibility ofcombining an interest in conservation with theexcitement of research and he is now in the finalyear of a PhD in the Seed ConservationDepartment looking at reactive oxygen species asmarkers of seed quality. He has already publishedone paper and hopes to continue his seedbiochemistry research.

Frederic Lens worked with Steven Jansen on comparative woodanatomy of Ericales. His PhD focussed on the phylogenetic andecological variation of wood in this large order. He used woodslides from the Jodrell slide collection and wood samples fromthe economic botany collection and was awarded his PhD in May2005. He now holds a postdoctoral position from the Fund forScientific Research in Flanders (Belgium).

David Rabaey started his PhD in September 2006 and obtainedtraining at the Jodrell Laboratory during various visits to Kew inscanning and transmission electron microscopy. His PhD focuseson the micromorphological variation of intervessel pits,integrating ultrastructural and developmental aspects of pitmembranes into a phylogenetic framework.

For Ameur El Aissi it started with taking the Plant ConservationTechniques course at Kew in 1998 as part of a Darwin Initiativeproject on medicinal plants in Tunisia managed by ProfessorMonique Simmonds from Kew’s Jodrell Laboratory. Out of thisdeveloped a PhD proposal and Ameur is writing up his thesis onthe medicinal uses of essential oils of several Eucalyptus species.

Miranda Jones visited Montserrat during herImperial College MSc in conservation science.“Working with Kew gave me the invaluableopportunity of taking part in an ongoing andsuccessful Darwin Initiative project. Sevenweeks fieldwork in Montserrat taught memuch about Montserrat’s flora, its uses andthreats, as well as the challenges of realconservation, where development objectivesand socio-economic needs of localcommunities are key. I truly enjoyed thisexperience and thank staff at Kew and inMontserrat as without their knowledge andadvice, I would not have been able to developand combine as many ideas and data sourcesto construct an output that I hope will beuseful to the conservation of Montserrat’sendemic plants”.

Natalie Calderon (ERMPerú SA) was awarded aFellowship to study thetaxonomy andconservation ofHaageocereus in Peru.“Professionally theFellowship has increasedthe quality and scientificlevel of my botanical

research, particularly with the Cactaceae. The experience ofresearch in the Kew Herbarium and personal contact withseveral botanists has enriched my way of studying botanicalspecimens. I became a more critical, analytical andcommitted researcher. I feel more confident about doingtaxonomy and writing up descriptions, not only of thespecimens I know but also in a wider context.” Natalie’sFellowship research also formed the core of her MPhilawarded by the Open University under Kew’s AffiliatedResearch Centre Scheme.

During his Fellowship,Favio Gonzalez (Instituteof Natural Sciences –National University ofColombia) studied thefloral ontogeny andmorphology of theMetteniusaceae and theevolution of thegynoecium in the Lamiid

clade. “My first KLARF award in 2000 gave me theopportunity to take part in new research projects and tocontinue collaboration with scientists at Kew, so myacademic career became even more productive. As a resultof my second Fellowship, I will increase research andteaching. Studying the biology of tropical plants (such asMetteniusa) is critical for rare and threatened species, asbasic data on most of these taxa are extremely limited. Thegoal of my Fellowship is to provide further morphologicalcharacters for these rare endemic trees from theneotropical cloud forests.”

Promoting international research collaborationThe Kew Latin America Research Fellowships Programme (KLARF)has been promoting closer collaboration between Latin American andEuropean researchers. Between 1993 and 2008, 89 Fellows werefunded through this programme.A recent review concluded: “the programme is having significantcapacity-building impact in Latin America through careerdevelopment, improved technical skills and knowledge.These arestrengthening institutions through improved staff qualifications, newopportunities, capacity for fund-raising and increased/improvedresearch outputs.The establishment of collaborative links with UK-based and other European researchers, and the various benefitsderived from interaction with these scientists, were identified asparticularly important contributions.”We plan to build on the success, experiences and lessons learntthrough KLARF to develop a new broad-scope internationalfellowship programme.This will support both study visits to the UKand in-country fellowships focussing on botanical research,conservation, sustainable use and climate change.

Jeny Sotuyo (Centro deInvestigaciones enEcosistemas, UNAM,Mexico) undertookphylogenetic analyses inthe legume genusCaesalpinia sensu latuduring her Fellowship atKew. “Applying for aKLARF grant was the best

thing I have ever done. Undertaking research in an overseasinstitution is academically enriching and provides thechance to share knowledge with people from around theworld. In Mexico, the use of molecular phylogenetics toaddress questions in taxonomy, ecology, conservation andevolution in different taxa is relatively new. My country willbenefit greatly from technology transfer. After theFellowship experience I will encourage undergraduate andpostgraduate students in Mexico to participate in myresearch and pursue independent projects where I can playan active supervisory role.”

