Development of a Breathalyzer for Drug Detection

Herbert Hill and Nicholas LovrichRegents Professors

Chemistry and Political Science, RespectivelyWashington State University

Pullman, WA 99164

Acknowledgements

2

Nick LovrichRegents Professor Emeritus

Political Science

• 34 years at WSU

• Robert Woods Johnson Foundation Grant with Spokane Public Schools and Spokane Juvenile Court

• Currently attending American Society of Criminology Conference

“Legalization of Marijuana and the Challenges to Impaired Driving Enforcement”

3

Prologue to Current Study• WSP Data Sharing with WSU for Racial Profiling Monitoring, Decade+ -- stops,

citations, searches & use of force

I. Experience with DUI/DWI Data Records in this racial profiling work

II. Experience with DRE Program; awareness of drug-impaired driving trends

III. Digitization of DRE Archival Records (Paper to dataset)

• Engagement with Hill Lab prior to I-520 in 2010; objective top 20 drugs detection in the field

• Interest of Chemring Corp. in commercialization of field assessment tools; exploratory meeting in Nov. of 2011; provision of grant funds and instrument for lab studies; request for second proposal for additional funds to promote lab work and preliminary field testing

• Emphasis shifts to THC after passage of I-520

• Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs – Traffic Safety Committee– 2030 goal of no traffic fatalities.

~440 last year and dropping at a rate of about ~3/year. Need to drop at a rate of ~30/year to meet goal.

What have we done recently?Privatized Alcohol

Legalized Marijuana

Need for a Marijuana Breathalyzer

5

• Increase in impaired driving due to drugs other then alcohol

• Marijuana was legalized in Colorado and Washington state, DC and Oregon

Need for a Marijuana Breathalyzer

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• DRE (drug recognition experts) trained in recognizing drug-impaired driving.

– Not possible to have enough DREs to combat the increase in drugged driving especially with the legalization of marijuana.

Need for a drug breathalyzer that can be used by law enforcement to identify drugged

driving.

Need for a Marijuana Breathalyzer

7

State of the Art• Beck1: drugs can be captured on absorbents in the field

– Runs all analysis in laboratories after pretreatment of samples – Analysis done on non-portable instruments (LC-MS, GC-MS)

• Reviews and publications have been written about saliva, sweat, urine, hair and blood analysis for drugs2,3

– Saliva and sweat can be performed in the field by immunoassay – Numerous sample pretreatment methods– Large contamination problems

• No scientific literature published on breath collection methods that have been recognized in the media. – Cannabix

Currently no field method that can easily identify drugs in the field and can be used by law enforcement to combat

drugged driving. 1)Beck, O.; Sandqvist, S.; Dubbelboer, I.; Franck, J., Detection of Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabinol in Exhaled Breath Collected from Cannabis Users. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2011, 35, 541-544.2) Kidwell, D. A.; Holland, J. C.; Athanaselis, S., Testing for Drugs of Abuse in Saliva and Sweat. Journal of Chromatography B 1998, 713, 111-135.3) Desrosiers, N. A.; Lee, D.; Schwope, D. M.; Milman, G.; Barnes, A. J.; Gorelick, D. A.; Huestis, M. A., On-Site Test for Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid. Clinical Chemistry 2012, 58(10), 1418-1425. 8

Hair: Not performed on site Breath for Alcohol

Saliva: lateral flow immunoassay

Urine: Not performed on site

Blood: Not performed on site

Breath: sample collected on site then shipped to lab for analysis.

http://www.psychemedics.com/ ;http://www.bactrack.com/products/bactrack-s80-pro-breathalyzer ; http://www.narcocheck.com/en/saliva-drug-tests/thc-marijuana-saliva-test.html; http://www.imarijuana.com/drug-tests/how-to-pass-urine-drug-test-marijuana-detection; http://www.marilynglenville.com/tests/vitamin-d-deficiency-test-at-home-finger-prick-blood/; http://sensabues.com/product.

Potential for on Site Analysis

Objective: Aid DRE agents by reducing current

false positive rate of detection and identification

WSU ADA Pilot Study Funding for Hill and Lovrich

Correlation of Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Evaluation with Chemical Field Analysis: The Timely Enhancement of

Enforcement Capacity to Deal with Drugged Driving

Doctoral student on task: Jessica Tufariello

Discovery of Detection of Drugs in Breath• Amphetamines Detected in Exhaled Breath from

Drug Addicts –Journal of Analytical Toxicology, (34), 2010

Olof BeckDepartment of Medicine

Karolinska InstitutetStockholm Sweden

Current BreathalyzerSolid Phase Adsorption TechnologiesEmpore C18 Filter

Discovery ofDetection of Drugs in BreathDetection of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Exhaled Breath Collected from Cannabis Users-Journal Analytical Toxicology, 35, Oct 2011

Empore C18 Filter diskLiquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetateLC-MS-MS1-12 hr after cannabis smoking

Thermal Desorption of Drugs• Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in

Breath Using Thermal Desorption …- Anal. Chem. (82) 2010

Prof. C. L. P. ThomasDepartment of ChemistryLoughborough University

Loughborough, UK

Discovery of Detection of Drugs by IMS

Heroin and Cocaine with Mass-Identified Mobility Spectra

- J. Chromatogr. 117, 1976

Herbert HillDepartment of Chemistry

Washington State UniversityPullman, WA

http://www.springer.com/chemistry/analytical+chemistry/journal/12127 17

Applications in Explosives & Drugs Detection

• Correction Facilities• Embassies• Federal Buildings• Forensic Labs• Military Sites• Postal Facilities• Schools

Public Venues

Airports Border Crossings

Courts

Morpho DetectionWilmington, MA

Explosives and Narcotics Detection

ITEMISERVaporTracer2

Smiths DetectionMississauga, Ont.

