Determination of Aflatoxins in Peanut Products and Cancer Risk Estimates of Dietary Exposure in Indonesian and Thai population

1,4* 1,2,3 2 2Andri FREDIANSYAH , Panida NAVASUMRIT , Jeerawan PROMVIJIT , Chalida CHOMPOOBUT , and Mathuros 2,3RUCHIRAWAT

1.Chulabhorn Graduate Institute (CGI), Thailand; 2. Chulabhorn Research Institute (CRI), Thailand; 3. Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Thailand; 4. Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia; *Corresponding author: 13020110@cgi.ac.th

INTRODUCTION

Peanut have been repor ted as one o f ma jor afla tox in contaminated products in almost all countries. Its presence is serious public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Aflatoxin been classified into AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 based on fluorescent and chemistry structure. AFB1 known as class 1A human carcinogen ( IARC,1993). AFB1 was reported to increase the r isk o f Hepatoce lu lar Carc inoma (H C C) when associated with hepatit is B or C (Kirk et al. 2005, Wu et al. 2013). It was contributed 4.6%-28.2% of total annual HCC cases (Zhao et al. 2013).

The conversion of AFB1 to a reactive metabolite (aflatoxin-8,9-epoxide) by cytochrome P450 can produced DNA adduct that lead to p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation in the l iver. These condit ions wil l increase the risk of chronic l iver /c i r rhos is and H C C for long term exposure.

WHO recommends an integrated control of aflatoxin in the human diet. Currently, Indonesian and Thailand authorit ies has a maximum tolerable level of 20 μg·kg-1 for total afaltoxin in food products. Raw peanut and its products are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins. It has to be considered as high r isk agricultural commodity. However, peanut products are staple in Indonesian and Thai population. They consumed either unprocessed or processed peanuts. The most popular peanut product is peanut sauce mixed with chil i . I t serves with variety of d ishes. In Indonesia i t serves wi th pecel , gado-gado, ketoprak and sate. In Thailand it served with thai pork satay: moo ping. Limited study performed the contamination all types of aflatoxin from peanuts and its product especially peanut sauce.

METHODS

1) Sampling

A total of 99 peanuts (67 samples from Indonesia and 32 samples from Thailand) were collected between April and July 2014.

3) Aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) analysis

Analysis of aflatoxins was performed by LC-MS/MS system (Agilent 1100 series equipped with Micromass® Quattro micro™MS/MS detector).

4) Dietary exposure and cancer risk analysis

Dietary exposure analysis of aflatoxin from peanuts for Indonesian and Thai were estimated as the sum of the intake peanuts and its products considered in this study. It is described as the mean daily intake (PDIm).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Level of aflatoxin contaminat ions

- Aflatox ins leve l in raw peanuts and i ts product f rom both Indonesia and Thai land has same t rend.

- Among three samples, peanut sauce tested has h ighest aflatox ins leve l . Peanut sauce in genera l ly made by ground peanuts that mixed wi th ch i l i , brown sugar, and other sp ices. Aflatox in can eas i ly p e n e t r a t e d i n t o g r o u n d f o r m o f p e a n u t . T h e process ing s tage such as af ter g r ind ing a l lowed fung i to g row and p roduced these tox in .

2. Probable mean dai ly intake (P D Im) and cancer r isk est imat ion - Indonesia and Thai land has h igher P D Im when compared to the country that has lower inc idence of to ta l aflatox ins such as European Union (0 .47 ng kg b . w. d a y - 1 ) a n d U S ( 0 . 2 6 n g k g b . w. d a y - 1 ) (W H O,1999) .

- Based on the mean d ie tary exposure leve l to A F B 1 , c a n c e r r i s k w a s e s t i m a t e d a t 0 . 0 3 0 c a s e s / 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n / y e a r f o r I n d o n e s i a n a n d 0.019 cases/100,000 person/year for Thai . These cancer cases both Indonesia and Thai land lower t h a n C h i n a ( 0 . 0 4 2 c a n c e r c a s e s / 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 person/year) (Zhao et a l . 2013) .

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Peanut sauce products has the highest aflatoxin levels compared to the raw peanuts and cooked peanuts. Its could established more than two fold higher than the raw peanuts due to processing stages. Aflatoxin levels in each group samples found in both Indonesia and Thailand has same trend. Indonesia and Thailand has higher probable mean daily intake of aflatoxins when compared to other countries that has lower incidence. It will effects in liver cancer risk in both population for long term exposure. A broad study on a number of peanut samples and other food products from this area should be carried out to provide additional information and to confirm the health risk

Thanks to the Center for Environmental Health, Toxicology, and Management of Chemical under Science and Technology Postgraduate Education and Research Development Officer (PERDO) and Chulabhorn Graduate Institute (CGI) for their financial support of this work.

2) Sample extraction

OBJECTIVES To investigate the occurence of aflatoxins from raw peanut and its product consumed by Indonesian and Thai population

To estimate cancer risk of aflatoxin dietary exposure from raw peanut and its products