Upload
martha-horn
View
43
Download
9
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Detonation nanodiamonds: problems and prospects. V.V. Danilenko Moscow [email protected]. Transient period in technology cycle of human civilization:. Microstructures → Nanostructures Microelectronics → Nanoelectronics - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Transient period in technology cycle of human civilization:
• Microstructures → Nanostructures Microelectronics → Nanoelectronics
• What determine Decisions and Priorities?
• Market only or Scientific Forecast ?
• No market ↔ no production ?
Detonation parameters and phase diagram of nanocarbon
V.V. Danilenko. Fiz. Gor. Vzryva. 2005, V. 41, N. 5.Detonation Amorphization
Porosity
Ice or water shell
Inert gas
Explosives:
O2N NO2
NO2
CH3
N
N
NO2N NO2
NO2
TNT Hexogen
+
Wet product collector
Dry product collector
Further acid purification
Scheme of explosive technology
DND structure and Properties - DND nanoparticle - unique
combination of superhard inert diamond core and highly active
porous amorphous cover on core.
- DND - polydispersional raw material due to differ conditions for
DND synthesis in volume of detonation charge
Structure of nanodiamond particle
Spherical shape d = 2 - 8 nm
Diamond core
amorphous carbon, sp3 →
sp2 structuries
0.4 - 1 nm
Surface functional groups and
adsorbed water
Synthesis conditions and DND quality
Conditions of synthesis: - Characteristics of a charge (HE structure, geometry, weight, initiation).
- Environment surrounding a charge (gas, water, ice, metal, mix).
Quality of the DND:
- The maintenance of the DND in detonation carbon (the attitude sp3/sp2).
- A degree of DND particles connectivity in strong units.
- Quantity of not carbon impurity.
Influence of Detonation Conditions on the Quality of Nanodiamonds
Increase in Temperature, pressure, time, carbon concentration
Fractal aggregates of monocrystalls
Porous polycrystalls
Polycrystalls
Single point binding
Multi point binding Full binding
Nanoseconds Microseconds Milliseconds
DND Applications• sp3/sp2:
Nanodiamonds-graphite……… 20 – 75 % Pure DND………………. ……… > 95%
• Optimal contents in materials – 0,5 – 5%• Applications:
Motor oil, lubricates, electroplates, resin, polymers, alloys, ceramics, polishing, biology, medicine…
DND: paradoxical situation• Good research of properties, • it is found many applications, • possible market of DND is estimated in $300 bls.
• Nevertheless market is not created.• Many small manufactories are closed finally or
temporary (low profitableness).
Why?
Price for DND, $ / kg
Producer NABOND China
Nanogroup Czech
ALIT Ukraine
In Europe
Detona - tion soot
550
550
550
800
DND
for small lots
3000
>4000
1500
2000
1600
2000
2700
6000
Cost price of DND production in USA 100 kg /14 hours (24 t / year)
Parameters
of synthesis
Weight of charge
1 kg 20 kg
Reactor, N 22 1
Workers, N 44 4
Charges, N 2000 50
Cost price, $ / kg DND
510 or 363 for HE cost = 0
92 or 15 for HE cost = 0
Market of DND is not created on following causes:
• - no investors (big corporation or government)• - very high price of DND• - dependence synthesis condition – DND quality is poorly investigated (synthesis without ashes) - optimum DND quality for each application is not found - DND – polydispersion raw material – need treatments - industrial technologies of gas-phase purification, fractionation, strong units dispersion, modification
are not developed - as result - industrial samples of materials and products
with DND are not created and not tested.
Proposals
• Use for industrial production of DND:• charges ≥ 20 kg, explosion under water in close
pool (in heavy metal cover), laser initiation;• utilization of old ammunition under water in close
pool;
• Production three group of diamond powder: • - DND – 5 – 100 nms;• - micropowders – 0.1 – 600 μm;• - grindpowders – 0.6 – 1 mm.
Conclusion
• A number of not solved technological and marketing problems, braking industrial production and applications DND is analyzed.
• It is offered:• - to synthesize simultaneously the DND and
abrasive diamond powders by explosion of the big weight charge in a heavy metal cover under water in closed pool;
• - utilization of old ammunition under water in closed pool;
• V.V. Danilenko. Superhard Materials. 2010, N5
Thank you for attention