Canada

IONSCAN

SABRE 4000

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On site analysis of samplesHistory of hand held IMS:

• 1970’s: 14cm long drift tube IMS• 1980’s: Ceramic drift tube design• 1990’s: miniaturized 15mm by 70mm• Chemical agent monitor (CAM) • Lightweight Chemical Detector

(LCD)Ionization sources:

• Radioactive• Corona discharge

Used for:• Chemical warfare agents (CWAs)• Explosives• Drugs

Hand Held IMS Systems

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ASMS 2013

Hand-Held Ion Mobility SpectrometersProducts in Development or Off-the-Shelf

ChemPro-100

Open-Loop IMS

Environics, OyMikkeli, Finland

DT IMS

Smiths DetectionWatford, UK

Lightweight Chemical Detector

DT IMSG.A.S.

Gesellschaft fur Analytische Sensorsysteme

Dortmund, Germany

μ-IMS ODOR

RF-DC IMS

General DynamicsCharlotte, NC, USA

JUNO

21June 9, 2013

Fundamentals of an Ion Mobility Spectrometer

Electric Field

Drift (buffer) Gas

IONS

Ion

Col

lect

or

Sour

ce o

f Ion

izat

ion

–R

adio

activ

ity, E

lect

rical

Dis

char

ge, e

tc.

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Pulsed Sampling – Gated-Grid – Ion Mobility Spectrometer

LOUDSPEAKER(sample-on-demand)

ION SOURCE[CORONA

DISCHARGE]

ABSORPTION PUMPING

SHUTTERGRID

REACTION REGION DRIFT REGION

IONCOLLECTOR

SAMPLE PLENUM

5/10/14ASMS, Baltimore 2014

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Hand held DMS system:

• 63Ni ionization source• Membrane inlet• DMS Chip• Self cleaning • Visual and Audio

Alerts• Detect and identify

CWA’s and Toxic Industrial Chemicals

• Chemring Detection Systems Juno® Training Package DOC# E30761 REV C Jan 10,201225

AIR/SAMPLEFLOW

IONSOURCE

IONCOLLECTORS

PARALLEL PLATES ORCONCENTRIC CYLINDERS

DISPERSIONVOLTAGE

(Asymmetric AC)

RF-DC Ion Mobility Spectrometry“Field Ion Spectrometry” “Differential Mobility Spectrometry”

“Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry”

COMPENSATIONVOLTAGE

(DC)

5/10/14 ASMS, Baltimore 2014 26

MeOH (-) 150˚C

RIP

MeOH (+) 150˚C

RIP

THC (+) 150˚C 1ppm

PIP

THC (-) 150˚C 1ppm

RIP

PIP

DMS: Drug Vapor Standard Solutions

Positive Mode

Negative Mode

THC

Drug response in DMS• Difference responses for five different

drugs:– Methamphetamines– Cocaine– Tetrahydrocannabinol– Morphine– Dextromethorphan

IMS has been used in the field by the military and

law enforcement for identification of chemical

warfare agents, explosives, and drugs.

Develop and test a breathalyzer interfaced to an IMS system for rapid field detection of illicit drugs from human breath.

Breath has been an accepted sample method by the public

for law enforcement to collect on site.

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Model of breathalyzer

Thermal desorber (design 1)

Filter holder to JUNO

Drug vapor introduction Breath

introduction

Drug vapor introductionFilter

holder to JUNO

WSU: Hill Laboratory

Two different IMS systems in the Hill lab

Differential Mobility

Spectrometer Ion Mobility Spectrometer

DTIMS

GC-DMS

DMS

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Conclusions• Drugs can be detected in Breath using Solid Phase

Adsorption (SPA) technologies.• Drugs can be transferred from adsorbents to IMS

by thermal desorption (TD)• Ion Mobility is a proven screening technique for

Explosives, Drugs, and CWAs

By combining SPA-TD-IMS we can develop a light portable hand-held screening device for drugs.

1) Test DMS, GC-DMS, or DTIMS system for THC response2) Test Breathalyzer absorbents (Tenax-TA, Filter papers, CarboPack Y, etc.) 3) Human breath samples captured by breathalyzer and thermally desorbed into DMS, GC-DMS,

or DTIMS a. Basic human breathe background b. Breath contaminatesc. Human breath sample from marijuana user captured by breathalyzer and thermally

desorbed into a DMS, GC-DMS, or DT-IMSd. Time studye. Reproducibility study

4) Evaluate Breathalyzer using DMS, GC-DMS, or DTIMS for identification of Other drugs of abuse5) Solid works design of breathalyzer prototype and construction6) Statistical evaluation of breathalyzer-DMS, GC-DMS, or DTIMS 7) Write and defend thesis

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36November 6-7, 2014 ASMS Fall Workshop, Seattle, WA