During his Fellowship,Carlos Vinicius Vieira(Universidade Federal deLavras, Brazil) investigatedthe re-induction ofdesiccation tolerance ingerminated seeds ofTabebuia impetiginosaMart. “This KLARF granthelped me to complete

my Masters degree and afforded quality time to undertakemy PhD studies in only two years. More importantly, Irecently successfully competed for a position at the FederalUniversity of Mato Grosso. The training in plant cell biologyI received in the Seed Conservation Department made acrucial difference during the selection process. Theexperience of this Fellowship has helped me to advance inmy professional career and given me the chance to explorenew areas of research that are potentially beneficial for myuniversity and RBG Kew. I am currently in discussion withthe Millennium Seed Bank research group to develop acollaborative proposal in seed conservation of theAmazonia region.”

www.kew.org/scihort/tropamerica/Klarffellowships.htm

Horticulture skills for conservationHorticulture students come from all over the world to study for the3-year Kew Diploma, one of the world’s foremost qualifications inbotanical horticulture.The Kew Diploma is a combination ofpractical work experience and academic study, taught to first degreelevel by internal specialists, external practitioners and professionallecturers. It provides students with an opportunity to study scientific,technical, and managerial subjects whilst gaining practical experienceand responsibility working in the many different sections thatcomprise Kew Gardens.The School of Horticulture at Kew has been described on manyoccasions as a ‘centre of excellence’ and as such is at the very heart ofworld-wide horticultural and botanical education.As a result, closelinks are maintained with many institutions around the world helpingto ensure Kew Diploma students are at the forefront of academic andpractical botanical education and in applying their horticulture skillsfor real conservation benefit. Consequently there is considerabledemand for Kew-trained personnel and they are sharing their skillsacross the world.

Martin Hamilton completed the Kew Diploma in2004. Awarded a travel scholarship in hissecond year, Martin visited the US and BritishVirgin Islands to survey 5 threatened plantspecies in the wild and to assist localconservationists with developing propagationfacilities and propagating threatened species.Currently coordinating Kew’s UK OverseasTerritories Programme, Martin works closelywith Kew staff and collaborators abroad toprotect and conserve the unique plants andhabitats of the UK Overseas Territories.

www.kew.org/education/diploma

Christine Lavelle graduated from the KewDiploma in 2000 to become a lecturer inhorticulture and ecology at Writtle College,Essex. During her time on the Kew DiplomaChristine particularly enjoyed the ecologyand conservation elements of the course,which she feels helped her become moreaware and enthusiastic about theenvironment and the conservation of wildlifein ornamental horticulture. Christine hassince written books on organic gardeningand creating a wildlife garden.

Charles Butterworth graduated from theKew Diploma in 1990 and continued inacademia to complete a BSc in Botany atReading University, before going on to earnhis PhD in Botany from Iowa StateUniversity. He joined the Desert BotanicalGarden, Arizona, USA as a ResearchScientist in 2004 in a joint appointment withArizona State University. His researchinterests focus on the use of DNA toinvestigate evolutionary relationships amongdifferent species of cacti.

Professional developmentFor over two centuries, staff at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew havebeen actively committed to sharing information and expertise withcolleagues from other botanical institutions around the world.As theneed for specialist skills in botany, horticulture and conservationincreased RBG Kew responded by establishing a series ofinternational diploma courses to provide training in identifying andconserving biodiversity and in using it sustainably - Kew’sInternational Diploma Programme was born.

www.kew.org/education/highered

Each course is aimed at particular specialists:

• Plant Conservation Strategies [formerly Techniques] (PCS/PCT)

• Herbarium Techniques (HT)

• Botanic Gardens Management (BGM)

• Botanic Gardens Education (BGE)

Each course provides

• skills and confidence to develop plans and implement actions

• opportunities to participate in discussions with recognised authorities, bothfrom Kew and other international organisations

• the chance for participants to focus on issues of particular interest, eitherthrough specialised options or project work

• a forum for exchanging ideas, problems and solutions with participants fromother countries.

Anna Asatryan (National Botanical Institute,Armenia, PCT2003): “my big dream was to spendtime in the Institution that every botanist hopes tosee one day. For me it was a wonderfulopportunity to get new knowledge and skills andattend the lectures offered by really greatprofessionals. I enjoyed the amazing atmosphereinside Kew, the friendliness of the Kew staff, andthe exchange with colleagues from different partsof the world. It played a key role in my furtherprofessional career and personal development”.

Chris Fominyam (Limbe Botanic Garden,Cameroon, BGM1994): “I count myself veryfortunate to have been through this course. Istrongly believe that this course offers everythinga botanic garden manager needs to know aboutmanaging a botanic garden. Now as Limbe’scurator I still apply skills I gained at Kew. Ourrelationship with Kew remains strong as does myfriendship with Peter Olin, Director University ofMinnesota Arboretum, who I met on the course –a great friend and collaborator, and a productivelink between our two Institutions”.

OnCourse newsletterprovides a forum foralumni and course staffto keep in touch,exchange ideas, sharesuccesses and discussissues and challenges.

Course alumni are making significant contributions tointernational networks delivering plant conservation. Thiswas highlighted by the talks and posters presented bymany of the 18 alumni who participated in the 3rdWorld Botanic Gardens Congress held in Wuhan, Chinain 2007. Luis Gonzalez Torres (PCS2007) was one of theorganising committee for the 3rd Conference ofCaribbean Botanic Gardens for Conservation in Cuba in2007 that brought together delegates from across theRegion including 12 alumni to review how botanicgardens are delivering the GSPC.

As individuals our alumni are contributing at every level:

• policy development – producing strategies and action plans

• knowledge accumulation – data, floras and red lists

• in situ conservation – protected areas established

• ex situ conservation – botanic garden development

• conservation solutions - native species nurseriesestablished, awareness raising with schools and thegeneral public

Silke Rugheimer (National Botanical Research Institute,Namibia, BGM2004): “this was a life-changing experiencefor me. I went home feeling empowered and enlightened,knowing that I had been given a comprehensive set of tools,to deal with all aspects related to Botanic Gardenmanagement, something I continue to draw on today. Mybiggest achievement so far has been the completion of theDesert House, a 240m2 display area showcasing plants fromthe Namib Desert. I had to put many of my newly acquiredskills to the test – fundraising, managing volunteers,interpretation and many more. The desert house, officiallyinaugurated in September 2006, now serves as anenvironmental education centre for Namibians and tourists”.

Luis Gonzalez Torres (National Botanic Garden, Cuba,PCS2007): “being at Kew sharing experience andknowledge with people from many countries was unique.We learnt effective communication - very useful for dealingwith communities, media and stakeholders. I presented ourconservation work and we identified common problemsand possible solutions together. The ‘discussion group’keeps functioning - when we have problems/achievementswe share them with our course mates or professors andreceive answers, suggestions, or congratulations. We nowpublish our plant conservation newsletter in Spanish andEnglish with the collaboration of course staff and mates”.

Increasing the number of trained people

Kew staff recently undertook a 5-day ConservationAssessment Techniques course organised with counterpartsfrom the East African Herbarium and held at the NationalMuseums of Kenya. The 16 participants came from eightdifferent institutions across six different African countries, andthe aim was to provide training in the application andinterpretation of IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, inbasic GIS techniques, and in carrying out conservationassessments from databases of herbarium specimens. The finaltwo days were spent carrying out assessments of Africanspecies for the Millennium Seed Bank Project (MSBP) and theSampled Red List Index project. The workshop was a greatsuccess and the participants are now in a position to continuewith red listing activities back in their home countries. NeilBrummitt, one of the Kew trainers, undertook his PhD at Kew,and is now employed as a Plant Diversity Analyst at Kew.

RBG Kew works with partners around the world to develop regionaltraining courses covering many different aspects of plantconservation. Designed specifically to address the needs of aparticular region or country, these courses concentrate on local issuesand bring together people facing similar problems so that they canshare ideas and experiences.The courses can also provide a forum forthe development of new regional networks (GSPC Target 16).

Kew staff and collaborators from the Bogor Herbarium,Indonesia recently conducted a 5-day Plant CollectingTechniques Course for 21 Indonesian research assistantsstationed at the Harapan Rainforest Research station inJambi Province, Sumatra. The course fieldwork marked thebeginning of the floristic exploration of the HarapanRainforest area. The highlight of the course was thediscovery of a small population of the Jambi Provinceendemic genus Emblemanthera, previously known onlyfrom two old herbarium specimens. The 200 specimenscollected by participants will form the first part of theHarapan Herbarium, which will be an important source ofinformation for researchers at the site.

The 2006 Caribbean RegionalGSPC Workshop in Montserratfocused on increasingunderstanding of the GSPCand establishing a network toimplement it, both nationallyand regionally. Delegates from10 Caribbean statescontributed to discussions onthe challenges andopportunities arising fromGSPC targets and countrypriorities for biodiversityconservation.

The African Regional Expert Course in PlantConservation Strategies, held at Makerere University,Uganda, in 2004, brought together conservationistsfrom over 16 different African countries to shareexperiences of developing conservation activities tomeet the targets of the GSPC.

Kew’s specialists are helping to build capacity amongstbotanists and horticulturists to understand and comply withthe Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), theConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and theInternational Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Foodand Agriculture (ITPGRFA). We provide CITES training forUK enforcement officials in HM Revenue and Customs, thePolice, and DEFRA's Wildlife Inspectorate. We also producethe CITES User’s Guide series which deals with the majorgroups of CITES listed plants in trade and looks atimplementation, identification and enforcement.

Seeds for the FutureThe Millennium Seed Bank Project (MSBP) comprises over 100organisations in more than 50 countries, directly involving 600people in seed conservation.This global partnership will havecollected and safely stored seed from 24,200 species by 2010.The MSBP is also Kew's largest capacity building project.Training, infrastructure improvements, collaborative researchand information sharing are valued by partners as importantbenefits under Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) agreements andare key to achieving the Project’s seed conservation aims.The project aims to facilitate the adoption of best practice seedconservation and training activities focus on the practical applications ofrecent advances in seed science and technology.The MSBP is not onlyincreasing the numbers of trained people, but is also helping to ensurethat they are working with appropriate facilities (GSPC Target 15).Kew's expertise in seed conservation training and capacitybuilding is being called upon by others.We are working with theUnited Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) tobuild the capacity of African gene banks to conserve and usemore than 200 species, all important to local livelihoods,identified as causing problems for gene banks.

The MSBP partnership with theThreatened Flora Seed Centre(Department of Environment andConservation) and the Seed TechnologyCentre (Botanic Gardens and ParksAuthority) has doubled WesternAustralia’s collecting capacity and raisedthe profile of seed conservation issues in-country. Kew has provided experttechnical advice in planning DEC’s newseed conservation facility. DEC and BGPAstaff have benefited from training in seedconservation techniques and support forPhD studies and research visits. Weprovide people with the skills andresources to train others and BGPA’s LukeSweedman has used MSBP trainingmaterials combined with his more than20 year’s seed collecting experience totrain other partners in the MSBP’s global network.

www.kew.org/msbp

Desterio Nyamongo studied seeddormancy and longevity in Vernoniagalamensis, a potential industrial oil crop,for his MSBP-supported PhD. Working atKenya’s National Gene Bank he is passingon his seed biology knowledge to stafffrom other African gene banks, students atMaseno University and farmers andcommunity-level seed producers.

Kew staff are advising Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB) on the development of the Germplasm Bankof Wild Species (GBWS) in China. Followingtraining by Kew, the KIB team have used MSBPtraining materials to deliver 10 training courses toa total of 183 people, who have subsequentlymade 11,290 seed collections, a significantcontribution towards the 40,000 accessions thatGBWS aims to conserve by 2012.

Supporting our futureIn order to protect and conserve the environment, we mustengage and inspire the next generation of scientists andconservationists.As outlined in this booklet, Kew is deliveringsignificant professional and practical conservation training,capacity building and education worldwide in our areas ofexpertise – plant diversity, science, collections, conservation,environmental sustainability and horticulture. Many of thestudents featured in this booklet benefited from a scholarshipfacilitated through Kew.With your help we can continue toprovide these capacity building opportunities.We are committed to inform and inspire a movement ofpassionate individuals capable of protecting and conserving theworld’s plants. By contributing to our work or to theseprogrammes, you are helping Kew with the resources it needs tocontinue to provide improved facilities and resources for ourongoing education and training activity.If you would like to discuss how you may be able to contribute tothese programmes please contact the Kew Foundation.(Tel: +44 (0) 208 332 5000 Email: foundation@kew.org)

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body with exempt charitable status.

Contributors: Colin Clubbe, Kate Gold and Pat Griggs (editors); Natasha Ali, Anna Asatryan, Amelia Baracat, Neil Brummitt, Jie Cai, Anne Cochrane, Vicki Crook,Liz de Keyser, Rogier de Kok, Ameur El Aissi, Christopher Fominyam, Emma Fox, Luis Gonzalez Torres, Martin Hamilton, Steven Jansen, Miranda Jones, Georgina Langdale, Noel McGough, William Milliken, Desterio Nyamongo, Robin Probert, Malin Rivers, Silke Rugheimer, Marcia Tolfts, Tim Utteridge, Maria Vorontsova, China Williams, Xiangyun Yang

Design: John Stone for Media Resources, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Images: ©The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Photo credits: Anna Asatryan, Jie Cai, Colin Clubbe, Matt Dawes, Kate Gold, Martin Hamilton, Paul Little, Andrew McRobb, Tim Pearce, Jill Preston, Moctar Sacande, Maria Vorontsova

Published 2008

Printed on 100% recycled paper

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